National Estimates of Exposure to Traumatic Events and PTSD Prevalence Using DSM-IV and DSM-5 Criteria: DSM-5 PTSD Prevalence
Open accessAbstract
Prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) defined according to the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual fifth edition (DSM-5; 2013) and fourth edition (DSM-IV; 1994) was compared in a national sample of U.S. adults (N = 2,953) recruited from an online panel. Exposure to traumatic events, PTSD symptoms, and functional impairment were assessed online using a highly structured, self-administered survey. Traumatic event exposure using DSM-5 criteria was high (89.7%), and exposure to multiple traumatic event types was the norm. PTSD caseness was determined using Same Event (i.e., all symptom criteria met to the same event type) and Composite Event (i.e., symptom criteria met to a combination of event types) definitions. Lifetime, past-12-month, and past 6-month PTSD prevalence using the Same Event definition for DSM-5 was 8.3%, 4.7%, and 3.8% respectively. All 6 DSM-5 prevalence estimates were slightly lower than their DSM-IV counterparts, although only 2 of these differences were statistically significant. DSM-5 PTSD prevalence was higher among women than among men, and prevalence increased with greater traumatic event exposure. Major reasons individuals met DSM-IV criteria, but not DSM-5 criteria were the exclusion of nonaccidental, nonviolent deaths from Criterion A, and the new requirement of at least 1 active avoidance symptom.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
With 73% earning graduate or doctoral degrees, the sample represents the top 5-10% of educational attainment, and lower-than-average rates of mental illness and trauma exposure.
“With 73% earning graduate or doctoral degrees, the sample represents the top 5–10% of educational attainment [170], and lower-than-average rates of mental illness and trauma exposure [171, 172], which are known to be inversely correlated to educational attainment [173, 174].”
From The varieties of contemplative experience: A mixed-methods study of meditation-related challenges in Western Buddhists (2017) · cites this paper as [171]
The Results (Traumatic Event Exposure) report that 89.7% of this national sample had experienced a DSM-5 Criterion A event, and the Abstract reports national PTSD prevalence estimates. These provide benchmarks for trauma exposure and PTSD, but the paper does not assess the citing authors’ sample or establish that its rates of mental illness and trauma exposure are lower than average. The educational-attainment figures and inverse-correlation claim are attached to other citations. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThere is evidence that the prevalence of PTSD may change somewhat with DSM-5 criteria.
“there is evidence that the prevalence of PTSD may change somewhat with DSM-5 criteria (Kilpatrick et al., 2013)”
From PTSD in the Year Following Sexual Assault: A Meta-Analysis of Prospective Studies (2023) · cites this paper as Kilpatrick et al., 2013
Persons working in public safety tend to experience PPTEs at much higher frequencies than the general public.
“That is, persons working in public safety tend to experience PPTEs at much higher frequencies than the general public [3,4,5].”
From Assessing the Relative Impact of Diverse Stressors among Public Safety Personnel (2020) · cites this paper as [5]
The Results section (‘Traumatic Event Exposure’; page unavailable) reports traumatic-event exposure in a national sample of U.S. adults. Searches for public-safety personnel, first responders, and occupational exposure found no comparison of their exposure frequency with that of the general public. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
American Psychiatric Association (2013) · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596 · Cited by 116,369 · see citing works
Harris, P. A., Taylor, R., Thielke, R., Payne, J., Gonzalez, N., & Conde, J. G. (2009) · Journal of Biomedical Informatics · doi:10.1016/j.jbi.2008.08.010 · Cited by 51,384 · see citing works
Kessler, R. C., Berglund, P., Demler, O., Jin, R., Merikangas, K. R., & Walters, E. E. (2005) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.62.6.593 · Cited by 20,391 · see citing works
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders.
