Potential health-promoting effects of astaxanthin: a high-value carotenoid mostly from microalgae

Astaxanthin: a review of its chemistry and applications

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Commercial potential for Haematococcus microalgae as a natural source of astaxanthin

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Antioxidant Activities of Astaxanthin and Related Carotenoids

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Carotenoid Action on the Immune Response

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Astaxanthin, a Carotenoid with Potential in Human Health and Nutrition

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Carotenogenesis in the green alga Haematococcus pluvialis : Cellular physiology and stress response

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Astaxanthin decreased oxidative stress and inflammation and enhanced immune response in humans

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Astaxanthin from Microbial Sources

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Astaxanthin: A Novel Potential Treatment for Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Cardiovascular Disease

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Efficient radical trapping at the surface and inside the phospholipid membrane is responsible for highly potent antiperoxidative activity of the carotenoid astaxanthin

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Effects of Astaxanthin on Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammation In Vitro and In Vivo

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Antioxidant intake is associated with semen quality in healthy men

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Inhibition of Low-Density Lipoprotein Oxidation by Astaxanthin

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Astaxanthin inhibits nitric oxide production and inflammatory gene expression by suppressing I(kappa)B kinase-dependent NF-kappaB activation.

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Differential effects of carotenoids on lipid peroxidation due to membrane interactions: X-ray diffraction analysis

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A comparison of the anticancer activities of dietary beta-carotene, canthaxanthin and astaxanthin in mice in vivo.

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Administration of natural astaxanthin increases serum HDL-cholesterol and adiponectin in subjects with mild hyperlipidemia

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ACCUMULATION OF OLEIC ACID IN HAEMATOCOCCUS PLUVIALIS (CHLOROPHYCEAE) UNDER NITROGEN STARVATION OR HIGH LIGHT IS CORRELATED WITH THAT OF ASTAXANTHIN ESTERS 1

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Changes in pigments profile in the green alga Haeamtococcus pluvialis exposed to environmental stresses

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Cis astaxanthin and especially 9-cis astaxanthin exhibits a higher antioxidant activity in vitro compared to the all-trans isomer

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Carotenoids in Cancer Chemoprevention

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Antitumor Activity of Astaxanthin and Its Mode of Action

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Growth-inhibitory effects of the astaxanthin-rich alga Haematococcus pluvialis in human colon cancer cells

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Effects of astaxanthin in obese mice fed a high-fat diet

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Treatment of H. pylori infected mice with antioxidant astaxanthin reduces gastric inflammation, bacterial load and modulates cytokine release by splenocytes

Bennedsen, M., Wang, X., Wïllén, R., Wadström, T., & Andersen, L. P. (2000) · Immunology Letters · doi:10.1016/s0165-2478(99)00145-5 · Cited by 216

Characterization of Microalgal Carotenoids by Mass Spectrometry and Their Bioavailability and Antioxidant Properties Elucidated in Rat Model

Ranga Rao, A., Raghunath Reddy, R. L., Baskaran, V., Sarada, R., & Ravishankar, G. A. (2010) · Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry · doi:10.1021/jf101187k · Cited by 215

Astaxanthin protects β-cells against glucose toxicity in diabetic db/db mice

Uchiyama, K., Naito, Y., Hasegawa, G., Nakamura, N., Takahashi, J., & Yoshikawa, T. (2002) · Redox Report · doi:10.1179/135100002125000811 · Cited by 204

Prevention of diabetic nephropathy by treatment with astaxanthin in diabetic db/db mice

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Combined conventional/antioxidant "Astaxanthin" treatment for male infertility: a double blind, randomized trial

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Chemoprevention of mouse urinary bladder carcinogenesis by the naturally occurring carotenoid astaxanthin

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Astaxanthin Limits Exercise-Induced Skeletal and Cardiac Muscle Damage in Mice

Aoi, W., Naito, Y., Sakuma, K., Kuchide, M., Tokuda, H., Maoka, T., Toyokuni, S., Oka, S., Yasuhara, M., & Yoshikawa, T. (2003) · Antioxidants and Redox Signaling · doi:10.1089/152308603321223630 · Cited by 195

Antihypertensive and Neuroprotective Effects of Astaxanthin in Experimental Animals

Hussein, G. M. E., Nakamura, M., Zhao, Q., Iguchi, T., Goto, H., Sankawa, U., & Watanabe, H. (2005) · Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin · doi:10.1248/bpb.28.47 · Cited by 191

Protective effects of astaxanthin on 6‐hydroxydopamine‐induced apoptosis in human neuroblastoma SH‐SY5Y cells

Ikeda, Y., Tsuji, S., Satoh, A., Ishikura, M., Shirasawa, T., & Shimizu, T. (2008) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.2008.05743.x · Cited by 190

Chemoprevention of rat oral carcinogenesis by naturally occurring xanthophylls, astaxanthin and canthaxanthin.

