The DOI matches its Crossref record; 58 of the 59 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 10 of the 67 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Intolerance of Uncertainty: A Common Factor in the Treatment of Emotional Disorders
Open accessAbstract
Intolerance of uncertainty (IU) is a characteristic predominantly associated with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD); however, emerging evidence indicates that IU may be a shared element of emotional disorders. Aims: This study aimed to examine IU across diagnostic categories, change in IU during transdiagnostic treatment, and the relationship between change in IU and treatment outcome. Method: Patients diagnosed with heterogeneous anxiety and depressive disorders received up to 18 weeks of a transdiagnostic cognitive-behavioral therapy intervention. Patient self-reported IU and self-report and clinician-rated symptom/functioning measures were administered at pretreatment and posttreatment. Results: When controlling for negative affectivity, IU correlated with measures of depressive symptoms and worry severity at pretreatment. Patients with GAD and panic disorder exhibited the highest pretreatment IU scores, yet IU scores did not differ significantly based on the presence or absence of a specific diagnosis. A significant decrease in IU was observed, and change in IU was related to reduced anxiety and depressive symptom levels at posttreatment across diagnostic categories. Discussion: Change in IU can be observed across problem areas in transdiagnostic treatment and such change is correlated with treatment outcome. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Claims the paper makes
31 Own result · 30 No full text of the sources · 25 Own method · 22 Own interpretation · 8 Sources not found · 4 Not checked yet · 3 Supported · 2 Supported so far · 2 Partly supported · 1 Not supported · 1 Couldn’t confirm · 1 No basis given · accuracy not yet measured
At least one cited source doesn’t support this claim or points to a different paper, and none confirmed it — see the verdicts below.
In the paper
“Furthermore, no posttreatment symptom differences were observed between the immediate and delayed treatment groups (see Farchione et al., 2012).”
§ Intolerance of Uncertainty: A Common Factor in the Treatment of Emotional Disorders > Method
What the sources say
- Disputedcites Farchione et al., 2012 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results section (‘Efficacy at Posttreatment’; page unavailable) reports significant differences between the immediate-treatment group and the wait-list/delayed-treatment group in depression and anxiety symptoms, rather than no differences. The Study Design section clarifies that the delayed group received treatment only after its wait-list assessment. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Disputed
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“The IU construct has been associated predominantly (conceptually and empirically) with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD; Dugas, Freeston, & Ladouceur, 1997) and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD; Lind & Boschen, 2009; Steketee, Frost, & Cohen, 1998).”
§ Intolerance of Uncertainty: A Common Factor in the Treatment of Emotional Disorders > Abstract > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Dugas, Freeston, & Ladouceur, 1997 source
- Supportedcites Lind & Boschen, 2009 source
Lind and Boschen is cited for the OCD portion of the sentence; a separate citation accompanies the GAD portion. The Introduction (p. 6) reports empirical links between intolerance of uncertainty and OCD symptoms, including compulsive checking. (LLM, conf=0.90)
- Supportedcites Steketee, Frost, & Cohen, 1998 source
The Abstract identifies intolerance of uncertainty as a hypothesized OCD-related belief and reports that the OCD group scored higher on this belief domain than other anxiety-disorder patients and controls. The Comment also describes uncertainty beliefs as potentially central to OCD. This source supports the OCD portion of the citing sentence; the GAD portion is attributed to a different citation. (LLM, conf=0.91)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“No statistical differences in initial severity or demographic variables were observed between treatment completers and noncompleters, and baseline evaluation indicated that no significant differences in the type or severity of psy-chopathology existed between eligible participants and those excluded from the trial (e.g., refused potential randomization to waitlist/delayed treatment condition; see”
§ Intolerance of Uncertainty: A Common Factor in the Treatment of Emotional Disorders > Method > Participants
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Farchione et al., 2012 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Method > Participants passage says that, based on the initial diagnostic evaluation, excluded individuals did not appear to have more severe psychopathology than enrolled and randomized patients. It does not report a statistical comparison or establish that the groups did not differ in type of psychopathology. (LLM, conf=0.87)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Lack of perceived control may represent a generalized psychological vulnerability to develop emotional disorders (Chorpita, Brown, & Barlow, 1998)”
§ Intolerance of Uncertainty: A Common Factor in the Treatment of Emotional Disorders > Discussion
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Chorpita, Brown, & Barlow, 1998 source
The passage labeled Abstract describes diminished perceived control as a shared vulnerability for anxiety and depression. The Discussion says the findings are consistent with a diminished sense of control as a vulnerability for anxiety disorders. Together, these support the citing sentence’s hedged characterization of a generalized vulnerability to emotional disorders. (LLM, conf=0.91)
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
In the paper
“Utilizing Jacobson and Truax's (1991) formula for calculating a reliable change index (RCI), the mean pre-post treatment difference exceeded the RCI criterion (13.82 IUS points).”
§ Intolerance of Uncertainty: A Common Factor in the Treatment of Emotional Disorders > Results > Changes in IU During Treatment
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Jacobson and Truax's (1991)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Patients with GAD and panic disorder exhibited the highest pretreatment IU scores, yet IU scores did not differ significantly based on the presence or absence of a specific diagnosis.”
§ Intolerance of Uncertainty: A Common Factor in the Treatment of Emotional Disorders > Abstract > Results
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Patients with a principal diagnosis of GAD or panic disorder demonstrated the highest IUS scores.”
§ Intolerance of Uncertainty: A Common Factor in the Treatment of Emotional Disorders > Discussion
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No patients in the delayed-treatment condition evidenced reliable change in IUS from baseline to postwaitlist.”
§ Intolerance of Uncertainty: A Common Factor in the Treatment of Emotional Disorders > Results > Changes in IU During Treatment
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Baseline IUS scores were associated with higher baseline scores on the HDRS, PSWQ, and BDI-II when controlling for levels of negative affect.”
§ Intolerance of Uncertainty: A Common Factor in the Treatment of Emotional Disorders > Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Results showed that change in IU was a significant predictor of posttreatment symptom severity on the HARS (β = .60, SE = .05, t = 3.53, p < .01, CI = 0.07:0.25, pr = .57)”
§ Intolerance of Uncertainty: A Common Factor in the Treatment of Emotional Disorders > Results > Change in IU and Posttreatment Symptom Severity
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Consistent with our hypothesis, results from a t test demonstrated a significant decrease in IUS scores during UP treatment, t (28) = 3.49, p < .01, d = 0.73, confidence interval [CI] = 0.22: 1.23, with a medium-to-large effect size between pretreatment (mean [M] = 41.92, SD = 21.57) and posttreatment (M = 27.07, SD = 19.04), across diagnoses.”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · boosted
“Across diagnoses, patients demonstrated a significant, reliable decrease in IU between pretreatment and posttreatment”
§ Intolerance of Uncertainty: A Common Factor in the Treatment of Emotional Disorders > Results > Changes in IU During Treatment
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Discussion · boosted
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“yet none of the diagnosis by IUS change interaction terms was significantly associated with posttreatment severity on either the HARS or the HDRS (see Table 5).”
