Effect of Citalopram on Agitation in Alzheimer Disease: The CitAD Randomized Clinical Trial
Open accessAbstract
IMPORTANCE: Agitation is common, persistent, and associated with adverse consequences for patients with Alzheimer disease. Pharmacological treatment options, including antipsychotics are not satisfactory. OBJECTIVE: The primary objective was to evaluate the efficacy of citalopram for agitation in patients with Alzheimer disease. Key secondary objectives examined effects of citalopram on function, caregiver distress, safety, cognitive safety, and tolerability. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: The Citalopram for Agitation in Alzheimer Disease Study (CitAD) was a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, parallel group trial that enrolled 186 patients with probable Alzheimer disease and clinically significant agitation from 8 academic centers in the United States and Canada from August 2009 to January 2013. INTERVENTIONS: Participants (n = 186) were randomized to receive a psychosocial intervention plus either citalopram (n = 94) or placebo (n = 92) for 9 weeks. Dosage began at 10 mg per day with planned titration to 30 mg per day over 3 weeks based on response and tolerability. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Primary outcome measures were based on scores from the 18-point Neurobehavioral Rating Scale agitation subscale (NBRS-A) and the modified Alzheimer Disease Cooperative Study-Clinical Global Impression of Change (mADCS-CGIC). Other outcomes were based on scores from the Cohen-Mansfield Agitation Inventory (CMAI) and the Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI), ability to complete activities of daily living (ADLs), caregiver distress, cognitive safety (based on scores from the 30-point Mini Mental State Examination [MMSE]), and adverse events. RESULTS: Participants who received citalopram showed significant improvement compared with those who received placebo on both primary outcome measures. The NBRS-A estimated treatment difference at week 9 (citalopram minus placebo) was -0.93 (95% CI, -1.80 to -0.06), P = .04. Results from the mADCS-CGIC showed 40% of citalopram participants having moderate or marked improvement from baseline compared with 26% of placebo recipients, with estimated treatment effect (odds ratio [OR] of being at or better than a given CGIC category) of 2.13 (95% CI, 1.23-3.69), P = .01. Participants who received citalopram showed significant improvement on the CMAI, total NPI, and caregiver distress scores but not on the NPI agitation subscale, ADLs, or in less use of rescue lorazepam. Worsening of cognition (-1.05 points; 95% CI, -1.97 to -0.13; P = .03) and QT interval prolongation (18.1 ms; 95% CI, 6.1-30.1; P = .01) were seen in the citalopram group. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Among patients with probable Alzheimer disease and agitation who were receiving psychosocial intervention, the addition of citalopram compared with placebo significantly reduced agitation and caregiver distress; however, cognitive and cardiac adverse effects of citalopram may limit its practical application at the dosage of 30 mg per day. TRIAL REGISTRATION: clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00898807.
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In the CITAD study, people taking citalopram showed significant improvement over placebo on several clinical measures (including clinical global impression of change (odds ratio 2.13, 1.23 to 3.69; P=0.01) and lower care giver distress (−2.70, −4.94 to −-0.47; P=0.02).
“People taking citalopram showed significant improvement over placebo on several clinical measures (including clinical global impression of change (odds ratio 2.13, 1.23 to 3.69; P=0.01) and lower care giver distress (−2.70, −4.94 to −-0.47; P=0.02).”
From Assessment and management of behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (2015) · cites this paper as [136]
In CITAD, worsening of cognition and QT prolongation were seen in the citalopram group, although only a small number of patients met the gender specific threshold of QTc (three in the drug group and one in the placebo group).
“In CITAD, worsening of cognition and QT prolongation were also seen in the citalopram group,136 although only a small number of patients met the gender specific threshold of QTc (three in the drug group and one in the placebo group).140”
From Assessment and management of behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (2015) · cites this paper as [136]
Recent evidence indicates that citalopram may hold promise for the treatment of agitation in dementia.