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Contribution of the antioxidative property of astaxanthin to its protective effect on the promotion of cancer metastasis in mice treated with restraint stress

Kurihara, H., Kôda, H., Asami, S., Kiso, Y., & Tanaka, T. (2002) · Life Sciences · doi:10.1016/s0024-3205(02)01522-9 · Cited by 180

Astaxanthin improves muscle lipid metabolism in exercise via inhibitory effect of oxidative CPT I modification

Aoi, W., Naito, Y., Takanami, Y., Ishii, T., Kawai, Y., Akagiri, S., Kato, Y., Osawa, T., & Yoshikawa, T. (2007) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.12.019 · Cited by 179

Astaxanthin, canthaxanthin and β‐carotene differently affect UVA‐induced oxidative damage and expression of oxidative stress‐responsive enzymes

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Astaxanthin intervention ameliorates cyclophosphamide-induced oxidative stress, DNA damage and early hepatocarcinogenesis in rat: Role of Nrf2, p53, p38 and phase-II enzymes

Tripathi, D. N., & Jena, G. (2009) · Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis · doi:10.1016/j.mrgentox.2009.12.014 · Cited by 171

Ulcer preventive and antioxidative properties of astaxanthin from Haematococcus pluvialis

Kamath, B. S., Srikanta, B. M., Dharmesh, S. M., Sarada, R., & Ravishankar, G. A. (2008) · European Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2008.06.042 · Cited by 162

Suppressive effects of astaxanthin against rat endotoxin-induced uveitis by inhibiting the NF-κB signaling pathway

Suzuki, Y., Ohgami, K., Shiratori, K., Jin, X.-H., Ilieva, I. B., Koyama, Y., Yazawa, K., Yoshida, K., Kase, S., & Ohno, S. (2005) · Experimental Eye Research · doi:10.1016/j.exer.2005.06.023 · Cited by 158

Astaxanthin inhibits reactive oxygen species-mediated cellular toxicity in dopaminergic SH-SY5Y cells via mitochondria-targeted protective mechanism

Liu, X., Shibata, T., Hisaka, S., & Osawa, T. (2008) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2008.11.076 · Cited by 158

Biologic Activity of Carotenoids Related to Distinct Membrane Physicochemical Interactions

McNulty, H. P., Jacob, R. F., & Mason, R. P. (2008) · The American Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2008.02.004 · Cited by 156

Characterization of astaxanthin esters in Haematococcus pluvialis by liquid chromatography–atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry

Miao, F., Lu, D., Li, Y., & Zeng, M. (2006) · Analytical Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.ab.2006.03.006 · Cited by 154

Astaxanthin attenuates the UVA-induced up-regulation of matrix-metalloproteinase-1 and skin fibroblast elastase in human dermal fibroblasts

Suganuma, K., Nakajima, H., Ohtsuki, M., & Imokawa, G. (2010) · Journal of Dermatological Science · doi:10.1016/j.jdermsci.2010.02.009 · Cited by 154

Astaxanthin ameliorates features of metabolic syndrome in SHR/NDmcr-cp

Hussein, G. M. E., Nakagawa, T., Goto, H., Shimada, Y., Matsumoto, K., Sankawa, U., & Watanabe, H. (2006) · Life Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2006.09.041 · Cited by 150

Astaxanthin-Rich Algal Meal and Vitamin C Inhibit Helicobacter pylori Infection in BALB/cA Mice

Wang, X., Wïllén, R., & Wadström, T. (2000) · Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy · doi:10.1128/aac.44.9.2452-2457.2000 · Cited by 149

Antiadult T‐cell leukemia effects of brown algae fucoxanthin and its deacetylated product, fucoxanthinol

Ishikawa, C., Tafuku, S., Kadekaru, T., Sawada, S., Tomita, M., Okudaira, T., Nakazato, T., Toda, T., Uchihara, J., Taira, N., et al. (2008) · International Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1002/ijc.23860 · Cited by 148

Effects of Astaxanthin Supplementation on Exercise-Induced Fatigue in Mice

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Astaxanthin inhibits cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of cyclophosphamide in mice germ cells

Tripathi, D. N., & Jena, G. (2008) · Toxicology · doi:10.1016/j.tox.2008.03.015 · Cited by 145