§ Intolerance of Uncertainty: A Common Factor in the Treatment of Emotional Disorders > Results > Change in IU and Posttreatment Symptom Severity
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Additionally, the presence or absence of any specific principal or comorbid diagnosis was unrelated to magnitude of change in IU, univariate F (5, 28) = 1.11, p = .43, ηp2 = .60.”
§ Intolerance of Uncertainty: A Common Factor in the Treatment of Emotional Disorders > Results > Changes in IU During Treatment
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Baseline IUS scores were significantly correlated with higher pretreatment HARS and HDRS scores.”
§ Intolerance of Uncertainty: A Common Factor in the Treatment of Emotional Disorders > Results > Baseline IU and Pretreatment Symptom Severity
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“IUS change remained significant in each model, yet none of the diagnosis by IUS change interaction terms was significantly associated with posttreatment severity on either the HARS or the HDRS (see Table 5).”
§ Intolerance of Uncertainty: A Common Factor in the Treatment of Emotional Disorders > Results > Change in IU and Posttreatment Symptom Severity
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A total of 14 out of 29 (48.3%) treatment completers with pre-IUS and post-IUS scores evidenced a reliable decrease in IUS scores.”
§ Intolerance of Uncertainty: A Common Factor in the Treatment of Emotional Disorders > Results > Changes in IU During Treatment
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the observed magnitude of association was quite small (r = .05).”
§ Intolerance of Uncertainty: A Common Factor in the Treatment of Emotional Disorders > Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“When controlling for negative affectivity, IU correlated with measures of depressive symptoms and worry severity at pretreatment.”
§ Intolerance of Uncertainty: A Common Factor in the Treatment of Emotional Disorders > Abstract > Results
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A patient's statistical likelihood of exhibiting reliable change on the IUS was unrelated to principal diagnosis, χ2 (4) = 6.84, p = .15”
§ Intolerance of Uncertainty: A Common Factor in the Treatment of Emotional Disorders > Results > Changes in IU During Treatment
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“patients with a principal diagnosis of panic disorder exhibited comparably high IUS scores to those with a principal diagnosis of GAD”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
“levels of IU were comparably high in individuals with principal panic disorder”
§ Intolerance of Uncertainty: A Common Factor in the Treatment of Emotional Disorders > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Contrary to our hypothesis, univariate ANOVA results indicated that the presence or absence of a particular principal diagnosis did not have an effect on baseline IUS scores, univariate F (4, 35) = 1.11, p = .37, ηp2 = .13”
§ Intolerance of Uncertainty: A Common Factor in the Treatment of Emotional Disorders > Results > Baseline IU and Diagnosis
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Conversely, a nonsignificant difference in IUS scores was observed in the delayed-treatment condition, t (9) = −0.43, p = .68, d = −0.05, CI = −0.98: 0.87, with a small, negative effect size between pretreatment (M = 38.56, SD = 23.69) and post-waitlist (M = 40.11, SD = 30.09) scores, across diagnoses.”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
“while no change in IU was observed during the 16-week waitlist period.”
§ Intolerance of Uncertainty: A Common Factor in the Treatment of Emotional Disorders > Results > Changes in IU During Treatment
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Results generally remained consistent, yet the correlation between baseline IUS and the HARS was no longer significant (p = .06).”
§ Intolerance of Uncertainty: A Common Factor in the Treatment of Emotional Disorders > Results > Baseline IU and Pretreatment Symptom Severity
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“results from a univariate ANOVA showed no statistical difference in the magnitude of pre-post treatment change in IUS scores among principal diagnoses, univariate F (4, 28) = 1.83, p = 16, ηp2 = .23.”
§ Intolerance of Uncertainty: A Common Factor in the Treatment of Emotional Disorders > Results > Changes in IU During Treatment
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Similar magnitudes of change in IU were observed across diagnoses (principal and comorbid).”
§ Intolerance of Uncertainty: A Common Factor in the Treatment of Emotional Disorders > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Baseline IUS scores were significantly correlated with higher pretreatment HARS and HDRS scores.”
§ Intolerance of Uncertainty: A Common Factor in the Treatment of Emotional Disorders > Results > Baseline IU and Pretreatment Symptom Severity
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A significant decrease in IU was observed, and change in IU was related to reduced anxiety and depressive symptom levels at posttreatment across diagnostic categories.”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
“Change in IU can be observed across problem areas in transdiagnostic treatment and such change is correlated with treatment outcome.”
§ Intolerance of Uncertainty: A Common Factor in the Treatment of Emotional Disorders > Abstract > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, the PSWQ and BDI-II were the only diagnosis-specific self-report symptom measures that correlated significantly with IUS.”
§ Intolerance of Uncertainty: A Common Factor in the Treatment of Emotional Disorders > Results > Baseline IU and Pretreatment Symptom Severity
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A significant decrease in IU was observed, and change in IU was related to reduced anxiety and depressive symptom levels at posttreatment across diagnostic categories.”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
“Change in IU can be observed across problem areas in transdiagnostic treatment and such change is correlated with treatment outcome.”
§ Intolerance of Uncertainty: A Common Factor in the Treatment of Emotional Disorders > Abstract > Results
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Patients with GAD and panic disorder exhibited the highest pretreatment IU scores, yet IU scores did not differ significantly based on the presence or absence of a specific diagnosis.”
§ Intolerance of Uncertainty: A Common Factor in the Treatment of Emotional Disorders > Abstract > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and HDRS (β = .58, SE = .04, t = 3.67, p < .01, CI = 0.06:0.22, pr = .59), such that greater reductions in IU were associated with reduced anxiety and depression symptom severity.”
§ Intolerance of Uncertainty: A Common Factor in the Treatment of Emotional Disorders > Results > Change in IU and Posttreatment Symptom Severity
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the presence or absence of GAD did not have a significant effect on baseline IUS scores or the degree of change in IU observed between pretreatment and posttreatment.”
§ Intolerance of Uncertainty: A Common Factor in the Treatment of Emotional Disorders > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Baseline IU correlated significantly with clinician-rated and patient self-report measures of both anxiety and depressive symptomology”
§ Intolerance of Uncertainty: A Common Factor in the Treatment of Emotional Disorders > Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the presence or absence of GAD did not have a significant effect on baseline IUS scores or the degree of change in IU observed between pretreatment and posttreatment.”
§ Intolerance of Uncertainty: A Common Factor in the Treatment of Emotional Disorders > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In the case of a panic attack, a high degree of distress is associated with uncertainty regarding the nature and consequences of internal somatic sensations (Barlow, 2002; Rachman, 1984).”
