Amyloid pathology is associated with progressive monoaminergic neurodegeneration in a transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease
Open accessAbstract
beta-Amyloid (Abeta) pathology is an essential pathogenic component in Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the significance of Abeta pathology, including Abeta deposits/oligomers and glial reactions, to neurodegeneration is unclear. In particular, despite the Abeta neurotoxicity indicated by in vitro studies, mouse models with significant Abeta deposition lack robust and progressive loss of forebrain neurons. Such results have fueled the view that Abeta pathology is insufficient for neurodegeneration in vivo. In this study, because monoaminergic (MAergic) neurons show degenerative changes at early stages of AD, we examined whether the APPswe/PS1DeltaE9 mouse model recapitulates progressive MAergic neurodegeneration occurring in AD cases. We show that the progression forebrain Abeta deposition in the APPswe/PS1DeltaE9 model is associated with progressive losses of the forebrain MAergic afferents. Significantly, axonal degeneration is associated with significant atrophy of cell bodies and eventually leads to robust loss (approximately 50%) of subcortical MAergic neurons. Degeneration of these neurons occurs without obvious local Abeta or tau pathology at the subcortical sites and precedes the onset of anxiety-associated behavior in the mice. Our results show that a transgenic mouse model of Abeta pathology develops progressive MAergic neurodegeneration occurring in AD cases.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Loss of TH-containing neurons has also been observed in the 3×Tg-AD and APPswe/PS1ΔE9 mouse models of AD.
“loss of neurons that contain tyrosine-hydroxylase (TH), the rate-limiting enzyme of catecholamine biosynthesis, has also been observed in two other commonly-used AD models, the 3 × Tg-AD and APPswe/PS1 Δ E9 mice”
From Nilotinib restores memory function by preventing dopaminergic neuron degeneration in a mouse model of Alzheimer’s Disease (2021) · cites this paper as Liu et al., 2008
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
1 retracted
RETRACTED ARTICLE: A specific amyloid-β protein assembly in the brain impairs memory
Lesné, S., Koh, M. T., Kotilinek, L., Kayed, R., Glabe, C. G., Yang, A., Gallagher, M., & Ashe, K. H. (2006) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature04533 · Cited by 2,769 · cited 1× · see citing works
“For example, it is possible that smaller oligomeric species of A (Kayed et al., 2003; Lesne et al., 2006) could be responsible for MAergic neurodegeneration.”
BackgroundRetractedCommon structure of soluble amyloid oligomers implies common mechanism of pathogenesis
Kayed, R., Head, E., Thompson, J. L., McIntire, T. M., Milton, S. C., Cotman, C. W., & Glabe, C. G. (2003) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1079469 · Cited by 4,064 · see citing works
Oakley, H., Cole, S. L., Logan, S., Maus, E., Shao, P., Craft, J., Guillozet-Bongaarts, A., Ohno, M., Disterhoft, J., Van Eldik, L., et al. (2006) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1202-06.2006 · Cited by 3,530 · cited 1× · see citing works
“org as supplemental material) In cortical neurons, 4G8 immunostaining revealed punctuate localization similar to abnormal A localization seen in other mouse models (Oakley et al., 2006; LaFerla et al., 2007) (Fig.”