Astaxanthin reduces ischemic brain injury in adult rats

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Carotenoid composition in the green microalga Chlorococcum

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Bioavailability of Non-Provitamin A Carotenoids

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Purification of trans-astaxanthin from a high-yielding astaxanthin ester-producing strain of the microalga Haematococcus pluvialis

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Modulatory effects of an algal extract containing astaxanthin on UVA-irradiated cells in culture

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Plasma and dietary carotenoid, retinol and tocopherol levels and the risk of gastric adenocarcinomas in the European prospective investigation into cancer and nutrition

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Dietary carotenoids inhibit aflatoxin B1-induced liver preneoplastic foci and DNA damage in the rat: role of the modulation of aflatoxin B1 metabolism

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Astaxanthin protects mesangial cells from hyperglycemia‐induced oxidative signaling

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Astaxanthin, a dietary carotenoid, protects retinal cells against oxidative stress in-vitro and in mice in-vivo

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Effects of astaxanthin on the production of NO and the expression of COX-2 and iNOS in LPS-stimulated BV2 microglial cells.

Choi, S. K., Park, Y. S., Choi, D., & Chang, H. I. (2008) · PubMed · Cited by 127

Antioxidative and anti-inflammatory neuroprotective effects of astaxanthin and canthaxanthin in nerve growth factor differentiated PC12 cells

Chan, K., Mong, M., & Yin, M. (2009) · Journal of Food Science · doi:10.1111/j.1750-3841.2009.01274.x · Cited by 119

Astaxanthin suppresses scavenger receptor expression and matrix metalloproteinase activity in macrophages

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Inhibitory effects of carotenoids on the invasion of rat ascites hepatoma cells in culture

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Chromatographic Separation and Purification of trans-Astaxanthin from the Extracts of Haematococcus pluvialis

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Antihypertensive Potential and Mechanism of Action of Astaxanthin: III. Antioxidant and Histopathological Effects in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats

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Astaxanthin restricts weight gain, promotes insulin sensitivity and curtails fatty liver disease in mice fed a obesity-promoting diet

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Protection against Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and Apoptosis of High-Glucose-Exposed Proximal Tubular Epithelial Cells by Astaxanthin

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Isomerization of trans -Astaxanthin to cis -Isomers in Organic Solvents

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Inhibition of Choroidal Neovascularization with an Anti-Inflammatory Carotenoid Astaxanthin

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Inhibitory Effect of Carotenoids on the Degranulation of Mast Cells via Suppression of Antigen-induced Aggregation of High Affinity IgE Receptors

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Cancer prevention by retinoids and carotenoids: Independent action on a common target

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Effect of astaxanthin on hepatocellular injury following ischemia/reperfusion

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Astaxanthin addition improves human neutrophils function: in vitro study

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Protective effect of astaxanthin on naproxen-induced gastric antral ulceration in rats

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Effect of astaxanthin on the hepatotoxicity, lipid peroxidation and antioxidative enzymes in the liver of CCl4-treated rats

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Accumulation of Secondary Carotenoids in Chlorella zofingiensis

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Anti- and Prooxidant Properties of Carotenoids

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Astaxanthin ameliorates the redox imbalance in lymphocytes of experimental diabetic rats

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Efficacy of the natural antioxidant astaxanthin in the treatment of functional dyspepsia in patients with or without Helicobacter pylori infection: A prospective, randomized, double blind, and placebo-controlled study

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Effects of Astaxanthin on Human Blood Rheology

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Effect of astaxanthin on kidney function impairment and oxidative stress induced by mercuric chloride in rats

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Astaxanthine Secured Apoptotic Death of PC12 Cells Induced by β-Amyloid Peptide 25–35: Its Molecular Action Targets

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Alpha-tocopherol and astaxanthin decrease macrophage infiltration, apoptosis and vulnerability in atheroma of hyperlipidaemic rabbits

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Disodium Disuccinate Astaxanthin (Cardax) Attenuates Complement Activation and Reduces Myocardial Injury following Ischemia/Reperfusion

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An antioxidant resveratrol significantly enhanced replication of hepatitis C virus

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Astaxanthin Inhibits H2O2-Mediated Apoptotic Cell Death in Mouse Neural Progenitor Cells via Modulation of P38 and MEK Signaling Pathways

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Antioxidative and antiproliferative effects of astaxanthin during the initiation stages of 1,2‐dimethyl hydrazine‐induced experimental colon carcinogenesis

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Effect of astaxanthin supplementation on inflammation and cardiac function in BALB/c mice.