§ Intolerance of Uncertainty: A Common Factor in the Treatment of Emotional Disorders > Abstract > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Barlow, 2002
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Rachman, 1984 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
In the paper
“In the case of OCD, doubting obsessions, compulsions, and ritualistic behaviors serve a similar experiential avoidance and control function (Steketee et al., 1997, 1998).”
§ Intolerance of Uncertainty: A Common Factor in the Treatment of Emotional Disorders > Abstract > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Steketee et al., 1997, 1998
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Anxiety is experienced before (anticipatory), during, and after social situations, which involves a sense of uncertainty related to current or future social evaluation.”
§ Intolerance of Uncertainty: A Common Factor in the Treatment of Emotional Disorders > Abstract > Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“For example, Boelen and Reijntes (2009) found that IU explained a significant portion of the variance in social anxiety severity.”
§ Intolerance of Uncertainty: A Common Factor in the Treatment of Emotional Disorders > Abstract > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Boelen & Reijntes, 2009 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Furthermore, recent evidence has indicated that IU may be an important factor in the etiology and maintenance of major depressive disorder (MDD; Yook, Kim, Suh, & Lee, 2010).”
§ Intolerance of Uncertainty: A Common Factor in the Treatment of Emotional Disorders > Abstract > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Yook, Kim, Suh, & Lee, 2010 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In panic disorder, for example, while information processing biases are common, it may be the physiological component that is often most pronounced in the face of uncertainty.”
§ Intolerance of Uncertainty: A Common Factor in the Treatment of Emotional Disorders > Abstract > Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Information processing biases toward potentially threatening stimuli are present across the spectrum of anxiety disorders (Barlow, 2002; Eysenck, 1997).”
§ Intolerance of Uncertainty: A Common Factor in the Treatment of Emotional Disorders > Abstract > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Barlow, 2002
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Eysenck, 1997
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
In the paper
“This conceptualization is consistent with the triple vulnerabilities model of emotional disorders (Barlow, 2002), which posits that specific disorders may represent different (and sometimes trivial) manifestations of the same generalized, underlying mechanism.”
§ Intolerance of Uncertainty: A Common Factor in the Treatment of Emotional Disorders > Abstract > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Barlow, 2002
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, upon closer inspection, these features are also present in other emotional disorders.”
§ Intolerance of Uncertainty: A Common Factor in the Treatment of Emotional Disorders > Abstract > Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
In the paper
“Despite avoidance (e.g., avoiding exercise or caffeine) and the use of safety signals, patients with panic disorder are also unable to predict reliably whether or when they will face a situation that will cause their uncomfortable physical feelings to increase (McNally, 2002).”
§ Intolerance of Uncertainty: A Common Factor in the Treatment of Emotional Disorders > Abstract > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites McNally, 2002 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The specific nature or focus of this uncertainty and the specific methods developed to manage it, however, may differ between specific problem areas (e.g., worry in GAD, avoiding drinking coffee in panic disorder).”
§ Intolerance of Uncertainty: A Common Factor in the Treatment of Emotional Disorders > Abstract > Discussion
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“However, recent evidence calls into question the “narrow specificity” of IU to GAD and OCD (Gentes & Ruscio, 2011).”
§ Intolerance of Uncertainty: A Common Factor in the Treatment of Emotional Disorders > Abstract > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Gentes & Ruscio, 2011 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Furthermore, individuals with social phobia often make thinking errors such as “mind reading” and “fortune telling” (Hope, Heimberg, & Turk, 2010), which represent attempts to decrease uncertainty regarding others' judgments and future social outcomes.”
§ Intolerance of Uncertainty: A Common Factor in the Treatment of Emotional Disorders > Abstract > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Hope, Heimberg, & Turk, 2010 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“emerging evidence suggests that IU may be a shared factor (or general correlate) of emotional disorders (Gentes & Ruscio, 2011; McEvoy & Mahoney, 2011).”
§ Intolerance of Uncertainty: A Common Factor in the Treatment of Emotional Disorders > Discussion
What the sources say
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“the lack of significant associations between baseline IUS scores and other disorder-specific symptom measures, with the exception of depression, is inconsistent with some recent findings (e.g., McEvoy & Mahoney, 2011).”
§ Intolerance of Uncertainty: A Common Factor in the Treatment of Emotional Disorders > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites McEvoy & Mahoney, 2011 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“such that greater reductions in IU were associated with reduced anxiety and depression symptom severity.”
§ Intolerance of Uncertainty: A Common Factor in the Treatment of Emotional Disorders > Results > Change in IU and Posttreatment Symptom Severity
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This indicated that the relationship between change in IU and posttreatment symptom severity was not influenced by the presence or absence of a specific diagnosis.”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
“and this relationship was not influenced by the presence of any particular diagnosis.”
§ Intolerance of Uncertainty: A Common Factor in the Treatment of Emotional Disorders > Results > Change in IU and Posttreatment Symptom Severity
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
In the paper
“IU appears to have such transdiagnostic implications (McEvoy & Mahoney, 2011).”
§ Intolerance of Uncertainty: A Common Factor in the Treatment of Emotional Disorders > Abstract > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites McEvoy & Mahoney, 2011 source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In addition, a recent meta-analysis found strong associations between IU and general symptom levels of GAD, OCD, and MDD (Gentes & Ruscio, 2011), providing further evidence that IU may be a shared feature of emotional disorders.”
§ Intolerance of Uncertainty: A Common Factor in the Treatment of Emotional Disorders > Abstract > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Gentes & Ruscio, 2011 source
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The significant and reliable reduction in IU observed across diagnostic categories indicates that the UP may effectively affect control processes as an important element underlying emotional disorders.”
§ Intolerance of Uncertainty: A Common Factor in the Treatment of Emotional Disorders > Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the lack of PTSD representation”
§ Intolerance of Uncertainty: A Common Factor in the Treatment of Emotional Disorders > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“High levels of comorbidity observed between GAD and MDD (Simon, 2009) may be partially explained by IU and its related cognitive avoidance processes: worry and rumination.”
§ Intolerance of Uncertainty: A Common Factor in the Treatment of Emotional Disorders > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Simon, 2009 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The significant association between IU and depressive symptoms, including IU's association with change in depressive symptoms, supports the contention that IU is a potentially important factor in the etiology, maintenance, and treatment of depression.”
§ Intolerance of Uncertainty: A Common Factor in the Treatment of Emotional Disorders > Discussion
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Furthermore, this study may be the first to demonstrate that change in IU over the course of treatment not only affects symptoms of anxiety, but depressive symptoms as well.”
§ Intolerance of Uncertainty: A Common Factor in the Treatment of Emotional Disorders > Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“as well as influence their progression and maintenance (Barlow, 2002; Brown, White, Forsyth, & Barlow, 2004).”
§ Intolerance of Uncertainty: A Common Factor in the Treatment of Emotional Disorders > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Barlow, 2002
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Brown, White, Forsyth, & Barlow, 2004 source
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Despite these behaviors, patients with panic disorder are not always able to predict whether or when they will face a situation that will cause their uncomfortable physical feelings to increase (McNally, 2002).”