Widiger, T. A. (2000) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1037/10518-009 · Cited by 19,767 · see citing works
Kessler, R. C., Chiu, W. T., Demler, O., & Walters, E. E. (2005) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.62.6.617 · Cited by 12,052 · see citing works
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey
Kessler, R. C. (1995) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1995.03950240066012 · Cited by 10,379 · see citing works
Predictors of posttraumatic stress disorder and symptoms in adults: a meta-analysis
Ozer, E. J., Best, S. R., Lipsey, T. L., & Weiss, D. S. (2003) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.129.1.52 · Cited by 3,322 · see citing works
Reliability and validity of a brief instrument for assessing post-traumatic stress disorder
Foa, E. B., Riggs, D. S., Dancu, C. V., & Rothbaum, B. O. (1993) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.2490060405 · Cited by 2,537 · see citing works
Trauma and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in the Community: The 1996 Detroit Area Survey of Trauma
Breslau, N., Kessler, R. C., Chilcoat, H. D., Schultz, L. R., Davis, G. C., & Andreski, P. (1998) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.55.7.626 · Cited by 2,407 · see citing works
Full Report of the Prevalence, Incidence, and Consequences of Violence Against Women
Tjaden, P., & Thoennes, N. (2000) · PsycEXTRA Dataset · doi:10.1037/e514172006-001 · Cited by 2,067 · see citing works
Resnick, H. S., Kilpatrick, D. G., Dansky, B. S., Saunders, B. E., & al, E. (1993) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-006x.61.6.984 · Cited by 1,868 · see citing works
Self-citationResnick, H. S., Kilpatrick, D. G., Dansky, B. S., Saunders, B. E., & Best, C. L. (1993) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.61.6.984 · Cited by 1,868 · see citing works
Self-citationPietrzak, R. H., Goldstein, R. B., Southwick, S. M., & Grant, B. F. (2011) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2010.11.010 · Cited by 963 · see citing works
Friedman, M. J., Resick, P. A., Bryant, R. A., & Brewin, C. R. (2011) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.20767 · Cited by 629 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Initial Field Trials of DSM-5: New Blooms and Old Thorns
Freedman, R., Lewis, D. A., Michels, R., Pine, D. S., Schultz, S. K., Tamminga, C. A., Gabbard, G. O., Gau, S. S.-F., Javitt, D. C., Oquendo, M. A., et al. (2013) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2012.12091189 · Cited by 295 · see citing works
Elhai, J. D., Miller, M. E., Ford, J. D., Biehn, T. L., Palmieri, P. A., & Frueh, B. C. (2011) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2011.08.013 · Cited by 230 · see citing works
Self-citationMiller, M. W., Wolf, E. J., Kilpatrick, D. G., Resnick, H. S., Marx, B. P., Holowka, D. W., Keane, T. M., Rosen, R. C., & Friedman, M. J. (2012) · Psychological Trauma Theory Research Practice and Policy · doi:10.1037/a0029730 · Cited by 210 · see citing works
Self-citationShould PTSD Criterion A be retained?
Kilpatrick, D. G., Resnick, H. S., & Acierno, R. E. (2009) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.20436 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Self-citationWalsh, K. (2012) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2012.132 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Cougle, J. R., Resnick, H. S., & Kilpatrick, D. G. (2009) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0015370 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Effect of Draft DSM-V Criteria on Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Prevalence
Calhoun, P. S., Hertzberg, J. S., Kirby, A. C., Dennis, M. F., Hair, L. P., Dedert, E. A., & Beckham, J. C. (2012) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.22012 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Requiring both avoidance and emotional numbing in DSM-V PTSD: Will it help?