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Effect of Astaxanthin in Combination with .ALPHA.-Tocopherol or Ascorbic Acid against Oxidative Damage in Diabetic ODS Rats

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Astaxanthin prevents in vitro auto-oxidative injury in human lymphocytes

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Identification of astaxanthin isomers in Haematococcus lacustrisby HPLC-photodiode array detection

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Effect of antioxidants on the immune response of Helicobacter pylori

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Chemoprevention by naturally occurring and synthetic agents in oral, liver, and large bowel carcinogenesis

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The protective role of carotenoids against 7-keto-cholesterol formation in solution

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Cytoprotective role of astaxanthin against glycated protein/iron chelate‐induced toxicity in human umbilical vein endothelial cells

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Suppressive effect of astaxanthin on retinal injury induced by elevated intraocular pressure

Çört, A., Öztürk, N., Akpınar, D., Ünal, M., Yücel, G., Çiftçioğlu, A., Yargıçoğlu, P., & Aslan, M. (2010) · Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.yrtph.2010.05.001 · Cited by 51

Kinetics for the reversible isomerization reaction of trans-astaxanthin

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Esterification of xanthophylls by human intestinal Caco-2 cells

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Astaxanthin improves the proliferative capacity as well as the osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation potential in neural stem cells

Kim, J. H., Nam, S., Kim, B. W., Kim, W., & Choi, Y. H. (2010) · Food and Chemical Toxicology · doi:10.1016/j.fct.2010.04.002 · Cited by 50

Uptake and distribution of astaxanthin in several tissues and plasma lipoproteins in male broiler chickens fed a yeast (Phaffia rhodozyma) with a high concentration of astaxanthin

Takahashi, K., Watanabe, M., Takimoto, T., & Akiba, Y. (2004) · British Poultry Science · doi:10.1080/00071660410001668950a · Cited by 50

Effect of dietary astaxanthin at different stages of mammary tumor initiation in BALB/c mice.

Nakao, R., Nelson, O. L., Park, J. S., Mathison, B. D., Thompson, P. A., & Chew, B. P. (2010) · PubMed · Cited by 50

Erratum to “Amelioration of Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetes by Agrocybe chaxingu Polysaccharide” [Mol. Cells, 29, 349-354, (2010)]

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Effect of total secondary carotenoids extracts from Chlorococcum sp. on Helicobacter pylori-infected BALB/c mice

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Suppressive Effect of Astaxanthin Isolated from theXanthophyllomyces dendrorhousMutant on Ethanol-Induced Gastric Mucosal Injury in Rats

Kim, J., Choi, S.-K., Choi, S.-Y., Kim, H. K., & Chang, H.-I. (2005) · Bioscience Biotechnology and Biochemistry · doi:10.1271/bbb.69.1300 · Cited by 47

Summative interaction between astaxanthin,Ginkgo bilobaextract (EGb761) and vitamin C in Suppression of respiratory inflammation: a comparison with ibuprofen

Haines, D. D., Varga, B., Bak, I., Juhász, B., Mahmoud, F. F., Kalantari‬, H., Gesztelyi, R., Lekli, I., Czompa, A., & Tósaki, Á. (2010) · Phytotherapy Research · doi:10.1002/ptr.3160 · Cited by 47

Antihypertensive Potential and Mechanism of Action of Astaxanthin: II. Vascular Reactivity and Hemorheology in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats

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Astaxanthin Protects against Oxidative Stress and Calcium-Induced Porcine Lens Protein Degradation

Wu, T., Liao, J., Hou, W., Huang, F.-Y., Maher, T. J., & Hu, C.-C. (2006) · Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry · doi:10.1021/jf052651q · Cited by 46

In vivo astaxanthin treatment partially prevents antioxidant alterations in dental pulp from alloxan‐induced diabetic rats

Leite, M. F., de Lima, A., Massuyama, M. M., & Otton, R. (2010) · International Endodontic Journal · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2591.2010.01707.x · Cited by 45

Comparative analysis of astaxanthin and its esters in the mutant E1 of Haematococcus pluvialis and other green algae by HPLC with a C30 column

Peng, J., Xiang, W., Tang, Q., Sun, N., Chen, F., & Yuan, J. (2008) · Science in China Series C Life Sciences · doi:10.1007/s11427-008-0146-1 · Cited by 44

Astaxanthin Diminishes Gap Junctional Intercellular Communication in Primary Human Fibroblasts

Daubrawa, F., Sies, H., & Stahl, W. (2005) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/135.11.2507 · Cited by 40

Effects of Astaxanthin and Vitamin C on the Prevention of Gastric Ulcerations in Stressed Rats