§ Intolerance of Uncertainty: A Common Factor in the Treatment of Emotional Disorders > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites McNally, 2002 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“When taken as a whole, this study's results are consistent with emerging evidence questioning the “narrow” specificity of IU to GAD (see Garber & Hollon, 1991).”
§ Intolerance of Uncertainty: A Common Factor in the Treatment of Emotional Disorders > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Garber & Hollon, 1991 source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“as changes in this area appear to be related to treatment outcome.”
§ Intolerance of Uncertainty: A Common Factor in the Treatment of Emotional Disorders > Discussion
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Research has shown that uncertainty itself results in increased physiological arousal (Greco & Roger, 2003)”
§ Intolerance of Uncertainty: A Common Factor in the Treatment of Emotional Disorders > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Greco & Roger, 2003 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Each of these factors may affect generalizability.”
§ Intolerance of Uncertainty: A Common Factor in the Treatment of Emotional Disorders > Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Study limitations include the absence of individuals with principal depressive disorders”
§ Intolerance of Uncertainty: A Common Factor in the Treatment of Emotional Disorders > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Objects of control that are future and outcome oriented are more likely to elicit experiences of uncertainty (Chorpita & Barlow, 1998)”
§ Intolerance of Uncertainty: A Common Factor in the Treatment of Emotional Disorders > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Chorpita & Barlow, 1998
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Generalizability of these results is also limited to a primarily anxious population that did not require a higher level of care.”
§ Intolerance of Uncertainty: A Common Factor in the Treatment of Emotional Disorders > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“stronger associations with worry and GAD have been found in previous research (e.g., Dugas et al., 1997; Freeston et al., 1994).”
§ Intolerance of Uncertainty: A Common Factor in the Treatment of Emotional Disorders > Discussion
What the sources say
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“IU may capture a manifestation of this broader construct that is particularly relevant to GAD”
§ Intolerance of Uncertainty: A Common Factor in the Treatment of Emotional Disorders > Discussion
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“it does not appear to be pathognomonic of GAD.”
§ Intolerance of Uncertainty: A Common Factor in the Treatment of Emotional Disorders > Discussion
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“these results indicate that broader transdiagnostic treatments, such as the UP, may effectively and efficiently affect IU and its various manifestations across the spectrum of anxiety disorders.”
§ Intolerance of Uncertainty: A Common Factor in the Treatment of Emotional Disorders > Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition, the timing of observations precluded the testing of specific mediation hypotheses (e.g., worry or rumination as a mediator of the relationship between IU and outcome) within and between diagnostic categories”
§ Intolerance of Uncertainty: A Common Factor in the Treatment of Emotional Disorders > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although the principal diagnosis models were underpowered”
§ Intolerance of Uncertainty: A Common Factor in the Treatment of Emotional Disorders > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Probably not a substantial claim. 37
- It may state two separate claims as one. 29
- The quote only partly states this claim. 1
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“If this is the case for IU, then it should be present as a shared factor in not just GAD and OCD, but other emotional disorders as well, which may help to explain the high degree of comorbidity observed across different emotional disorders (Brown & Barlow, 2009).”
§ Intolerance of Uncertainty: A Common Factor in the Treatment of Emotional Disorders > Abstract > Discussion
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Brown & Barlow, 2009 source
The Abstract reports extensive comorbidity among anxiety and mood disorders and says common higher-order dimensions account for their covariation. The proposal that intolerance of uncertainty might be one such factor is the citing authors’ conditional inference, not a finding attributed to Brown and Barlow. (LLM, conf=0.90)
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Worry can serve an experiential avoidance function (Borkovec, 1994; Borkovec, Ray, & Stober, 1998) insofar as engaging in worry reduces anxious arousal related to feared potential outcomes; thus, worry is at least partially maintained through negative reinforcement.”
§ Intolerance of Uncertainty: A Common Factor in the Treatment of Emotional Disorders > Abstract > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Borkovec, 1994
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Supportedcites Borkovec, Ray, & Stober, 1998 source
The Summary and Conclusion (p. 16) says worry functions as cognitive avoidance of threat and can be negatively reinforced and maintained, in part because it attenuates somatic reactions to aversive images. “Worry Suppresses Somatic Anxiety” (p. 6) also describes demonstrated suppressive effects on somatic anxiety. (LLM, conf=0.92)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“No statistical differences in initial severity or demographic variables were observed between treatment completers and noncompleters, and baseline evaluation indicated that no significant differences in the type or severity of psy-chopathology existed between eligible participants and those excluded from the trial (e.g., refused potential randomization to waitlist/delayed treatment condition; see”
§ Intolerance of Uncertainty: A Common Factor in the Treatment of Emotional Disorders > Method > Participants
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites Farchione et al., 2012 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Method (Participants; page unavailable) reports how many patients did not complete treatment, but does not compare their initial severity or demographics with those of completers. I searched for completer–noncompleter baseline and dropout comparisons; the reported demographic comparison is between treatment arms, not between completers and noncompleters. (LLM, conf=0.74)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Could not verify
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“This commonly used measure has demonstrated good levels of interrater and test-retest reliability, as well as convergent validity with similar clinician rated and self-report measures of anxiety symptoms (Shear et al., 2001).”
§ Intolerance of Uncertainty: A Common Factor in the Treatment of Emotional Disorders > Method > Measures
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Shear et al., 2001 source
The Reliability section reports good test-retest and interrater reliability for the traditional HAM-A (HARS). The Validity section reports correlations with the clinician-rated SIGH-A and the self-report Beck Anxiety Inventory, which it describes as evidence of convergent validity. (LLM, conf=0.92)
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“The lack of association with OCD symptoms was somewhat surprising, given results from previous studies (Gentes & Ruscio, 2011; Steketee et al., 1998).”
§ Intolerance of Uncertainty: A Common Factor in the Treatment of Emotional Disorders > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Gentes & Ruscio, 2011 source
- Supportedcites Steketee et al., 1998 source
The Correlation and Regression Analyses section reports that uncertainty beliefs were associated with OCD symptom measures, including a stronger correlation with Padua scores than with depression or anxiety sensitivity. This supports citing the study as a reason a later lack of association was surprising; the paper does not itself assess the later study’s baseline IUS result. (LLM, conf=0.88)
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“yet, descriptively, more people with principal panic disorder demonstrated reliable change than any other principal diagnosis (see Table 4).”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · hedged
“and were more likely to demonstrate reliable change in IUS scores.”
§ Intolerance of Uncertainty: A Common Factor in the Treatment of Emotional Disorders > Results > Changes in IU During Treatment
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Also stated in: § Discussion · hedged
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Univariate ANOVA results indicated that the presence or absence of any particular diagnosis did not have an effect on baseline IUS scores, univariate F (5, 35) = 0.57, p = .83, ηp2 = .31”
§ Intolerance of Uncertainty: A Common Factor in the Treatment of Emotional Disorders > Results > Baseline IU and Diagnosis
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
In the paper
“The heightened arousal associated with this uncertainty (Greco & Roger, 2003) may itself become a trigger for experiencing a panic attack and lead to further avoidance.”