“Recent evidence indicates that citalopram may hold promise for the treatment of agitation in dementia, but more research is needed to determine the optimal dose given concerns about possible QT prolongation at 30 mg.”
From Assessment and management of behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (2015) · cites this paper as [136]
Dextromethorphan/quinidine and escitalopram may reduce agitation in Alzheimer's disease.
“Dextromethorphan/quinidine and escitalopram may also reduce agitation.38,39”
From A 2025 update on treatment strategies for the Alzheimer’s disease spectrum (2025) · cites this paper as [39]
The Methods (Interventions) and Discussion describe a trial of citalopram, not escitalopram or dextromethorphan/quinidine. Searches for both named treatments found no passage in our copy addressing whether either reduces agitation. (LLM, conf=0.78)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe SSRI citalopram, noted for its anxiolytic effects, has been recently reported to be an effective treatment for agitation in Alzheimer's disease.
“the SSRI citalopram, noted for its anxiolytic effects, has been recently reported to be an effective treatment for agitation in AD (Porsteinsson et al., 2014)”
From Neuropsychiatric symptoms in Alzheimer's disease: what might be associated brain circuits? (2015) · cites this paper as Porsteinsson et al., 2014
To date, successful medication trials have been re-purposing FDA drugs approved for similar or dissimilar indications.
“To date, successful medication trials have been re-purposing FDA drugs approved for similar (Porsteinsson et al., 2014) or dissimilar (Rosenberg et al., 2013) indications.”
From Neuropsychiatric symptoms in Alzheimer's disease: what might be associated brain circuits? (2015) · cites this paper as Porsteinsson et al., 2014
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Almeida, O. P., & Ford, A. H. (2020) · The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jagp.2019.11.004 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
- Authors
- Porsteinsson, A. P., Drye, L. T., Pollock, B. G., Devanand, D. P., Frangakis, C., Ismail, Z., Marano, C., Meinert, C. L., Mintzer, J. E., Munro, C. A., Pelton, G., Rabins, P. V., Rosenberg, P. B., Schneider, L. S., Shade, D. M., Weintraub, D., Yesavage, J., & Lyketsos, C. G.
- Affiliations
- University of Rochester Medicine (US)
- Johns Hopkins University (US)
- University of Toronto (CA)
- New York State Psychiatric Institute (US)
- University of Calgary (CA)
- Roper St. Francis Healthcare (US)
- University of Southern California (US)
- University of Pennsylvania (US)
- Stanford Medicine (US)
- Corresponding author
- Porsteinsson, Anton P.
- ORCID
- Venue
- JAMA
- Publisher
- American Medical Association (AMA)
- Published
- 2014-02-19
- Volume
- 311
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 682
- ISSN
- 0002-9955 (ISSN-L)
- 0098-7484
- PMC
- PMC4086818
- OpenAlex
- W2167862712
- Cited by
- 572
- References
- 45
- Citations by year
- 2026: 35 · 2025: 35 · 2024: 40 · 2023: 31 · 2022: 68 · 2021: 39 · 2020: 46 · 2019: 51 · 2018: 36 · 2017: 50 · 2016: 59 · 2015: 45 · 2014: 37
- FWCI
- 48.16
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- europepmc.org
- Locations
- JAMA (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Aging (R01AG031348, P50AG005142, P50AG005146)
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (R01AI102710)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Geriatrics and Gerontology › Pharmaceutical Practices and Patient Outcomes
- Keywords
- citalopram, Alzheimer's disease, agitation, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, antipsychotic alternatives, caregiver distress, activities of daily living, cognitive safety, adverse events, psychosocial interventions, treatment tolerability, Cohen-Mansfield Agitation Inventory, Neuropsychiatric Inventory
- MeSH terms
- Activities of Daily Living, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Alzheimer Disease, Arrhythmias, Cardiac, Cognition, Double-Blind Method, Female, Humans, Male, Psychomotor Agitation, Severity of Illness Index, Stress, Psychological, Citalopram, Treatment Outcome, Caregivers, Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors
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