BackgroundGUNDERSEN, H. J. G., BENDTSEN, T. F., KORBO, L., MARCUSSEN, N., MØLLER, A., NIELSEN, K., NYENGAARD, J. R., PAKKENBERG, B., SØRENSEN, F. B., VESTERBY, A., et al. (1988) · APMIS · doi:10.1111/j.1699-0463.1988.tb05320.x · Cited by 2,929 · see citing works
Gundersen, H. J. G., Bagger, P. V., Bendtsen, T. F., Evans, S. M., Korbo, L., Marcussen, N., Møller, A., Nielsen, K. N., Nyengaard, J. R., Pakkenberg, B., et al. (1988) · Apmis · doi:10.1111/j.1699-0463.1988.tb00954.x · Cited by 2,480 · see citing works
Intracellular amyloid-β in Alzheimer's disease
LaFerla, F. M., Green, K. N., & Oddo, S. (2007) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn2168 · Cited by 1,942 · see citing works
Reducing Endogenous Tau Ameliorates Amyloid ß-Induced Deficits in an Alzheimer's Disease Mouse Model
Roberson, E. D., Scearce-Levie, K., Palop, J. J., Yan, F., Cheng, I. H., Wu, T., Gerstein, H., Yu, G.-Q., & Mucke, L. (2007) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1141736 · Cited by 1,892 · see citing works
Jankowsky, J. L., Fadale, D. J., Anderson, J., Xu, G. M., Gonzales, V., Jenkins, N. A., Copeland, N. G., Lee, M. K., Younkin, L. H., Wagner, S. L., et al. (2004) · Human Molecular Genetics · doi:10.1093/hmg/ddh019 · Cited by 1,575 · see citing works
Self-citationAmyotrophic lateral sclerosis is a distal axonopathy: evidence in mice and man
Fischer, L. R., Culver, D. G., Tennant, P., Davis, A. A., Wang, M.-S., Castellano-Sanchez, A. A., Khan, J., Polak, M. A., & Glass, J. D. (2004) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2003.10.004 · Cited by 1,338 · see citing works
Mechanisms of Neuronal Degeneration in Alzheimer's Disease
Yankner, B. A. (1996) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/s0896-6273(00)80115-4 · Cited by 947 · see citing works
Crawley, J. N. (1999) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0006-8993(98)01258-x · Cited by 762 · see citing works
IRIZARRY, M. C., MCNAMARA, M., FEDORCHAK, K., HSIAO, K., & HYMAN, B. T. (1997) · Journal of Neuropathology and Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1097/00005072-199709000-00002 · Cited by 649 · see citing works
Laird, F. M., Cai, H., Savonenko, A. V., Farah, M. H., He, K., Melnikova, T., Wen, H., Chiang, H.-C., Xu, G., Koliatsos, V. E., et al. (2005) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2766-05.2005 · Cited by 521 · see citing works
Self-citationγ-Secretase, notch, Aβ and alzheimer's disease: Where do the presenilins fit in?
Sisodia, S. S., & St George-Hyslop, P. H. (2002) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn785 · Cited by 512 · see citing works
Disease‐specific patterns of locus coeruleus cell loss
German, D. C., Manaye, K. F., White, C. L., Woodward, D. J., McIntire, D. D., Smith, W. K., Kalaria, R. N., & Mann, D. M. A. (1992) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.410320510 · Cited by 512 · see citing works
Neuron loss in APP transgenic mice
Calhoun, M. E., Wiederhold, K.-H., Abramowski, D., Phinney, A. L., Probst, A., Sturchler-Pierrat, C., Staufenbiel, M., Sommer, B., & Jucker, M. (1998) · Nature · doi:10.1038/27351 · Cited by 502 · see citing works
Irizarry, M. C., Soriano, F., McNamara, M., Page, K. J., Schenk, D., Games, D., & Hyman, B. T. (1997) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.17-18-07053.1997 · Cited by 497 · see citing works
The neuropathology of aminergic nuclei in Alzheimer's disease
Zweig, R. M., Ross, C. A., Hedreen, J. C., Steele, C., Cardillo, J. E., Whitehouse, P. J., Folstein, M. F., & Price, D. L. (1988) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.410240210 · Cited by 446 · see citing works
Self-citationSavonenko, A. V., Xu, G. M., Melnikova, T., Morton, J. L., Gonzales, V., Wong, M. P., Price, D. L., Tang, F., Markowska, A. L., & Borchelt, D. (2005) · Neurobiology of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.nbd.2004.10.022 · Cited by 396 · see citing works
Self-citationGrudzien, A., Shaw, P., Weintraub, S., Bigio, E., Mash, D. C., & Mesulam, M. M. (2007) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2006.02.007 · Cited by 396 · see citing works
Synaptic slaughter in Alzheimer's disease
Coleman, P. (2003) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2003.09.001 · Cited by 351 · see citing works
Mamounas, L. A., Altar, C. A., Blue, M. E., Kaplan, D. R., Tessarollo, L., & Lyons, W. E. (2000) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.20-02-00771.2000 · Cited by 344 · see citing works
Self-citationA review of recent advances in stereology for quantifying neural structure
Mayhew, T. M. (1992) · Journal of Neurocytology · doi:10.1007/bf01191700 · Cited by 330 · see citing works