§ Intolerance of Uncertainty: A Common Factor in the Treatment of Emotional Disorders > Abstract > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Greco & Roger, 2003 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Furthermore, excessive worriers report that worrying helps them to problem solve, prepare for potential outcomes, prevent negative outcomes from occurring, and minimize emotional reactions to negative outcomes (Borkovec, Hazlett-Stevens, & Diaz, 1999; Freeston, Rhéaume, Letarte, Dugas, & Ladouceur, 1994).”
§ Intolerance of Uncertainty: A Common Factor in the Treatment of Emotional Disorders > Abstract > Discussion
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Distress related to uncertainty and the use of cognitive and behavioral strategies to reduce or manage anxious arousal related to feared potential outcomes and increase one's perception of certainty and control are core elements of GAD and OCD that are implicated in the development and maintenance of both disorders.”
§ Intolerance of Uncertainty: A Common Factor in the Treatment of Emotional Disorders > Abstract > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Although there is evidence that IU is more strongly associated with GAD severity compared with other anxiety disorders (Dugas et al., 2001), accumulating evidence brings into question IU's narrow specificity (Garber & Hollon, 1991) to GAD.”
§ Intolerance of Uncertainty: A Common Factor in the Treatment of Emotional Disorders > Abstract > Discussion
What the sources say
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Worry, therefore, is thought to reduce distress over uncertainty and its associated affects (Greco & Roger, 2003) and increase, at least the perception of, control over future outcomes.”
§ Intolerance of Uncertainty: A Common Factor in the Treatment of Emotional Disorders > Abstract > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Greco & Roger, 2003 source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Similar to worry in GAD, obsessions and compulsions in OCD reduce experiences of uncertainty and increase perceptions of control, and, similarly, opportunities for disconfirmation and new learning are missed.”
§ Intolerance of Uncertainty: A Common Factor in the Treatment of Emotional Disorders > Abstract > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The cardinal feature of GAD is excessive and uncontrollable worry regarding future events and outcomes (Borkovec, 2002).”
§ Intolerance of Uncertainty: A Common Factor in the Treatment of Emotional Disorders > Abstract > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Borkovec, 2002 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Additionally, a diagnosis of panic disorder requires the presence of excessive worry regarding future panic attacks or changes in behavior to prevent future panic attacks and related symptoms (American Psychiatric Association, 2000).”
§ Intolerance of Uncertainty: A Common Factor in the Treatment of Emotional Disorders > Abstract > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites American Psychiatric Association, 2000
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Because the potential catastrophic outcomes are relatively low base-rate events, individuals often attribute their nonoccurrence to preventative worry, yet uncertainty remains and worry processes are strengthened as opportunities for disconfirmation are missed.”
§ Intolerance of Uncertainty: A Common Factor in the Treatment of Emotional Disorders > Abstract > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“MDD is characterized by rumination, which is hypothesized to serve a similar function to that of worry (i.e., experiential avoidance; McLaughlin, Borkovec, & Sibrava, 2007).”
§ Intolerance of Uncertainty: A Common Factor in the Treatment of Emotional Disorders > Abstract > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites McLaughlin, Borkovec, & Sibrava, 2007 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Although often past rather than future oriented, rumination involves repeated attempts to better understand the nature of past outcomes (e.g., guilt over things that one should have done, should not have done, or could have done differently) and has been found to mediate the relationship between IU and depressive symptoms (Liao & Wei, 2011).”
§ Intolerance of Uncertainty: A Common Factor in the Treatment of Emotional Disorders > Abstract > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Liao & Wei, 2011 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“If IU represents a common mechanism of psychopathology in emotional disorders, then changes in this factor should be associated with positive outcomes across different disorders, thus, representing a common change factor.”
§ Intolerance of Uncertainty: A Common Factor in the Treatment of Emotional Disorders > Abstract > Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: fails — The authors may not put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“OCD symptom severity was assessed using the self-report version of the Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS; Baer, 1991; Goodman et al., 1989; alpha = .93 in the present sample).”
§ Intolerance of Uncertainty: A Common Factor in the Treatment of Emotional Disorders > Method > Measures
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Social anxiety symptoms were assessed using the Social Interaction Anxiety Scale (SIAS; Mattick & Clarke, 1998; alpha = .94 in the present sample).”
§ Intolerance of Uncertainty: A Common Factor in the Treatment of Emotional Disorders > Method > Measures
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As noted, patients were randomized to two conditions, immediate or delayed treatment.”
§ Intolerance of Uncertainty: A Common Factor in the Treatment of Emotional Disorders > Method > Procedure
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“The IUS was initially created to assess this hypothesized construct in GAD; thus, the scale may be particularly sensitive to worry-related phenomena (Gentes & Ruscio, 2011).”
§ Intolerance of Uncertainty: A Common Factor in the Treatment of Emotional Disorders > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Gentes & Ruscio, 2011 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Clinical raters received extensive training on the SIGH-D and had to demonstrate acceptable levels of reliability prior to their participation in the trial.”
§ Intolerance of Uncertainty: A Common Factor in the Treatment of Emotional Disorders > Method > Measures
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Ongoing adherence ratings were not conducted in this trial.”
§ Intolerance of Uncertainty: A Common Factor in the Treatment of Emotional Disorders > Method > Treatment
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“This commonly used measure has demonstrated good levels of interrater and test-retest reliability (Williams, 1988), as well as concurrent validity with similar clinician rated and self-report measures of depression symptoms (Bech et al., 1992).”
§ Intolerance of Uncertainty: A Common Factor in the Treatment of Emotional Disorders > Method > Measures
What the sources say
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Given that distress related to experiences of uncertainty has been associated with levels of symptom severity in several emotional disorders, and strategies utilized to avoid uncertainty and increase perceived control are closely tied with diagnostic factors and sequelae that are hypothesized to strengthen and maintain psychopathology, IU may represent an important factor in treatment.”
§ Intolerance of Uncertainty: A Common Factor in the Treatment of Emotional Disorders > Abstract > Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Adherence was monitored during weekly supervision and by reading required session notes.”
§ Intolerance of Uncertainty: A Common Factor in the Treatment of Emotional Disorders > Method > Treatment
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II; Beck, Steer, & Brown, 1996) was also used as a self-report of depressive symptoms (alpha = .88 in the present sample).”
§ Intolerance of Uncertainty: A Common Factor in the Treatment of Emotional Disorders > Method > Measures
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Transdiagnostic cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) treatments are being developed in response to the proliferation of single-diagnosis treatment protocols that may actually hinder the dissemination and adoption of evidence-based psychological treatments (see McHugh& Barlow, 2010), and to address shared features and mechanisms of change in emotional disorders (Norton & Philipp, 2008).”