NISHIKAWA, Y., MINENAKA, Y., ICHIMURA, M., Tatsumi, K., Nadamoto, T., & Urabe, K. (2005) · Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology · doi:10.3177/jnsv.51.135 · Cited by 37

Astaxanthin Inhibits Glutamate Release in Rat Cerebral Cortex Nerve Terminals via Suppression of Voltage-Dependent Ca2+Entry and Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Signaling Pathway

Lin, T., Lü, C.-W., & Wang, S. (2010) · Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry · doi:10.1021/jf101689t · Cited by 36

Dose‐Dependent Effects of Astaxanthin on Cortical Spreading Depression in Chronically Ethanol‐Treated Adult Rats

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Astaxanthin lowers blood pressure and lessens the activity of the renin-angiotensin system in Zucker Fatty Rats

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In Vitro Effects of Astaxanthin Combined With Ginkgolide B on T Lymphocyte Activation in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells From Asthmatic Subjects

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Sports Performance Benefits from Taking Natural Astaxanthin Characterized by Visual Acuity and Muscle Fatigue Improvement in Humans.

Sawaki, K., Yoshigi, H., Kazuhiro, A., Koikawa, N., Akito, A., Kesatoki, K., & Masahiro, Y. (2002) · 臨床医薬 · Cited by 26

Microarray profiling of gene expression patterns in glomerular cells of astaxanthin-treated diabetic mice: A nutrigenomic approach

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Astaxanthin restores the enzymatic antioxidant profile in salivary gland of alloxan-induced diabetic rats

Leite, M. F., de Lima, A. M., Massuyama, M. M., & Otton, R. (2010) · Archives of Oral Biology · doi:10.1016/j.archoralbio.2010.04.006 · Cited by 23

The Effect of Astaxanthin on Retinal Capillary Blood Flow in Normal Volunteers

Nagaki, Y., Mihara, M., Jiro, T., Kitamura, A., Horita, Y., Yuri, S., & Tsukahara, H. (2005) · 臨床医薬 · Cited by 23

Astaxanthin Reduces Oxidative Stress, but not Aortic Damage in Atherosclerotic Rabbits

Augusti, P. R., Conterato, G. M. M., Somacal, S., Sobieski, R., Quatrin, A., Maurer, L. H., da Rocha, M. P., Denardin, I. T., & Emanuelli, T. (2009) · Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology and Therapeutics · doi:10.1177/1074248409350136 · Cited by 22

The supplementation effect of Astaxanthin on Accommodation and Asthenopia

Nagaki, Y., Mihara, M., Tsukahara, H., & Ono, S. (2006) · 臨床医薬 · Cited by 22

Induction of connexin 43 by carotenoids: functional consequences

Bertram, J. S. (2004) · Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics · doi:10.1016/j.abb.2004.02.037 · Cited by 20

Effect of carotenoids on in vitro proliferation and differentiation of oval cells during neoplastic and non-neoplastic liver injuries in rats.

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Weight Gain Limitation and Liver Protection by Long-Term Feeding of Astaxanthin in Murines

Kim, H. B. (2009) · Journal of the Korean Society for Applied Biological Chemistry · doi:10.3839/jksabc.2009.033 · Cited by 17

Visualization of astaxanthin localization in HT29 human colon adenocarcinoma cells by combined confocal resonance Raman and fluorescence microspectroscopy

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Astaxanthin Interacts with Selenite and Attenuates Selenite-Induced Cataractogenesis

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Reduction of oxidized guanosine by dietary carotenoids: A pulse radiolysis study

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Protective effect of astaxanthin produced by Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous mutant on indomethacin-induced gastric mucosal injury in rats

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Fiber Type-Specific Responses to Perceptions of Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness with Astaxanthin Supplementation

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Fiber Type-Specific Responses to Perceptions of Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness with Astaxanthin Supplementation

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Astaxanthin: Sources, Extraction, Stability, Biological Activities and Its Commercial Applications—A Review

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Astaxanthin-Producing Green Microalga Haematococcus pluvialis: From Single Cell to High Value Commercial Products

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Microalgae Metabolites: A Rich Source for Food and Medicine

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Microalgae for High-Value Compounds and Biofuels Production: A Review with Focus on Cultivation under Stress Conditions

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Astaxanthin: An algae-based natural compound with a potential role in human health-promoting effect: An updated comprehensive review

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Bioactive Properties of the Pigment Astaxanthin from Haematococcus pluvialis in Human Health

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Extensive Bioactivity of Astaxanthin from Haematococcus pluvialis in Human

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