On the origin of the canonical nucleobases: an assessment of selection pressures across chemical and early biological evolution
Open accessAbstract
The native bases of RNA and DNA are prominent examples of the narrow selection of organic molecules upon which life is based. How did nature “decide” upon these specific heterocycles? Evidence suggests that many types of heterocycles could have been present on the early Earth. It is therefore likely that the contemporary composition of nucleobases is a result of multiple selection pressures that operated during early chemical and biological evolution. The persistence of the fittest heterocycles in the prebiotic environment towards, for example, hydrolytic and photochemical assaults, may have given some nucleobases a selective advantage for incorporation into the first informational polymers. The prebiotic formation of polymeric nucleic acids employing the native bases remains, however, a challenging problem to reconcile. Hypotheses have proposed that the emerging RNA world may have included many types of nucleobases. This is supported by the extensive utilization of non‐canonical nucleobases in extant RNA and the resemblance of many of the modified bases to heterocycles generated in simulated prebiotic chemistry experiments. Selection pressures in the RNA world could have therefore narrowed the composition of the nucleic acid bases. Two such selection pressures may have been related to genetic fidelity and duplex stability. Considering these possible selection criteria, the native bases along with other related heterocycles seem to exhibit a certain level of fitness. We end by discussing the strength of the N‐glycosidic bond as a potential fitness parameter in the early DNA world, which may have played a part in the refinement of the alphabetic bases.
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The four canonical RNA bases were proposed as a more stable replacement for an earlier more irregular set.
“with the four canonical RNA bases proposed as a more stable replacement for an earlier more irregular set [39].”
From The RNA world as a model system to study the origin of life (2015) · cites this paper as [39]
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- Authors
- Rios, A. C., & Tor, Y.
- Affiliations
- University of California San Diego (US)
- Corresponding author
- Tor, Yitzhak
- ORCID
- Tor, Yitzhak
- Venue
- Israel Journal of Chemistry
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2013-05-17
- Volume
- 53
- Issue
- 6-7
- Pages
- 469-483
- ISSN
- 0021-2148 (ISSN-L)
- 1869-5868
- PMC
- PMC4181368
- OpenAlex
- W1993449464
- Cited by
- 98
- References
- 103
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 1
- FWCI
- 2.88
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Israel Journal of Chemistry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute of General Medical Sciences (R01GM069773)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Origins and Evolution of Life
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › RNA and protein synthesis mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › DNA and Nucleic Acid Chemistry
- Keywords
- prebiotic chemistry, selection pressure, RNA world, heterocyclic compounds, genetic fidelity, duplex stability, N-glycosidic bond, origin of life
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