§ Intolerance of Uncertainty: A Common Factor in the Treatment of Emotional Disorders > Abstract > Discussion
What the sources say
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition, there was no difference in baseline Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale (IUS) score between treatment completers and noncompleters, F (1, 34) = 0.36, p = .55.”
§ Intolerance of Uncertainty: A Common Factor in the Treatment of Emotional Disorders > Method > Participants
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Symptoms related to panic were assessed using the Panic Disorder Severity Scale – Self-Report Version (PDSS-SR; Houck, Spiegel, Shear, & Rucci, 2002) (alpha = .91 in the present sample).”
§ Intolerance of Uncertainty: A Common Factor in the Treatment of Emotional Disorders > Method > Measures
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The IUS has excellent internal consistency (α = .91; Freeston et al., 1994; alpha = .95 in the present sample) and good test-retest reliability (r = .78; Dugas et al., 1997).”
§ Intolerance of Uncertainty: A Common Factor in the Treatment of Emotional Disorders > Method > Measures
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Freeston et al., 1994 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The ADIS-IV-L has demonstrated good (e.g., GAD κ = 0.67; MDD and dysthymia κ = 0.72) to excellent (e.g., panic disorder with agoraphobia and social anxiety disorder κ = 0.77; OCD κ = 0.85) interrater reliability for the anxiety and mood disorders (Brown et al., 2001).”
§ Intolerance of Uncertainty: A Common Factor in the Treatment of Emotional Disorders > Method > Measures
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Brown et al., 2001 source
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All therapists underwent extensive training and certification prior to treating study patients, and therapists produced statistically equivalent outcomes across their patients.”
§ Intolerance of Uncertainty: A Common Factor in the Treatment of Emotional Disorders > Method > Participants
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Independent clinical evaluators received extensive training on the SIGH-A and had to demonstrate acceptable levels of reliability prior to their participation in the trial.”
§ Intolerance of Uncertainty: A Common Factor in the Treatment of Emotional Disorders > Method > Measures
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Decades of research has shown considerable comorbidity (Brown, Campbell, Lehman, Grisham, & Mancill, 2001) and overlap among anxiety and mood disorders (Barlow, Allen, & Choate, 2004; Moses & Barlow, 2006), and interest in the identification of relevant, underlying factors to aid in conceptualization and treatment has grown (Brown & Barlow, 2009).”
§ Intolerance of Uncertainty: A Common Factor in the Treatment of Emotional Disorders > Abstract > Discussion
What the sources say
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All treatment completers received all treatment modules.”
§ Intolerance of Uncertainty: A Common Factor in the Treatment of Emotional Disorders > Method > Treatment
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The IUS has excellent internal consistency (α = .91; Freeston et al., 1994; alpha = .95 in the present sample) and good test-retest reliability (r = .78; Dugas et al., 1997).”
§ Intolerance of Uncertainty: A Common Factor in the Treatment of Emotional Disorders > Method > Measures
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Dugas et al., 1997 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No significant differences in initial severity, motivation, or IU scores were observed between the immediate and delayed treatment groups.”
§ Intolerance of Uncertainty: A Common Factor in the Treatment of Emotional Disorders > Method
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Additionally, the PANAS-NA was significantly correlated with the Hopkins Symptoms Checklist (Derogatis, Lipman, Ulenhuth, & Covi, 1976), which has been shown to measure general distress (r = .74).”
§ Intolerance of Uncertainty: A Common Factor in the Treatment of Emotional Disorders > Method > Measures
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Derogatis, Lipman, Ulenhuth, & Covi, 1976
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“it is recognized that patients with panic disorder spend a great deal of energy planning ahead to avoid potential panic and using safety signals to provide a sense of control over their feared physical sensations (Barlow, 2002; Rachman, 1984).”
§ Intolerance of Uncertainty: A Common Factor in the Treatment of Emotional Disorders > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Barlow, 2002
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Rachman, 1984 source
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“GAD symptom severity was assessed using the Penn State Worry Questionnaire (PSWQ; Meyer, Miller, Metzger, & Borkovec, 1990; alpha = .93 in the present sample).”
§ Intolerance of Uncertainty: A Common Factor in the Treatment of Emotional Disorders > Method > Measures
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All study cases were closely supervised by a senior treatment developer.”
§ Intolerance of Uncertainty: A Common Factor in the Treatment of Emotional Disorders > Method > Treatment
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“All independent evaluators in the trial were trained to a high level of reliability and underwent a rigorous certification process (see Brown et al., 2001).”
§ Intolerance of Uncertainty: A Common Factor in the Treatment of Emotional Disorders > Method > Measures
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Brown et al., 2001 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition to the training procedures, staff held weekly meetings during which all initial diagnostic interviews were discussed and a consensus diagnosis was reached.”
§ Intolerance of Uncertainty: A Common Factor in the Treatment of Emotional Disorders > Method > Measures
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A sample of treatment sessions were recorded and reviewed as part of this supervision process.”
§ Intolerance of Uncertainty: A Common Factor in the Treatment of Emotional Disorders > Method > Treatment
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“In the validation sample, internal consistency and test-retest reliability were high (α = .90; r = .71).”
§ Intolerance of Uncertainty: A Common Factor in the Treatment of Emotional Disorders > Method > Measures
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Watson, Clark, & Tellegen, 1988 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The significant correlation between baseline IU and baseline worry scores is consistent with previous research findings (e.g., Buhr & Dugas, 2002)”
§ Intolerance of Uncertainty: A Common Factor in the Treatment of Emotional Disorders > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Buhr & Dugas, 2002 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All therapists underwent extensive training and certification prior to treating study patients, and therapists produced statistically equivalent outcomes across their patients.”
§ Intolerance of Uncertainty: A Common Factor in the Treatment of Emotional Disorders > Method > Participants
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Unlike the treatments examined in these studies (e.g., IUT), the UP is not exclusively focused on GAD or IU; rather, the target is emotion regulation and avoidance/control processes more broadly.”
§ Intolerance of Uncertainty: A Common Factor in the Treatment of Emotional Disorders > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“interpretation of the results was enhanced by the inclusion of effect sizes.”
§ Intolerance of Uncertainty: A Common Factor in the Treatment of Emotional Disorders > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Consequently, causal relationships regarding the direct effects of the UP on IU or IU on symptom change cannot be determined”
§ Intolerance of Uncertainty: A Common Factor in the Treatment of Emotional Disorders > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the small sample size”
§ Intolerance of Uncertainty: A Common Factor in the Treatment of Emotional Disorders > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and the high degree of ethnic homogeneity.”
§ Intolerance of Uncertainty: A Common Factor in the Treatment of Emotional Disorders > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Change in IU was significantly related to posttreatment symptom levels across diagnoses, demonstrating a potential transdiagnostic change factor.”