Forbes, D., Fletcher, S. L., Lockwood, E., O'Donnell, M. L., Creamer, M. C., Bryant, R. A., McFARLANE, A. C., & Silove, D. M. (2010) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2010.10.032 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Wolford, G., Rosenberg, S. D., Rosenberg, H. J., Swartz, M. S., Butterfield, M. I., Swanson, J. W., & Jankowski, M. K. (2008) · Psychiatric Services · doi:10.1176/appi.ps.59.7.769 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
The Future of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in the DSM
Frueh, B. C., Elhai, J. D., & Acierno, R. E. (2010) · Psychological Injury and Law · doi:10.1007/s12207-010-9088-6 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Bisson, J. I. (2010) · Taylor & Francis eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203333754_chapter_4 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- McFarlane AC 2011 Redefining PTSD in DSM-5: Conundrums and potentially unintended consequences Stein DJ Friedman MJ Blanco C Post-traumatic stress disorder 42 47 West Sussex, UK Wiley-Blackwell
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Weathers, F. W., Bovin, M. J., Lee, D. J., Sloan, D. M., Schnurr, P. P., Kaloupek, D. G., Keane, T. M., & Marx, B. P. (2018) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/pas0000486 · Cited by 1,799 · see citing works
Vagus Nerve as Modulator of the Brain–Gut Axis in Psychiatric and Inflammatory Disorders
Breit, S., Kupferberg, A., Rogler, G., & Hasler, G. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00044 · Cited by 1,189 · see citing works
Treating PTSD: A Review of Evidence-Based Psychotherapy Interventions
Watkins, L. E., Sprang, K. R., & Rothbaum, B. O. (2018) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2018.00258 · Cited by 563 · see citing works
“7%, respectively (Kilpatrick et al., 2013), with similar rates (8.”
Lindahl, J. R., Fisher, N. E., Cooper, D. J., Rosen, R. K., & Britton, W. B. (2017) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0176239 · Cited by 476 · see citing works
Psychological and interpersonal dimensions of sexual function and dysfunction
Brotto, L., Atallah, S., Johnson-Agbakwu, C., Rosenbaum, T., Abdo, C., Byers, E. S., Graham, C., Nobre, P., & Wylie, K. (2016) · The Journal of Sexual Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.jsxm.2016.01.019 · Cited by 439 · see citing works
Finalizing PTSD in DSM-5 : Getting Here From There and Where to Go Next
Friedman, M. J. (2013) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.21840 · Cited by 415 · see citing works
Self-citationInflammation and post‐traumatic stress disorder
Hori, H., & Kim, Y. (2019) · Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences · doi:10.1111/pcn.12820 · Cited by 416 · see citing works
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in the DSM-5: Controversy, Change, and Conceptual Considerations
Pai, A. V., Surís, A., & North, C. S. (2017) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs7010007 · Cited by 378 · see citing works
Hoge, C. W., Riviere, L. A., Wilk, J. E., Herrell, R. K., & Weathers, F. W. (2014) · The Lancet Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(14)70235-4 · Cited by 376 · see citing works
Sex Differences in Anxiety Disorders: Interactions between Fear, Stress, and Gonadal Hormones
Maeng, L. Y., & Milad, M. (2015) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2015.04.002 · Cited by 323 · see citing works
Mithoefer, M. C., Feduccia, A. A., Jerome, L., Mithoefer, A., Wagner, M., Walsh, Z., Hamilton, S., Yazar-Klosinski, B., Emerson, A., & Doblin, R. (2019) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-019-05249-5 · Cited by 359 · see citing works
RetractedDeconstructing and Reconstructing Resilience: A Dynamic Network Approach
Kalisch, R., Cramer, A. O. J., Binder, H., Fritz, J., Leertouwer, I., Lunansky, G., Meyer, B., Timmer, J., Veer, I. M., & van Harmelen, A. (2019) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691619855637 · Cited by 310 · see citing works
