The Hadean-Archaean Environment

Sleep, N. H.

doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a002527

Cited by 228Paleontology and Stratigraphy of FossilsOrigins and Evolution of LifeGeological and Geochemical Analysis

The Hadean-Archaean Environment

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Sleep, N. H.·2010·Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology

DOI 10.1101/cshperspect.a002527PMC PMC2869525

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Abstract

A sparse geological record combined with physics and molecular phylogeny constrains the environmental conditions on the early Earth. The Earth began hot after the moon-forming impact and cooled to the point where liquid water was present in approximately 10 million years. Subsequently, a few asteroid impacts may have briefly heated surface environments, leaving only thermophile survivors in kilometer-deep rocks. A warm 500 K, 100 bar CO(2) greenhouse persisted until subducted oceanic crust sequestered CO(2) into the mantle. It is not known whether the Earth's surface lingered in a approximately 70 degrees C thermophile environment well into the Archaean or cooled to clement or freezing conditions in the Hadean. Recently discovered approximately 4.3 Ga rocks near Hudson Bay may have formed during the warm greenhouse. Alkalic rocks in India indicate carbonate subduction by 4.26 Ga. The presence of 3.8 Ga black shales in Greenland indicates that S-based photosynthesis had evolved in the oceans and likely Fe-based photosynthesis and efficient chemical weathering on land. Overall, mantle derived rocks, especially kimberlites and similar CO(2)-rich magmas, preserve evidence of subducted upper oceanic crust, ancient surface environments, and biosignatures of photosynthesis.

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Earth's atmosphere was mostly nitrogen with a substantial fraction of carbon dioxide.
“At the global scale, the Earth’s atmosphere was mostly nitrogen with a substantial fraction of carbon dioxide [1].”
From The Role of Lipid Membranes in Life’s Origin (2017) · cites this paper as [1]
The ‘Approach to Clement Conditions on the Earliest Earth’ section (page unavailable) describes about 100 bars of atmospheric CO₂ during an early stage, supporting a substantial CO₂ component then. It mentions nitrogen gas but does not say the atmosphere was mostly nitrogen or establish that composition across the period described. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
The chemical disequilibrium at off-ridge hydrothermal vents on the early Earth was in all likelihood much greater than today because atmospheric CO2 was perhaps up to 1000 times more.
“The chemical disequilibrium at off-ridge hydrothermal vents on the early Earth was, in all likelihood, much greater than that today. This is because there was much more CO2 in the atmosphere, perhaps up to 1000 times more [32,33], meaning that there would have been much higher CO2 concentrations in the ocean.”
From Early bioenergetic evolution (2013) · cites this paper as [33]
In “Approach to Clement Conditions on the Earliest Earth” (page not provided), Sleep says that about 100 bars of CO₂ likely remained in the early atmosphere and discusses CO₂ in the ocean. The figure caption identifies warm off-axis vents, but the copy does not give a 1,000-fold comparison with today or conclude that disequilibrium at those vents was greater for that reason. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Hadean atmosphere was more neutral rather than completely reducing.
“Geochemical and isotopic evidence suggests that the atmosphere of the post-Moon forming impact Earth was more neutral rather than completely reducing (Holland 1984;Sleep 2010;Zahnle et al. 2010).”
From The Emergence of Life (2019) · cites this paper as Sleep 2010
In the Hadean it appears that plate tectonics as we know it may not have existed, and that there was a much greater exposure of mantle rock on the sea floor.
“In the Hadean it appears that plate tectonics as we know it may not have existed [98,104,145,146], and that there was a much greater exposure of mantle rock on the sea floor [147,148].”
From ‘Whole Organism’, Systems Biology, and Top-Down Criteria for Evaluating Scenarios for the Origin of Life (2021) · cites this paper as [146]

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Authors: Sleep, N. H.
Affiliations: Stanford University (US)
Corresponding author: Sleep, N. H.
ORCID: Sleep, N. H.
Venue: Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology
Publisher: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
Published: 2010-05-05
Volume: 2
Issue: 6
Pages: a002527-a002527
ISSN: 1943-0264 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a002527
PMC: PMC2869525
OpenAlex: W2065361798
Cited by: 228
References: 75
Citations by year: 2026: 16 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 38 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 15 · 2012: 8
Type: posted content
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Locations: Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Paleontology › Paleontology and Stratigraphy of Fossils
Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Origins and Evolution of Life
Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Geophysics › Geological and Geochemical Analysis
Keywords: early Earth conditions, Hadean, Archean, early Earth climate, asteroid impact, Moon-forming impact, kimberlite, black shales, evolution of photosynthesis, chemical weathering, biosignatures, molecular phylogeny, subducted oceanic crust
MeSH terms: Environment, Minerals, Earth, Planet, Geologic Sediments, Evolution, Planetary

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