§ Intolerance of Uncertainty: A Common Factor in the Treatment of Emotional Disorders > Discussion
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“However, IU may also have particular relevance to GAD because it represents a “slice” of a broader construct, such as perceived control (Barlow, 2002).”
§ Intolerance of Uncertainty: A Common Factor in the Treatment of Emotional Disorders > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Barlow, 2002
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
The paper relies on this without support.
Except for obsessive-compulsive disorder, intolerance of uncertainty has not been examined in the treatment of many anxiety and mood disorders or across multiple emotional disorders in a single treatment study.
“However, with the exception of OCD (see Grayson, 2004, and Wilhelm & Steketee, 2006), IU has yetto be examined in the treatment of many anxiety and mood disorders, or across multiple emotional disorders in the context of a single treatment study.”
The paper relies on this without support.
No previous research has examined intolerance of uncertainty in a single transdiagnostic treatment for heterogeneous disorders.
“However, we are unaware of previous research that has examined IU in the context of a single transdiagnostic treatment for heterogeneous disorders.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The question of whether change in intolerance of uncertainty during treatment differs by diagnosis has not been addressed empirically within a single treatment.
“To our knowledge, this question has not been addressed empirically within the context of a single treatment.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Panic disorder has not typically been associated with intolerance of uncertainty in the literature.
“Panic disorder has not typically been associated with IU in the literature”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“IU is strongly implicated in the etiology of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD; Dugas et al., 1998), but more recently has been included in transdiagnostic models as a central risk and maintenance factor across mental health concerns and an important transdiagnostic intervention target (Boswell et al., 2013; Carleton, 2016; Einstein, 2014; McEvoy & Mahoney, 2012) in COVID-19 (Freeston et al., 2020”
From The Indirect Effect of Parental Intolerance of Uncertainty on Perinatal Mental Health via Mindfulness During COVID-19 (2021) · cites this paper as Boswell et al., 2013
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“That is particularly the case for individuals with higher IU and tendency to worry which, in the cognitive behavioral literature, represent some of the most important factors that make a person prone to anxiety (Carleton et al., 2007, 2012; Boswell et al., 2013).”
From Intolerance of Uncertainty and Tendency to Worry as Mediators Between Trust in Institutions and Social Support and Fear of Coronavirus and Consequences of the Pandemic (2021) · cites this paper as Boswell et al., 2013
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“intervention studies with neurotypical individuals suggest that a reduction in IU is associated with a reduction in anxiety and improvements in everyday functioning (see, for example, [14]).”
From Coping with Uncertainty in Everyday Situations (CUES©) to address intolerance of uncertainty in autistic children: Study protocol for an intervention feasibility trial (2019) · cites this paper as [14]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Several prominent models posit a direct causal link between uncertainty and anxiety [35-37].”
From Impact of Media-Induced Uncertainty on Mental Health: Narrative-Based Perspective. (2025) · cites this paper as [36]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Psychological and neural mechanisms through which uncertainty-inducing stressors elicit negative mental states, particularly anxiety, and may lead to psychopathology have been extensively described in the literature [31,35,36,57,119,120], and these models are broadly relevant in the present context.”
From Impact of Media-Induced Uncertainty on Mental Health: Narrative-Based Perspective. (2025) · cites this paper as [36]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Results of multiple studies in adults have found that IU decreased over the course of typical CBT and that greater changes in IU were associated with greater reduction in symptom severity from pre- to post-treatment [49–51].”
From Intolerance of Uncertainty and Parental Accommodation: Promising Targets for Personalized Intervention for Youth Anxiety. (2020) · cites this paper as [49]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“These findings are consistent with previous research that has found that baseline IU predicts residual symptoms of anxiety and worry following treatment for anxiety disorders (Keefer et al., 2017) and that reductions in IU throughout treatment predict level of overall improvement (e.g. Boswell et al., 2013; Talkovsky & Norton, 2016).”
From Intolerance of uncertainty in hoarding disorder (2019) · cites this paper as Boswell et al., 2013
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Intolerance of uncertainty is now considered a transdiagnostic factor across anxiety and depression (Carleton et al., 2012; McEvoy & Mahoney, 2011) and is a major potential target for treatment (Boswell, Thompson-Hollands, Farchione, & Barlow, 2013; Einstein, 2014; McEvoy & Erceg-Hurn, 2016).”
From Enhancing Inhibitory Learning: The Utility of Variability in Exposure (2019) · cites this paper as Boswell, Thompson-Hollands, Farchione, & Barlow, 2013
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“However, Boswell, Thompson-Hollands, Farchione, and Barlow (2013) reported that reductions in IU were correlated with reductions in comorbid depression symptoms in individuals with primary anxiety disorders who completed a unified (transdiagnostic) treatment that did not explicitly target IU.”
From The search for universal transdiagnostic and trans-therapy change processes: Evidence for intolerance of uncertainty (2016) · cites this paper as Boswell, Thompson-Hollands, Farchione, and Barlow (2013)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“These reductions in IU have been found to be related to reduced symptom levels across anxiety disorders following treatment (Boswell et al., 2013; Talkovsky and Norton, 2016; McEvoy and ErcegHurn, 2016).”
From Aversive response to uncertainty as a mediator for the effect of a mindfulness intervention on symptoms of anxiety (2022) · cites this paper as Boswell et al., 2013
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Intolerance of uncertainty plays a central role in anxiety and research suggests that it's an important treatment target.”
From Aversive response to uncertainty as a mediator for the effect of a mindfulness intervention on symptoms of anxiety (2022) · cites this paper as Boswell et al., 2013
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Second, a number of studies suggest that IU is malleable and therefore a potential treatment target”
From Aversive response to uncertainty as a mediator for the effect of a mindfulness intervention on symptoms of anxiety (2022) · cites this paper as Boswell et al., 2013
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“treatment for anxiety disorders using a transdiagnostic intervention led to a reduction in IU that was associated with decrease in symptoms, suggesting that IU may be a change factor across diagnoses (Boswell, Thompson-Hollands, Farchione, & Barlow, 2013).”
From Responding to uncertain threat: A potential mediator for the effect of mindfulness on anxiety (2021) · cites this paper as Boswell, Thompson-Hollands, Farchione, & Barlow, 2013
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“In fact, seeing that validated treatments for IU directly target anxiety (Boswell, Thompson‐Hollands, Farchione, & Barlow, 2013; McEvoy & Erceg‐Hurn, 2016), IU treatment may be an important additional component for those with AN, enhancing current AN treatments.”
From Do anxiety, depression, and intolerance of uncertainty contribute to social problem solving in adult women with anorexia nervosa? (2020) · cites this paper as Boswell, Thompson‐Hollands, Farchione, & Barlow, 2013
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“More recently, IU has been linked to other disorders, including social anxiety disorder (Boelen and Reijntjes 2009; Carleton et al. 2010), panic disorder (Boswell et al. 2013) and anxiety sensitivity more generally (Carleton et al. 2007).”