Comorbidity of PTSD in anxiety and depressive disorders: Prevalence and shared risk factors
Spinhoven, P., Penninx, B. W., van Hemert, A. M., de Rooij, M., & Elzinga, B. M. (2014) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2014.01.017 · Cited by 305 · see citing works
Post-traumatic Stress Disorder by Gender and Veteran Status
Lehavot, K., Katon, J. G., Chen, J. A., Fortney, J. C., & Simpson, T. L. (2017) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2017.09.008 · Cited by 299 · see citing works
Gender- and sex-based contributors to sex differences in PTSD
Christiansen, D. M., & Berke, E. T. (2020) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-020-1140-y · Cited by 270 · see citing works
Gallagher, M. W., Long, L. J., & Phillips, C. A. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.22882 · Cited by 264 · see citing works
Investigation of abbreviated 4 and 8 item versions of the PTSD Checklist 5
Price, M., Szafranski, D. D., van Stolk‐Cooke, K., & Grös, D. F. (2016) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2016.03.014 · Cited by 243 · see citing works
Heyne, C.-S., Kaźmierczak, M., Souday, R., Horesh, D., den Berg, M. P. L., Weigl, T., Horsch, A., Oosterman, M., Dikmen‐Yildiz, P., & Garthus‐Niegel, S. (2022) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2022.102157 · Cited by 243 · see citing works
Hill, M. N., Campolongo, P., Yehuda, R., & Patel, S. (2017) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2017.162 · Cited by 239 · see citing works
Lonsdorf, T. B., & Merz, C. J. (2017) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.07.007 · Cited by 236 · see citing works
Assessing the Relative Impact of Diverse Stressors among Public Safety Personnel
Carleton, R. N., Afifi, T. O., Taillieu, T., Turner, S., Mason, J. E., Ricciardelli, R., McCreary, D. R., Vaughan, A. D., Anderson, G. S., Krakauer, R. L., et al. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17041234 · Cited by 225 · see citing works
Rauvola, R. S., Vega, D. M., & Lavigne, K. N. (2019) · Occupational Health Science · doi:10.1007/s41542-019-00045-1 · Cited by 225 · see citing works
Briere, J., Agee, E. R., & Dietrich, A. M. (2016) · Psychological Trauma Theory Research Practice and Policy · doi:10.1037/tra0000107 · Cited by 229 · see citing works
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Overview of Evidence-Based Assessment and Treatment
Lancaster, C. L., Teeters, J. B., Gros, D., & Back, S. E. (2016) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm5110105 · Cited by 225 · see citing works
Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A State-of-the-art Review
Burback, L., Brémault‐Phillips, S., Nijdam, M. J., McFARLANE, A. C., & Vermetten, E. H. G. J. M. (2023) · Current Neuropharmacology · doi:10.2174/1570159x21666230428091433 · Cited by 232 · see citing works
Back, S. E., Killeen, T. K., Badour, C. L., Flanagan, J. C., Allan, N. P., Ana, E. J. S., Lozano, B. E., Korte, K. J., Foa, E. B., & Brady, K. T. (2018) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2018.11.032 · Cited by 212 · see citing works
Prevention of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder After Trauma: Current Evidence and Future Directions
Qi, W., Gevonden, M. J., & Shalev, A. Y. (2016) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-015-0655-0 · Cited by 209 · see citing works
PTSD in the Year Following Sexual Assault: A Meta-Analysis of Prospective Studies
Dworkin, E. R., Jaffe, A. E., Bedard-Gilligan, M., & Fitzpatrick, S. (2023) · Trauma, Violence, & Abuse · doi:10.1177/15248380211032213 · Cited by 209 · see citing works
“Given that there is evidence that the prevalence of PTSD may change somewhat with DSM-5 criteria (Kilpatrick et al., 2013), this analysis is limited in the conclusions that can be drawn about the prevalence of PTSD using current DSM-5 criteria.”