Heneka, M. T., Ramanathan, M., Jacobs, A. H., Dumitrescu-Ozimek, L., Bilkei-Gorzo, A., Debeir, T., Sastre, M., Galldiks, N., Zimmer, A., Hoehn, M., et al. (2006) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.4236-05.2006 · Cited by 305 · see citing works
The Pathogenesis of Alzheimer Disease: An Alternative to the Amyloid Hypothesis
Terry, R. D. (1996) · Journal of Neuropathology & Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1097/00005072-199655100-00001 · Cited by 291 · see citing works
A decade of modeling Alzheimer's disease in transgenic mice
MCGOWAN, E., ERIKSEN, J., & HUTTON, M. (2006) · Trends in Genetics · doi:10.1016/j.tig.2006.03.007 · Cited by 287 · see citing works
Schmitz, C., Rutten, B. P. F., Pielen, A., Schäfer, S., Wirths, O., Tremp, G., Czech, C., Blanchard, V., Multhaup, G., Rezaie, P., et al. (2004) · The American Journal of Pathology · doi:10.1016/s0002-9440(10)63235-x · Cited by 281 · see citing works
Neuron loss in key cholinergic and aminergic nuclei in Alzheimer disease: a meta-analysis
Lyness, S. (2003) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/s0197-4580(02)00057-x · Cited by 240 · see citing works
Jankowsky, J. L., Slunt, H. H., Gonzales, V., Savonenko, A. V., Wen, J. C., Jenkins, N. A., Copeland, N. G., Younkin, L. H., Lester, H. A., Younkin, S. G., et al. (2005) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0020355 · Cited by 237 · see citing works
Self-citationStereological length estimation using spherical probes
Mouton, P. R., Gokhale, A. M., Ward, N. L., & West, M. J. (2002) · Journal of Microscopy · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2818.2002.01006.x · Cited by 203 · see citing works
Kalinin, S., Gavrilyuk, V., Polak, P. E., Vasser, R., Zhao, J. J., Heneka, M. T., & Feinstein, D. L. (2006) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2006.06.003 · Cited by 202 · see citing works
Wong, T. P., Debeir, T., Duff, K., & Cuello, A. C. (1999) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.19-07-02706.1999 · Cited by 196 · see citing works
Yang, Y., Varvel, N. H., Lamb, B. T., & Herrup, K. (2006) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.3707-05.2006 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
NELSON, R., GUO, Z., HALAGAPPA, V, PEARSON, M., GRAY, A., MATSUOKA, Y., BROWN, M., MARTIN, B., IYUN, T., & MAUDSLEY, S. (2007) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2007.01.037 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
Inflammation, the complement system and the diseases of aging
McGeer, E. G., Klegeris, A., & McGeer, P. L. (2005) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2005.08.008 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
Quantitative neuropathological changes in presymptomatic Huntington's disease
Gómez‐Tortosa, E., MacDonald, M. E., Friend, J. C., Taylor, S. A., Weiler, L., Cupples, L. A., Srinidhi, J., Gusella, J. F., Bird, E. D., Vonsattel, J., et al. (2001) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/1531-8249(200101)49:1 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
Cholinergic Changes in the APP23 Transgenic Mouse Model of Cerebral Amyloidosis
Boncristiano, S., Calhoun, M. E., Kelly, P. H., Pfeifer, M., Bondolfi, L., Stalder, M., Phinney, A. L., Abramowski, D., Sturchler-Pierrat, C., Enz, A., et al. (2002) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.22-08-03234.2002 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
The topography of cell loss from locus caeruleus in Alzheimer's disease
Marcyniuk, B., Mann, D. M. A., & Yates, P. O. (1986) · Journal of the Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1016/0022-510x(86)90179-6 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Melnikova, T., Savonenko, A. V., Wang, Q., Liang, X., Hand, T. A., Wu, L., Kaufmann, W. E., Vehmas, A. K., & Andreasson, K. I. (2006) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2006.05.001 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Self-citationThe evolution of Alzheimer's disease‐related cytoskeletal pathology in the human raphe nuclei
Rüb, U., Tredici, K. D., Schultz, C., Thal, D. R., Braak, E., & Braak, H. (2000) · Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology · doi:10.1046/j.0305-1846.2000.00291.x · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Cholinergic forebrain degeneration in the APPswe/PS1ΔE9 transgenic mouse
Perez, S. E., Dar, S., Ikonomović, M. D., DeKosky, S. T., & Mufson, E. J. (2007) · Neurobiology of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.nbd.2007.06.015 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Dopaminergic neurotransmitter systems in Alzheimer's disease and in Down's syndrome at middle age.