From Towards a Treatment for Intolerance of Uncertainty for Autistic Adults: A Single Case Experimental Design Study. (2018) · cites this paper as Boswell et al. 2013
Statistics that don’t add up
Each reported p-value recomputed from its test statistic and degrees of freedom.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
“F (5, 28) = 1.11, p = .43”
§ Intolerance of Uncertainty: A Common Factor in the Treatment of Emotional Disorders > Results > Changes in IU During Treatment
Reported p = .43 · recomputed p = .378
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
“F (5, 35) = 0.57, p = .83”
§ Intolerance of Uncertainty: A Common Factor in the Treatment of Emotional Disorders > Results > Baseline IU and Diagnosis
Reported p = .83 · recomputed p = .722
Statistics recomputed
Every reported test result, recomputed from its test statistic and degrees of freedom. A result shows as not adding up only once an independent check has confirmed it.
- Doesn’t add upF(5, 35) = 0.57reported p = .83 · recomputed p = .722
“F (5, 35) = 0.57, p = .83”
- Doesn’t add upF(5, 28) = 1.11reported p = .43 · recomputed p = .378
“F (5, 28) = 1.11, p = .43”
- Not confirmedχ²(4) = 6.84reported p = .15 · recomputed p = .145
“χ2 (4) = 6.84, p = .15”
- ConsistentF(1, 34) = 0.36reported p = .55 · recomputed p = .552
“F (1, 34) = 0.36, p = .55”
- ConsistentF(4, 35) = 1.11reported p = .37 · recomputed p = .367
“F (4, 35) = 1.11, p = .37”
- Consistentt(28) = 3.49reported p < .01 · recomputed p = .002
“t (28) = 3.49, p < .01”
- Consistentt(9) = -0.43reported p = .68 · recomputed p = .677
“t (9) = −0.43, p = .68”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Self-check results appear here once an independent check has confirmed them.
Citations
Cites
Hamilton, M. (1960) · Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp.23.1.56 · Cited by 32,817 · cited 2×
“The fourth aim was to examine associations between change in IU scores and posttreatment symptom levels on the Hamilton Anxiety (Hamilton, 1959) and Hamilton Depression Rating Scales (Hamilton, 1960).”
BackgroundDevelopment and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales.
Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.54.6.1063 · Cited by 32,433
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders.
Widiger, T. A. (2000) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1037/10518-009 · Cited by 19,766
The assessment of anxiety states by rating
HAMILTON, M. (1959) · British Journal of Medical Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8341.1959.tb00467.x · Cited by 11,455 · cited 7×
“Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HARS; Hamilton, 1959).”
BackgroundInfluentialBeck, A. T., Steer, R. A., & Brown, G. (2011) · PsycTESTS Dataset · doi:10.1037/t00742-000 · Cited by 7,535
Development and validation of the Penn State Worry Questionnaire
Meyer, T. J., Miller, M. L., Metzger, R. L., & Borkovec, T. D. (1990) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(90)90135-6 · Cited by 5,099
The Hopkins Symptom Checklist (HSCL): A self-report symptom inventory
Derogatis, L. R., Lipman, R. S., Rickels, K., Uhlenhuth, E. H., & Covi, L. (1974) · Behavioral Science · doi:10.1002/bs.3830190102 · Cited by 4,604
Mattick, R. P., & Clarke, J. C. (1998) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(97)10031-6 · Cited by 3,367 · cited 1×
“Social anxiety symptoms were assessed using the Social Interaction Anxiety Scale (SIAS; Mattick & Clarke, 1998; alpha = .94 in the present sample).”
MethodThe Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale: II. Validity
Goodman, W. K. (1989) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1989.01810110054008 · Cited by 2,799 · cited 1×
“OCD symptom severity was assessed using the self-report version of the Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS; Baer, 1991; Goodman et al., 1989; alpha = .93 in the present sample).”
MethodWilamowska (2010) · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1988.01800320058007 · Cited by 2,115 · cited 9×
“This commonly used measure has demonstrated good levels of interrater and test-retest reliability (Williams, 1988), as well as concurrent validity with similar clinician rated and self-report measures of depression symptoms (Bech et al.”
MethodInfluential
Research works printed but not linked: 3
- Baer, 1991, Getting control: Overcoming your obsessions and compulsions
- Di Nardo, 1994, Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule for DSM-IV: Lifetime Version (ADIS-IV-L)
- Grayson, 2004, Freedom from obsessive compulsive disorder: A personalized recovery program for living with uncertainty
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Fear of the coronavirus (COVID-19): Predictors in an online study conducted in March 2020
Mertens, G., Gerritsen, L., Duijndam, S., Salemink, E., & Engelhard, I. M. (2020) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2020.102258 · Cited by 1,264
“Higher intolerance of uncertainty is associated with various anxiety-related disorders, such as generalized anxiety disorder (Boswell et al., 2013; Rosser, 2019).”
Into the unknown: A review and synthesis of contemporary models involving uncertainty
Carleton, R. N. (2016) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2016.02.007 · Cited by 1,104
The Nature, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Neuroticism: Back to the Future
Barlow, D. H., Sauer-Zavala, S., Carl, J. R., Bullis, J. R., & Ellard, K. K. (2014) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2167702613505532 · Cited by 850
Self-citationFear of the unknown: One fear to rule them all?
Carleton, R. N. (2016) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2016.03.011 · Cited by 647
Boulter, C., Freeston, M., South, M., & Rodgers, J. (2014) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-013-2001-x · Cited by 401
Metadata
- Authors
- Boswell, J. F., Thompson-Hollands, J., Farchione, T. J., & Barlow, D. H.
- Affiliations
- Boston University (US)
- Boston University
- Corresponding author
- Boswell, James F.
- Venue
- Journal of Clinical Psychology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2013-02-04
- Volume
- 69
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 630-645
- ISSN
- 0021-9762 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3712497
- OpenAlex
- W2170358517
- Semantic Scholar
- 3e13127f4cf99c5e0f3661144ac2abd9cf3b33eb
- Cited by
- 495
- References
- 59
- Citations by year
- 2026: 23 · 2025: 54 · 2024: 39 · 2023: 61 · 2022: 57 · 2021: 64 · 2020: 42 · 2019: 32 · 2018: 27 · 2017: 26 · 2016: 34 · 2015: 21 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 5
- FWCI
- 30.63
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- europepmc.org
- Locations
- Journal of Clinical Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (R34MH070693, R01MH090053)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Disorders and Psychopathology
- Keywords
- intolerance of uncertainty, generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, transdiagnostic cognitive behavioral therapy, anxiety disorders, depressive disorders, treatment outcomes, worry, negative affectivity, depressive symptoms
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Psychological, Adult, Anxiety Disorders, Depressive Disorder, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Severity of Illness Index, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Uncertainty, Young Adult, Self Report
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-09-28, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-09-28 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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