Telomere elongation in immortal human cells without detectable telomerase activity
Open accessAbstract
Immortalization of human cells is often associated with reactivation of telomerase, a ribonucleoprotein enzyme that adds TTAGGG repeats onto telomeres and compensates for their shortening. We examined whether telomerase activation is necessary for immortalization. All normal human fibroblasts tested were negative for telomerase activity. Thirteen out of 13 DNA tumor virus-transformed cell cultures were also negative in the pre-crisis (i.e. non-immortalized) stage. Of 35 immortalized cell lines, 20 had telomerase activity as expected, but 15 had no detectable telomerase. The 15 telomerase-negative immortalized cell lines all had very long and heterogeneous telomeres of up to 50 kb. Hybrids between telomerase-negative and telomerase-positive cells senesced. Two senescent hybrids demonstrated telomerase activity, indicating that activation of telomerase is not sufficient for immortalization. Some hybrid clones subsequently recommenced proliferation and became immortalized either with or without telomerase activity. Those without telomerase activity also had very long and heterogeneous telomeres. Taken together, these data suggest that the presence of lengthened or stabilized telomeres is necessary for immortalization, and that this may be achieved either by the reactivation of telomerase or by a novel and as yet unidentified mechanism.
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Telomere function may be required for immortalization, supported by frequent activation of telomerase or ALT in human cancers.
“The notion that telomere function may indeed be required for immortalization is supported by the frequent activation of telomerase or ALT in human cancers (Kim et al. 1994; Bryan et al. 1995”
From p53 Deficiency Rescues the Adverse Effects of Telomere Loss and Cooperates with Telomere Dysfunction to Accelerate Carcinogenesis (1999) · cites this paper as Bryan et al. 1995
In telomerase-negative normal human lung fibroblasts and ALT-phenotype SAOS-2 osteosarcoma cells, inhibitor treatment did not affect telomere length, growth kinetics or morphology over 8 weeks.
“Our results showed that inhibitor treatment had no effect on telomere length, growth kinetics and morphology for the entire time of treatment (8 weeks) in either cell line.”
From A highly selective telomerase inhibitor limiting human cancer cell proliferation (2001) · cites this paper as Bryan et al., 1995
An ALT mechanism has been described for virus-transformed human cells and a small proportion of established human cancer cell lines that lack telomerase activity.
“A similar ALT mechanism has been described for virustransformed human cells and a small proportion of established human cancer cell lines that lack telomerase activity (Bryan et al., 1995).”
From A highly selective telomerase inhibitor limiting human cancer cell proliferation (2001) · cites this paper as Bryan et al., 1995
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- Authors
- Bryan, T. M., Englezou, A., Gupta, J., Bacchetti, S., & Reddel, R. R.
- Affiliations
- Children's Medical Research Institute (AU)
- Venue
- The EMBO Journal
- Published
- 1995-09-01
- Volume
- 14
- Issue
- 17
- Pages
- 4240-4248
- ISSN
- 0261-4189 (ISSN-L)
- 1460-2075
- PMC
- PMC394507
- OpenAlex
- W1600373583
- Cited by
- 1,279
- References
- 45
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 26 · 2023: 30 · 2022: 59 · 2021: 35 · 2020: 36 · 2019: 43 · 2018: 27 · 2017: 35 · 2016: 36 · 2015: 33 · 2014: 33 · 2013: 45 · 2012: 43
- FWCI
- 34.02
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- The EMBO Journal (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- University of Sydney
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Telomeres, Telomerase, and Senescence
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Aging › Genetics, Aging, and Longevity in Model Organisms
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › DNA and Nucleic Acid Chemistry
- Keywords
- telomere elongation, telomerase, cell immortalization, telomere length, cellular senescence, human fibroblasts
- MeSH terms
- Base Sequence, Cell Line, Cell Line, Transformed, Cell Transformation, Viral, Clone Cells, Enzyme Activation, Humans, Hybrid Cells, Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid, Simian virus 40, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Telomere, Cellular Senescence, Telomerase
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