The DOI matches its Crossref record; 7 of the 7 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The association of psychotropic medication use with the cognitive, functional, and neuropsychiatric trajectory of Alzheimer's disease
Open accessAbstract
Objective: The use of psychotropic medications in Alzheimer's disease (AD) has been associated with both deleterious and potentially beneficial outcomes. We examined the longitudinal association of psychotropic medication use with cognitive, functional, and neuropsychiatric symptom (NPS) trajectories among community‐ascertained incident AD cases from the Cache County Dementia Progression Study. Methods: A total of 230 participants were followed for a mean of 3.7 years. Persistency index (PI) was calculated for all antidepressants, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), antipsychotics (atypical and typical), and benzodiazepines as the proportion of observed time of medication exposure. Mixed‐effects models were used to examine the association between PI for each medication class and Mini‐Mental State Exam (MMSE), Clinical Dementia Rating Sum of Boxes (CDR‐Sum), and Neuropsychiatric Inventory – Total (NPI‐Total) trajectories, controlling for appropriate demographic and clinical covariates. Results: At baseline, psychotropic medication use was associated with greater severity of dementia and poorer medical status. Higher PI for all medication classes was associated with a more rapid decline in MMSE. For antidepressant, SSRI, benzodiazepine, and typical antipsychotic use, a higher PI was associated with a more rapid increase in CDR‐Sum. For SSRIs, antipsychotics, and typical antipsychotics, a higher PI was associated with more rapid increase in NPI‐Total. Conclusions: Psychotropic medication use was associated with more rapid cognitive and functional decline in AD, and not with improved NPS. Clinicians may tend to prescribe psychotropic medications to AD patients at risk of poorer outcomes, but one cannot rule out the possibility of poorer outcomes being caused by psychotropic medications. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
This finding [cognitive worsening] is consistent with another study reporting declines in verbal learning and psychomotor speed in patients taking citalopram, and with prior epidemiological data.
“This finding is consistent with another study reporting declines in verbal learning and psychomotor speed in patients taking citalopram34, and with prior epidemiological data35.”
From Effect of Citalopram on Agitation in Alzheimer Disease: The CitAD Randomized Clinical Trial (2014) · cites this paper as [35]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
The Neuropsychiatric Inventory: Comprehensive assessment of psychopathology in dementia
Cummings, J. L., Mega, M., Gray, K., Rosenberg-Thompson, S., Carusi, D. A., & Gornbein, J. (1994) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.44.12.2308 · Cited by 7,568
Meta-analysis of the Impact of 9 Medication Classes on Falls in Elderly Persons
Woolcott, J. C. (2009) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinternmed.2009.357 · Cited by 1,326 · cited 2×
“…et al., 2005; Wang et al., 2005; Simoni-Wastila et al., 2009) and poorer cognition (CATIE-AD paper), antidepressant use with increased risk of hip fracture (Ensrud et al., 2003), and use of all major classes of psychotropic medications with increased risk of falls (Woolcott et al., 2009).”
Porsteinsson, A., Grossberg, G., Mintzer, J., & Olin, J. (2008) · Current Alzheimer Research · doi:10.2174/156720508783884576 · Cited by 272 · cited 1×
“The NPI has been widely used for quantifying neuropsychiatric symptoms in AD in observational studies (Palmer et al., 2010) and in recent clinical trials (Porsteinsson et al., 2008).”
MethodSertraline for the treatment of depression in Alzheimer disease
Rosenberg, P. B., Martin, B. K., Frangakis, C., Mintzer, J. E., Weintraub, D., Porsteinsson, A. P., Schneider, L. S., Rabins, P. V., Munro, C. A., Meinert, C. L., et al. (2010) · The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/jgp.0b013e3181c796eb · Cited by 250
Self-citationTschanz, J. T., Corcoran, C. D., Schwartz, S., Treiber, K., Green, R. C., Norton, M. C., Mielke, M. M., Piercy, K., Steinberg, M., Rabins, P. V., et al. (2011) · The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/jgp.0b013e3181faec23 · Cited by 244 · cited 5×
“We, therefore, sought to examine the association of psychotropic medication use with cognitive, functional, and NPS trajectories in a longitudinal population-based study of incident AD participants enrolled in the Cache County Dementia Progression Study [DPS] (Tschanz et al., 2011).”