BackgroundMichopoulos, V., Rothbaum, A. O., Jovanovic, T., Almli, L. M., Bradley, B., Rothbaum, B. O., Gillespie, C. F., & Ressler, K. J. (2015) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2014.14020263 · Cited by 203 · see citing works
Shalev, A. Y., Gevonden, M., Ratanatharathorn, A., Laska, E., van der Mei, W. F., Qi, W., Lowe, S., Lai, B. S., Bryant, R. A., Delahanty, D., et al. (2019) · World Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/wps.20608 · Cited by 201 · see citing works
Mechanisms of estradiol in fear circuitry: implications for sex differences in psychopathology
Cover, K. K., Maeng, L. Y., Lebrón‐Milad, K., & Milad, M. R. (2014) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/tp.2014.67 · Cited by 193 · see citing works
PTSD and Sexual Dysfunction in Men and Women
Yehuda, R., Lehrner, A. L., & Rosenbaum, T. Y. (2015) · The Journal of Sexual Medicine · doi:10.1111/jsm.12856 · Cited by 195 · see citing works
Wolf, E. J., Miller, M. W., Kilpatrick, D., Resnick, H. S., Badour, C. L., Marx, B. P., Keane, T. M., Rosen, R. C., & Friedman, M. J. (2015) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2167702614545480 · Cited by 188 · see citing works
Self-citationHolmes, M. R., Rentrope, C. R., Korsch-Williams, A. E., & King, J. (2021) · Clinical Social Work Journal · doi:10.1007/s10615-021-00795-y · Cited by 193 · see citing works
Risk Factors for the Development of Psychopathology Following Trauma
Sayed, S., Iacoviello, B. M., & Charney, D. S. (2015) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-015-0612-y · Cited by 189 · see citing works
Cardiac-disease-induced PTSD (CDI-PTSD): A systematic review
Vilchinsky, N., Ginzburg, K., Fait, K., & Foa, E. B. (2017) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2017.04.009 · Cited by 184 · see citing works
PTSD-related neuroimaging abnormalities in brain function, structure, and biochemistry
Harnett, N. G., Goodman, A. M., & Knight, D. C. (2020) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2020.113331 · Cited by 185 · see citing works
Psychological trauma as a transdiagnostic risk factor for mental disorder: an umbrella meta-analysis
Hogg, B., Gardoki-Souto, I., Valiente-Gómez, A., Rosa, A., Fortea, L., Raduà, J., Amann, B., & Moreno-Alcázar, A. (2022) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s00406-022-01495-5 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Malouf, R., Harrison, S., Burton, H. A. L., Gale, C., Stein, A., Franck, L. S., & Alderdice, F. (2022) · eClinicalMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.101233 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
Nievergelt, C. M., Maihofer, A. X., Mustapić, M., Yurgil, K. A., Schork, N. J., Miller, M. W., Logue, M. W., Geyer, M. A., Risbrough, V. B., O’Connor, D. T., et al. (2014) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2014.10.017 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Self-citationSelf-compassion, trauma, and posttraumatic stress disorder: a systematic review
Winders, S., Murphy, O., Looney, K., & O'Reilly, G. (2020) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.2429 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
Bromet, E. J., Hobbs, M. J., Clouston, S. A. P., Gonzalez, A., Kotov, R., & Luft, B. J. (2016) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291715002184 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
Psychological, addictive, and health behavior implications of the COVID-19 pandemic
Zvolensky, M. J., Garey, L., Rogers, A. H., Schmidt, N. B., Vujanovic, A. A., Storch, E., Buckner, J., Paulus, D. J., Alfano, C., Smits, J. A. J., et al. (2020) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2020.103715 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Adverse Childhood Experiences and Their Relation to Parenting Stress and Parenting Practices
Lange, B. C. L., Callinan, L. S., & Smith, M. V. (2018) · Community Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1007/s10597-018-0331-z · Cited by 170 · see citing works
Using the Single Prolonged Stress Model to Examine the Pathophysiology of PTSD
de Souza, R. R., Noble, L. J., & McIntyre, C. K. (2017) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2017.00615 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
Goldstein, E., Chokshi, B., Meléndez‐Torres, G. J., Rios, A., Jelley, M., & Lewis-O’Connor, A. (2024) · The Permanente Journal · doi:10.7812/tpp/23.127 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in DSM-5: New Criteria, New Measures, and Implications for Assessment
Weathers, F. W., Marx, B. P., Friedman, M. J., & Schnurr, P. P. (2014) · Psychological Injury and Law · doi:10.1007/s12207-014-9191-1 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Self-citationPost‐traumatic stress disorder and beyond: an overview of rodent stress models
