Heterogeneity in threat extinction learning: substantive and methodological considerations for identifying individual difference in response to stress
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Pavlovian threat (fear) conditioning (PTC) is an experimental paradigm that couples innate aversive stimuli with neutral cues to elicit learned defensive behavior in response to the neutral cue. PTC is commonly used as a translational model to study neurobiological and behavioral aspects of fear and anxiety disorders including Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). Though PTSD is a complex multi-faceted construct that cannot be fully captured in animals PTC is a conceptually valid model for studying the development and maintenance of learned threat responses. Thus, it can inform the understanding of PTSD symptomatology. However, there are significant individual differences in posttraumatic stress that are not as of yet accounted for in studies of PTC. Individuals exposed to danger have been shown to follow distinct patterns: some adapt rapidly and completely (resilience) others adapt slowly (recovery) and others failure to adapt (chronic stress response). Identifying similar behavioral outcomes in PTC increases the translatability of this model. In this report we present a flexible methodology for identifying individual differences in PTC by modeling latent subpopulations or classes characterized by defensive behavior during training. We provide evidence from a reanalysis of previously examined PTC learning and extinction data in rats to demonstrate the effectiveness of this methodology in identifying outcomes analogous to those observed in humans exposed to threat. By utilizing Latent Class Growth Analysis (LCGA) to test for heterogeneity in freezing behavior during threat conditioning and extinction learning in adult male outbred rats (n = 58) three outcomes were identified: rapid extinction (57.3%), slow extinction (32.3%), and failure to extinguish (10.3%) indicating that heterogeneity analogous to that in naturalistic human studies is present in experimental animal studies strengthening their translatability in understanding stress responses in humans.
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The presence of divergent extinction trajectories represents a new avenue of study and may be analogous to heterogeneous responses to trauma in PTSD.
“The presence of divergent extinction trajectories as described above represents an exciting new avenue of study and has recently been introduced in the rodent literature (43), which may be analogous to heterogeneous responses to trauma in PTSD (44).”
From Conditioned fear associated phenotypes as robust, translational indices of trauma-, stressor-, and anxiety-related behaviors (2014) · cites this paper as [43]
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Latent Profile Analysis of Manitoban Teachers' Burnout during the COVID-19 Pandemic
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Fear-potentiated startle reveals diminished threat extinction in pathological anxiety
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Psychophysiology of emotional responding in PTSD
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Reconsolidation and Fear Extinction: An Update
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PACAP associated with precise PTSD and fear extinction response in women
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Post-trauma behavioral phenotype predicts vulnerability to fear relapse after extinctionPreprint
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- Authors
- Galatzer-Levy, I. R., Bonanno, G. A., Bush, D. E. A., & LeDoux, J. E.
- Affiliations
- Columbia University (US)
- IBM (United States) (US)
- New York University (US)
- Venue
- Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2013
- Volume
- 7
- Pages
- 55-55
- ISSN
- 1662-5153 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3665921
- OpenAlex
- W2061214701
- Cited by
- 75
- References
- 54
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 2
- FWCI
- 3.84
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH046516)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Keywords
- fear extinction, individual differences, latent class growth analysis, freezing behavior, post-traumatic stress disorder, resilience, translational model, rats
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