Mann, D. M. A., Yates, P. O., & Marcyniuk, B. (1987) · Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp.50.3.341 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Kostić, V., Gurney, M. E., Deng, H., et al. (1997) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.410410413 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Nigrostriatal Dysfunction in Familial Alzheimer's Disease-Linked APPswe/PS1ΔE9 Transgenic Mice
Perez, S. E., Lazarov, O., Koprich, J. B., Chen, E., Rodriguez‐Menendez, V., Lipton, J. W., Sisodia, S. S., & Mufson, E. J. (2005) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2773-05.2005 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Thomas, B., von Coelln, R., Mandir, A. S., Trinkaus, D. B., Farah, M. H., Lim, K. L., Calingasan, N. Y., Beal, M. F., Dawson, V. L., & Dawson, T. M. (2007) · Neurobiology of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.nbd.2006.12.021 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Catecholaminergic neuronal loss in locus coeruleus of aged female dtg APP/PS1 mice
O’Neil, J. N., Mouton, P. R., Tizabi, Y., Ottinger, M. A., Lei, D.-L., Ingram, D. K., & Manaye, K. F. (2007) · Journal of Chemical Neuroanatomy · doi:10.1016/j.jchemneu.2007.05.008 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Szapacs, M. E., Numis, A. L., & Andrews, A. M. (2004) · Neurobiology of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.nbd.2004.04.010 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Free radicals and disruption of neuronal ion homeostasis in AD: A role for amyloid β-peptide?
Mattson, M. P. (1995) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/0197-4580(95)00063-k · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Kenton, L., Boon, F. H., & Cain, D. P. (2007) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/sj.npp.1301518 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Nobili, A., Latagliata, E. C., Viscomi, M. T., Cavallucci, V., Cutuli, D., Giacovazzo, G., Krashia, P., Rizzo, F. R., Marino, R., Federici, M., et al. (2017) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms14727 · Cited by 514 · see citing works
Memory Impairment in Transgenic Alzheimer Mice Requires Cellular Prion Protein
Gimbel, D. A., Nygaard, H. B., Coffey, E. E., Gunther, E. C., Laurén, J., Gimbel, Z. A., & Strittmatter, S. M. (2010) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0395-10.2010 · Cited by 418 · see citing works
Ramonet, D., Daher, J. P. L., Lin, B. M., Stafa, K., Kim, J., Banerjee, R., Westerlund, M., Pletnikova, O., Glauser, L., Yang, L., et al. (2011) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0018568 · Cited by 405 · see citing works
Self-citationSerotonin: a regulator of neuronal morphology and circuitry
Daubert, E. A., & Condron, B. G. (2010) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/j.tins.2010.05.005 · Cited by 326 · see citing works
Olfactory Dysfunction Correlates with Amyloid-β Burden in an Alzheimer's Disease Mouse Model
Wesson, D. W., Levy, E., Nixon, R. A., & Wilson, D. A. (2010) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.4622-09.2010 · Cited by 290 · see citing works
The noradrenaline precursor L-DOPS reduces pathology in a mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease
Kalinin, S., Polak, P. E., Lin, S. X., Sakharkar, A. J., Pandey, S. C., & Feinstein, D. L. (2012) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2011.04.012 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Baglietto-Vargas, D., Moreno-Gonzalez, I., Sanchez-Varo, R., Jimenez, S., Trujillo-Estrada, L., Sanchez-Mejias, E., Torres, M., Romero-Acebal, M., Ruano, D., Vizuete, M., et al. (2010) · Journal of Alzheimer's Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-2010-100066 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
La Barbera, L., Vedele, F., Nobili, A., Krashia, P., Spoleti, E., Latagliata, E. C., Cutuli, D., Cauzzi, E., Marino, R., Viscomi, M. T., et al. (2021) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2021.102031 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
“Additionally, whether the selective degeneration at 3 months of age starts locally in the midbrain and/or is the result of a dying-back mechanism starting from the axonal terminals (Liu et al., 2008; Moreno-Castilla et al., 2016), is yet to be defined.”