Schöner, J., Heinz, A., Endres, M., Gertz, K. R., & Kronenberg, G. (2017) · Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine · doi:10.1111/jcmm.13161 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Neurobiology of comorbid post‐traumatic stress disorder and alcohol‐use disorder
Gilpin, N. W., & Weiner, J. L. (2016) · Genes Brain & Behavior · doi:10.1111/gbb.12349 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Loignon, A., Ouellet, M., & Belleville, G. (2019) · Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation · doi:10.1097/htr.0000000000000514 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Predictors of Mental Health Stigma among Police Officers: the Role of Trauma and PTSD
Soomro, S., & Yanos, P. T. (2018) · Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology · doi:10.1007/s11896-018-9285-x · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Mechanisms of Shared Vulnerability to Post-traumatic Stress Disorder and Substance Use Disorders
Maria-Rios, C. E., & Morrow, J. D. (2020) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2020.00006 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Campbell, S. B., & Renshaw, K. D. (2018) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2018.08.003 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Risk of Spontaneous Preterm Birth
Shaw, J. G., Asch, S. M., Kimerling, R. E., Frayne, S. M., Shaw, K. A., & Phibbs, C. S. (2014) · Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1097/aog.0000000000000542 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Toxic stress, behavioral health, and the next major era in public health.
Shern, D. L., Blanch, A. K., & Steverman, S. M. (2016) · American Journal of Orthopsychiatry · doi:10.1037/ort0000120 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Bird, C. M., Webb, E. K., Schramm, A. T., Torres, L., Larson, C. L., & deRoon‐Cassini, T. A. (2021) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.22670 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Street, A. E., & Dardis, C. (2018) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2018.03.001 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Price, M., & van Stolk‐Cooke, K. (2015) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2015.06.012 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Lazarov, A., Suarez‐Jimenez, B., Levi, O., Coppersmith, D. D. L., Lubin, G., Pine, D. S., Bar‐Haim, Y., Abend, R., & Neria, Y. (2019) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291719002034 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Jowf, G. I. A., Ahmed, Z. T., Reijnders, R. A., de Nijs, L., & Eijssen, L. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms24065238 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Noble, L. J., Gonzalez, I. J., Meruva, V. B., Callahan, K. A., Belfort, B. D., Ramanathan, K. R., Meyers, E., Kilgard, M. P., Rennaker, R. L., & McIntyre, C. K. (2017) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/tp.2017.191 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Estrogen and Extinction of Fear Memories:Implications for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Treatment
Glover, E. M., Jovanović, T., & Norrholm, S. D. (2015) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2015.02.007 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Neurobiology and systems biology of stress resilience
Kalisch, R., Russo, S. J., & Müller, M. B. (2024) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00042.2023 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Praag, D. L. G. V., Cnossen, M. C., Polinder, S., Wilson, L., & Maas, A. I. R. (2019) · Journal of Neurotrauma · doi:10.1089/neu.2018.5759 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Ormhaug, S. M., Jensen, T. K., Wentzel-Larsen, T., & Shirk, S. R. (2014) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0033884 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Lenz, A. S., & Hollenbaugh, K. M. (2015) · Counseling Outcome Research and Evaluation · doi:10.1177/2150137815573790 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Unintended Consequences of Changing the Definition of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder inDSM-5
Hoge, C. W., Yehuda, R., Castro, C. A., McFARLANE, A. C., Vermetten, E. H. G. J. M., Jetly, R., Koenen, K. C., Greenberg, N. L., Shalev, A. Y., Rauch, S. A. M., et al. (2016) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2016.0647 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Milanak, M. E., Zuromski, K. L., Cero, I., Wilkerson, A. K., Resnick, H. S., & Kilpatrick, D. G. (2019) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.22360 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Self-citationTrauma-Informed Medical Education (TIME): Advancing Curricular Content and Educational Context