InfluentialSelf-citationRountree, S. D., Chan, W., Pavlik, V. N., Darby, E. J., Siddiqui, S., & Doody, R. S. (2009) · Alzheimers Res Ther · doi:10.1186/alzrt7 · Cited by 181
NELSON, R., GUO, Z., HALAGAPPA, V, PEARSON, M., GRAY, A., MATSUOKA, Y., BROWN, M., MARTIN, B., IYUN, T., & MAUDSLEY, S. (2007) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2007.01.037 · Cited by 173
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 32
- 10.1212/WNL.53.2.321 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1002/gps.2565 · DOI
- 10.1136/jnnp.2006.104034 · DOI
- 10.1001/archinte.163.8.949 · DOI
- 10.1016/0022-3956(75)90026-6 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1111/j.1532‐5415.2007.01387.x · DOI
- 10.2165/00002512‐200926060‐00005 · DOI
- 10.1176/appi.neuropsych.22.1.8 · DOI
- 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4218‐08.2008 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1136/jnnp.2006.094342 · DOI
- 10.1001/archneur.56.10.1266 · DOI
- 10.1016/j.jalz.2010.04.003 · DOI
- 10.1111/j.1532-5415.1999.tb07245.x · DOI
- Malberg JE, 2004, Implications of adult hippocampal neurogenesis in antidepressant action, J Psychiatry Neurosci, 29, 196
- 10.1212/WNL.34.7.939 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1212/01.wnl.0000279520.59792.fe · DOI
- 10.1212/WNL.43.11.2412-a · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1017/S1041610297004870 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1212/WNL.48.6.1508 · DOI
- 10.1097/00019442-200401000-00007 · DOI
- 10.3233/JAD‐2010‐1352 · DOI
- 10.1159/000095640 · DOI
- 10.1176/appi.ajp.159.3.460 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1001/jama.294.15.1934 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1097/JGP.0b013e31819b8936 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1001/jama.293.5.596 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1002/gps.1858 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1176/appi.ajp.2008.07111779 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1056/NEJMoa052827 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.2174/156720508784533286 · DOI
- 10.1097/JGP.0b013e3181cc0333 · DOI
- 10.1212/WNL.59.6.880 · DOI
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Effect of Citalopram on Agitation in Alzheimer Disease: The CitAD Randomized Clinical Trial
Porsteinsson, A. P., Drye, L. T., Pollock, B. G., Devanand, D. P., Frangakis, C., Ismail, Z., Marano, C., Meinert, C. L., Mintzer, J. E., Munro, C. A., et al. (2014) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2014.93 · Cited by 572
Self-citationAntidepressant use and cognitive decline in patients with dementia: a national cohort study
Mo, M., Abzhandadze, T., Hoang, M. T., Sacuiu, S., Jurado, P. G., Pereira, J. B., Naia, L., Kele, J., Maioli, S., Xu, H., et al. (2025) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12916-025-03851-3 · Cited by 45
Chronic diazepam administration increases the expression of Lcn2 in the CNS
Furukawa, T., Shimoyama, S., Miki, Y., Nikaido, Y., Koga, K., Nakamura, K., Wakabayashi, K., & Ueno, S. (2017) · Pharmacology Research & Perspectives · doi:10.1002/prp2.283 · Cited by 31
Clinicopathological correlates of depression in early Alzheimer's disease in the NACC
McCutcheon, S. T., Han, D., Troncoso, J., Koliatsos, V. E., Albert, M., Lyketsos, C. G., & Leoutsakos, J. S. (2016) · International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/gps.4435 · Cited by 29
Self-citationPirker-Kees, A., Dal-Bianco, P., & Schmidt, R. (2019) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-181102 · Cited by 17
Metadata
- Authors
- Rosenberg, P. B., Mielke, M. M., Han, D., Leoutsakos, J. S., Lyketsos, C. G., Rabins, P. V., Zandi, P. P., Breitner, J. C. S., Norton, M. C., Welsh‐Bohmer, K. A., Zuckerman, I. H., Rattinger, G. B., Green, R. C., Corcoran, C., & Tschanz, J. T.
- Affiliations
- Johns Hopkins University (US)
- Mayo Clinic (US)
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Johns Hopkins Bayview Medical Center Baltimore MD USA
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute (CA)
- Utah State University (US)
- Department of Psychiatry Duke University Durham NC USA
- University of Maryland, Baltimore (US)
- Brigham and Women's Hospital (US)
- Corresponding author
- Rosenberg, P. B.
- ORCID
- Venue
- International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2012-02-29
- Volume
- 27
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 1248-1257
- ISSN
- 0885-6230 (ISSN-L)
- 1099-1166
- PMC
- PMC3448859
- OpenAlex
- W1607578860
- Cited by
- 127
- References
- 7
- Citations by year
- 2025: 5 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 8.98
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5r01mh083738-03)
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U01DD000698)
- U.S. Public Health Service (09CRP2250944, RAG031348-02S1, E1A6031348, P30AAG021334)
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (R37AA012303)
- National Institute on Aging (R01AG031272, K08AG029157, R15AG037392, U01AG037526, P30AG028377, R01AG033032, R03AG032427, U01AG015477, R01AG011380, R01AG031348, R01AG021136, K24AG027841, R21AG033769, P30AG021334)
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH087979, R01MH085018, R01-MH083738, U01MH066136, R01MH086881, R01MH085740, R01MH076953)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (R37DA011796)
- National Institute of General Medical Sciences (U01 GM092654)
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (R01ES016669)
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (K12HD043489)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Geriatrics and Gerontology › Pharmaceutical Practices and Patient Outcomes
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
- Keywords
- Alzheimer's disease, psychotropic drugs, antidepressants, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, antipsychotic drugs, benzodiazepines, cognitive decline, functional decline, neuropsychiatric symptoms, treatment persistence, dementia progression, Mini-Mental State Examination, Clinical Dementia Rating, Neuropsychiatric Inventory
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Alzheimer Disease, Antidepressive Agents, Benzodiazepines, Cognition, Cognition Disorders, Female, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Neuropsychological Tests, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Antipsychotic Agents, Disease Progression
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