BackgroundInfluentialJeremic, D., Sanchez-Rodriguez, I., Jimenez-Diaz, L., & Navarro-Lopez, J. D. (2021) · Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.107808 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Moreno-Castilla, P., Rodriguez-Duran, L. F., Guzman-Ramos, K., Barcenas-Femat, A., Escobar, M. L., & Bermudez-Rattoni, F. (2016) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2016.02.021 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Cordella, A., Krashia, P., Nobili, A., Pignataro, A., La Barbera, L., Viscomi, M. T., Valzania, A., Keller, F., Ammassari-Teule, M., Mercuri, N. B., et al. (2018) · Neurobiology of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.nbd.2018.05.006 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Stojakovic, A., Trushin, S., Sheu, A., Khalili, L., Chang, S.-Y., Li, X., Christensen, T., Salisbury, J. L., Geroux, R. E., Gateno, B., et al. (2021) · Communications Biology · doi:10.1038/s42003-020-01584-y · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Self-citationSiddik, M. A. B., Mullins, C. A., Kramer, A., Shah, H., Gannaban, R. B., Zabet-Moghaddam, M., Huebinger, R. M., Hegde, V. K., MohanKumar, S. M. J., MohanKumar, P. S., et al. (2022) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells11213523 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Age-related loss of noradrenergic neurons in the brains of triple transgenic mice
Manaye, K. F., Mouton, P. R., Xu, G., Drew, A., Lei, D.-L., Sharma, Y., Rebeck, G. W., & Turner, S. (2013) · AGE · doi:10.1007/s11357-011-9343-0 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Clinicopathological correlates of depression in early Alzheimer's disease in the NACC
McCutcheon, S. T., Han, D., Troncoso, J., Koliatsos, V. E., Albert, M., Lyketsos, C. G., & Leoutsakos, J. S. (2016) · International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/gps.4435 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Smith, G. S., Protas, H., Kuwabara, H., Savonenko, A., Nassery, N., Gould, N. F., Kraut, M., Avramopoulos, D., Holt, D., Dannals, R. F., et al. (2023) · NeuroImage: Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2023.103322 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Self-citationCrowe, S. E., & Ellis‐Davies, G. C. R. (2013) · Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.23306 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
- Authors
- Liu, Y., Yoo, M.-J., Savonenko, A., Stirling, W., Price, D. L., Borchelt, D. R., Mamounas, L., Lyons, W. E., Blue, M. E., & Lee, M. K.
- Affiliations
- Johns Hopkins University (US)
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- Kennedy Krieger Institute (US)
- Venue
- The Journal of Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Society for Neuroscience
- Published
- 2008-12-17
- Volume
- 28
- Issue
- 51
- Pages
- 13805-13814
- ISSN
- 0270-6474 (ISSN-L)
- 1529-2401
- PMC
- PMC6671923
- OpenAlex
- W2056716542
- Cited by
- 206
- References
- 49
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 16
- FWCI
- 9.25
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Neuroscience (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Johns Hopkins University
- National Institute on Aging (R01AG029401)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
- Keywords
- Alzheimer's disease, amyloid-beta, monoaminergic neurons, neurodegeneration, axonal degeneration, forebrain, subcortical neurons, anxiety-like behavior, amyloid neurotoxicity, tau pathology
- MeSH terms
- Alzheimer Disease, Animals, Brain Stem, Disease Models, Animal, Mesencephalon, Mice, Transgenic, Nerve Degeneration, Neurons, Afferent, Biogenic Monoamines, Amyloid beta-Peptides, Prosencephalon, Disease Progression, Mice
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