Brown, T., Berman, S., McDaniel, K., Radford, C. C., Mehta, P., Potter, J. E., & Hirsh, D. A. (2020) · Academic Medicine · doi:10.1097/acm.0000000000003587 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Neuroimaging with magnetoencephalography: A dynamic view of brain pathophysiology
Wilson, T. W., Heinrichs‐Graham, E., Proskovec, A. L., & McDermott, T. J. (2016) · Translational research · doi:10.1016/j.trsl.2016.01.007 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Yeterian, J. D., Berke, D. S., Carney, J. R., McIntyre‐Smith, A., Cyr, K. S., King, L., Kline, N. K., Phelps, A. J., & Litz, B. T. (2019) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.22380 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Hermosilla, S., Forthal, S., Sadowska, K., Magill, E. B., Watson, P., & Pike, K. M. (2022) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.22888 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Genomics and psychological resilience: a research agenda
Choi, K. W., Stein, M. B., Dunn, E. C., Koenen, K. C., & Smoller, J. W. (2019) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-019-0457-6 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Bhatt, S., Hillmer, A. T., Girgenti, M. J., Rusowicz, A., Kapinos, M., Nabulsi, N., Huang, Y. H., Matuskey, D., Angarita, G. A., Esterlis, I., et al. (2020) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-020-15930-5 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Self-citationPost‐traumatic stress disorder and risk of dementia among members of a health care delivery system
Flatt, J. D., Gilsanz, P., Quesenberry, C. P., Albers, K. B., & Whitmer, R. A. (2017) · Alzheimer s & Dementia · doi:10.1016/j.jalz.2017.04.014 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
The relationship between maladaptive appraisals and posttraumatic stress disorder: a meta-analysis
Cuesta, G. G. D. L., Schweizer, S., Diehle, J., Young, J., & Meiser‐Stedman, R. (2019) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008198.2019.1620084 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
The use of machine learning techniques in trauma-related disorders: a systematic review
Ramos-Lima, L. F., Waikamp, V., Antonelli-Salgado, T., Passos, I. C., & Freitas, L. H. M. (2020) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2019.12.001 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Stanley, I. H., Hom, M. A., Chu, C., Dougherty, S. P., Gallyer, A. J., Spencer‐Thomas, S., Shelef, L., Fruchter, E., Comtois, K. A., Gutierrez, P. M., et al. (2018) · Psychological Services · doi:10.1037/ser0000240 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Glucocorticoids and Hippocampal Structure and Function in PTSD
Szeszko, P. R., Lehrner, A. L., & Yehuda, R. (2018) · Harvard Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/hrp.0000000000000188 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Brewin, C. R., Atwoli, L., Bisson, J. I., Galea, S., Koenen, K. C., & Lewis‐Fernández, R. (2025) · World Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/wps.21269 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Gender and PTSD: different pathways to a similar phenotype
Pineles, S. L., Hall, K. A. A., & Rasmusson, A. M. (2016) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2016.11.002 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Trauma and Trauma-Informed Care
Kimberg, L. S., & Wheeler, M. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-04342-1_2 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Knipscheer, J. W., Sleijpen, M., Frank, L. E., de Graaf, R., Kleber, R. J., ten Have, M., & Dückers, M. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17051725 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Ashley‐Koch, A. E., Garrett, M. E., Gibson, J., Liu, Y., Dennis, M. F., Kimbrel, N. A., Beckham, J. C., & Hauser, M. A. (2015) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2015.03.049 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Trauma-Informed Care Outcome Study
Hales, T. W., Green, S. A., Bissonette, S., Warden, A., Diebold, J., Koury, S. P., & Nochajski, T. H. (2018) · Research on Social Work Practice · doi:10.1177/1049731518766618 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Gibson, C. J., Huang, A. J., McCaw, B. R., Subak, L. L., Thom, D. H., & Eeden, S. K. V. D. (2018) · JAMA Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2018.5233 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
The Evolution of Ptsd Criteria across Editions of Dsm
North, C. S., Surís, A., Smith, R. P., & King, R. V. (2016) · Annals of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/104012371602800310 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Trauma-Informed Social Media: Towards Solutions for Reducing and Healing Online Harm
