Gender differences in Parkinson’s disease: A clinical perspective
Open accessAbstract
Available data indicate that there are gender differences in many features of Parkinson's disease (PD). Precise identification of the gender differences is important to tailor treatment, predict outcomes, and meet other individual and social needs in women and men with PD. The aim of this study was to review the available clinical data on gender differences in PD. Original articles and meta-analyses published between 1990 and 2016 systematically exploring gender differences in PD were reviewed. There is slight male preponderance in incidence and prevalence of PD. PD starts earlier in men. Women tend to be more prone to develop tremor-dominant PD but are less rigid than men. Motor improvement after deep brain stimulation is equal in both sexes, but women tend to show better improvement in activities of daily living. Furthermore, women with PD show better results on tests for general cognitive abilities, outperform men in verbal cognitive tasks, show more pain symptoms, and score higher on depression scales. It seems, however, that the differences in cognition, mood, and pain perception are not disease specific as similar gender differences can be found in healthy subjects and in other neurological conditions. Despite PD being the most frequently studied movement disorder, studies investigating gender differences in PD are still scarce with most of the studies being cross-sectional. Good-quality, prospective, longitudinal studies analyzing gender differences in PD and comparing them to matched healthy controls are needed in order to properly address the issues of gender differences in PD.
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The onset of PD in men occurs on average two years earlier than in women.
“According to several studies, the onset of PD in men occurs, on average, two years earlier than in women, and the incidence rate in men is twice as high as that in women [73].”
From Effect of Caffeine Consumption on the Risk for Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders: Sex Differences in Human (2020) · cites this paper as [73]
The incidence rate of PD in men is twice as high as in women.
“According to several studies, the onset of PD in men occurs, on average, two years earlier than in women, and the incidence rate in men is twice as high as that in women [73].”
From Effect of Caffeine Consumption on the Risk for Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders: Sex Differences in Human (2020) · cites this paper as [73]
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Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Hamberg K. Biology, gender and behaviour. A critical discussion of the biological models used for explaining cognitive and behavioural gender differences. In: Lee JW, ed. Psychology of Gender Identity. New York, NY: Noca Science Publisher, Inc; 2005:127-144.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Jee, H. J., Lee, S. G., Bormate, K. J., & Jung, Y.-S. (2020) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu12103080 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
“According to several studies, the onset of PD in men occurs, on average, two years earlier than in women, and the incidence rate in men is twice as high as that in women [73].”
Background
- Authors
- Georgiev, D., Hamberg, K., Hariz, M., Forsgren, L., & Hariz, G.-M.
- Affiliations
- Ljubljana University Medical Centre (SI)
- Umeå University (SE)
- UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Georgiev, D.
- Venue
- Acta Neurologica Scandinavica
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2017-07-02
- Volume
- 136
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 570-584
- ISSN
- 0001-6314 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2732909359
- Cited by
- 220
- References
- 98
- Citations by year
- 2026: 16 · 2025: 35 · 2024: 40 · 2023: 24 · 2022: 28 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 32 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 9
- FWCI
- 2.27
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Acta Neurologica Scandinavica (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- The Strategic Research Area in Care Sciences (SFO-V)
- Umeå Universitet
- Semiconductor Research Corporation
- UCL Unit of Functional Neurosurgery
- Parkinson Appeal UK
- Monument Trust
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Neurology › Parkinson's Disease Mechanisms and Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Neurology › Neurological disorders and treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Keywords
- Parkinson's disease, gender differences, sex differences, tremor-dominant Parkinson's disease, rigidity, deep brain stimulation, activities of daily living, cognitive function, verbal cognition, pain perception, depression, incidence and prevalence, age of onset
- MeSH terms
- Activities of Daily Living, Aged, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Parkinson Disease, Prospective Studies, Sex Factors
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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