Scott, C. F., Marcu, G. M., Anderson, R. E., Newman, M., & Schoenebeck, S. Y. (2023) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3544548.3581512 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
(2018) · doi:10.7759/cureus.3250 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Jordan, H. T., Osahan, S., Li, J., Stein, C. R., Friedman, S. M., Brackbill, R. M., Cone, J. E., Gwynn, C., Mok, H. K., & Farfel, M. R. (2019) · Environmental Health · doi:10.1186/s12940-019-0449-7 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Rethinking post-traumatic stress disorder – A predictive processing perspective
Κube, T., Berg, M., Kleim, B., & Herzog, P. (2020) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.04.014 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Spoont, M., Williams, J. W., Kehle-Forbes, S., Nieuwsma, J. A., Mann-Wrobel, M. C., & Gross, R. (2015) · Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) · doi:10.1001/jama.2015.7877 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: The Relationship Between the Fear Response and Chronic Stress
Maeng, L. Y., & Milad, M. R. (2017) · Chronic Stress · doi:10.1177/2470547017713297 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
The indirect effect of social support on post-trauma psychopathology via self-compassion
Maheux, A., & Price, M. (2016) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2015.08.051 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Mean Streets and Mental Health: Depression and Post‐Traumatic Stress Disorder at Crime Hot Spots
Weisburd, D. L., Cave, B., Nelson, M. S., White, C., Haviland, A. M., Ready, J. T., Lawton, B. A., & Sikkema, K. J. (2018) · American Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1002/ajcp.12232 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Johnson, A. K., Hayes, S. N., Sawchuk, C. N., Johnson, M. P., Best, P. J. M., Gulati, R., & Tweet, M. S. (2020) · Journal of the American Heart Association · doi:10.1161/jaha.119.014372 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Universal precautions: the case for consistently trauma-informed reproductive healthcare
Owens, L. E., Terrell, S., Low, L. K., Loder, C., Rhizal, D., Scheiman, L., & Seng, J. S. (2021) · American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2021.08.012 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Trauma-Related Dissociation and the Dissociative Disorders:
Boyer, S. M., Caplan, J. E., & Edwards, L. K. (2022) · Delaware Journal of Public Health · doi:10.32481/djph.2022.05.010 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Badour, C. L., Resnick, H. S., & Kilpatrick, D. G. (2015) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260515589930 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Self-citationPosttraumatic stress disorder in parents following infant death: a systematic review
Christiansen, D. M. (2017) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2016.10.007 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
- Authors
- Kilpatrick, D. G., Resnick, H. S., Milanak, M. E., Miller, M. W., Keyes, K. M., & Friedman, M. J.
- Affiliations
- Medical University of South Carolina (US)
- Boston University (US)
- Columbia University (US)
- Dartmouth College (US)
- Corresponding author
- Kilpatrick, Dean G.
- Venue
- Journal of Traumatic Stress
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2013-10
- Volume
- 26
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 537-547
- ISSN
- 0894-9867 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4096796
- OpenAlex
- W2132981258
- Cited by
- 1,929
- References
- 24
- Citations by year
- 2026: 140 · 2025: 177 · 2024: 195 · 2023: 179 · 2022: 198 · 2021: 212 · 2020: 225 · 2019: 176 · 2018: 153 · 2017: 110 · 2016: 76 · 2015: 50 · 2014: 31 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 59.34
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of Traumatic Stress (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (I01 CX000431)
- National Institutes of Health (UL1TR000062)
- National Institute of Mental Health (T32MH018869)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (R01DA023099)
- National Center for Research Resources (UL1RR029882)
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Migration, Health and Trauma
- Keywords
- post-traumatic stress disorder, PTSD prevalence, trauma exposure, DSM-5, DSM-IV, diagnostic criteria comparison, functional disability, gender differences, avoidance symptoms, lifetime prevalence
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Death, Sudden, Female, Health Surveys, Humans, Life Change Events, Male, Middle Aged, Sex Factors, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, United States, Prevalence, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
