FACTOR STRUCTURE OF THE WECHSLER INTELLIGENCE SCALES FOR CHILDREN-FOURTH EDITION AMONG REFERRED NATIVE AMERICAN STUDENTS: Factor Structure of WISC-IV Among Native Americans

Nakano, Selena; Watkins, Marley W.

doi:10.1002/pits.21724

Cited by 27Psychometric Methodologies and TestingCognitive Abilities and TestingPsychological Testing and Assessment

FACTOR STRUCTURE OF THE WECHSLER INTELLIGENCE SCALES FOR CHILDREN-FOURTH EDITION AMONG REFERRED NATIVE AMERICAN STUDENTS: Factor Structure of WISC-IV Among Native Americans

Nakano, Selena, Watkins, Marley W.·2013·Psychology in the Schools

DOI 10.1002/pits.21724

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

The Native American population is severely underrepresented in empirical test validity research despite being overrepresented in special education programs and at increased risk for psychoeducational evaluation. The structural validity of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children – Fourth Edition (WISC-IV) was investigated with a sample of 176, six-to-sixteen-year-old Native American children referred for a psychoeducational evaluation. Confirmatory factor analysis procedures replicated the normative first-order factor structure and a higher-order general ability factor that accounted for the greatest amount of common (69%) and total (33%) variance. These results support the structural validity of the WISC-IV with a referred Native American sample and suggest that interpretation of the WISC-IV scores should not neglect the strong general ability factor.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1002/pits.21724

Cites

145 of 145 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Nakano and Watkins reported most support for the higher order factor model, although it differed minimally from the bifactor model.
“Nakano and Watkins reported most support for the higher order factor model, although it differed minimally from the bifactor model.”
From Structure of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children – Fourth Edition in a Group of Children with ADHD (2016) · cites this paper as Nakano and Watkins, 2013

Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives
Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999) · Structural Equation Modeling A Multidisciplinary Journal · doi:10.1080/10705519909540118 · Cited by 108,788 · see citing works
Using multivariate statistics
Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (1983) · Cited by 79,888 · see citing works
Evaluating Goodness-of-Fit Indexes for Testing Measurement Invariance
Cheung, G. W., & Rensvold, R. B. (2002) · Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal · doi:10.1207/s15328007sem0902_5 · Cited by 16,280 · see citing works
Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research
Brown, T. A. (2007) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.44-2769 · Cited by 15,613 · see citing works
An Index of Factorial Simplicity
Kaiser, H. F. (1974) · Psychometrika · doi:10.1007/bf02291575 · Cited by 14,898 · see citing works
Fit indices in covariance structure modeling: Sensitivity to underparameterized model misspecification
Hu, L.-T., & Bentler, P. M. (1998) · Psychological Methods · doi:10.1037/1082-989x.3.4.424 · Cited by 12,298 · see citing works
Sensitivity of Goodness of Fit Indexes to Lack of Measurement Invariance
Chen, F. F. (2007) · Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal · doi:10.1080/10705510701301834 · Cited by 12,217 · see citing works
Applied Multivariate Statistics for the Social Sciences
Stevens, J. P. (2012) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203843130 · Cited by 10,652 · see citing works
Best practices in exploratory factor analysis: four recommendations for getting the most from your analysis
Costello, A. B., & Osborne, J. (2005) · University of Massachusetts Amherst · doi:10.7275/jyj1-4868 · Cited by 10,297 · see citing works
Multivariate Data Analysis, 6th ed
Tatham, R. L., Anderson, R. E., Babin, B. J., Black, W. C., & Hair, J. F. (2006) · Cited by 9,807 · see citing works
Evaluating the use of exploratory factor analysis in psychological research.
Fabrigar, L. R., Wegener, D. T., MacCallum, R. C., & Strahan, E. J. (1999) · Psychological Methods · doi:10.1037/1082-989x.4.3.272 · Cited by 9,587 · see citing works
Bayesian model selection in social research
Raftery, A. E. (1995) · Sociological Methodology · doi:10.2307/271063 · Cited by 6,823 · see citing works
In Search of Golden Rules: Comment on Hypothesis-Testing Approaches to Setting Cutoff Values for Fit Indexes and Dangers in Overgeneralizing Hu and Bentler's (1999) Findings
Marsh, H. W., Hau, K.-T., & Wen, Z. (2004) · Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal · doi:10.1207/s15328007sem1103_2 · Cited by 6,691 · see citing works
"General Intelligence," Objectively Determined and Measured
Spearman, C. (1904) · The American Journal of Psychology · doi:10.2307/1412107 · Cited by 6,207 · see citing works
Sample size in factor analysis.
MacCallum, R. C., Widaman, K. F., Zhang, S., & Hong, S. (1999) · Psychological Methods · doi:10.1037/1082-989x.4.1.84 · Cited by 5,497 · see citing works
Measures of Multivariate Skewness and Kurtosis with Applications
Mardia, K. V. (1970) · Biometrika · doi:10.1093/biomet/57.3.519 · Cited by 4,859 · see citing works
Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence
Wechsler, D. (1999) · PsycTESTS Dataset · doi:10.1037/t15170-000 · Cited by 4,681 · see citing works
Measurement Invariance, Factor Analysis and Factorial Invariance
Meredith, W. (1993) · Psychometrika · doi:10.1007/bf02294825 · Cited by 4,536 · see citing works
Validity of psychological assessment: Validation of inferences from persons' responses and performances as scientific inquiry into score meaning.
Messick, S. (1995) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.50.9.741 · Cited by 4,198 · see citing works
Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children
Miles-Mason, E. (2018) · Sage eBooks · doi:10.4135/9781483392271.n537 · Cited by 4,133 · see citing works
Multivariate Data Analysis
Bürgel, O. (2000) · ZEW economic studies · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-57671-3_6 · Cited by 3,591 · see citing works
Standards for Educational and Psychological Testing
(2007) · Sage eBooks · doi:10.4135/9781412952644.n432 · Cited by 3,137 · see citing works
Relation of sample size to the stability of component patterns.
Guadagnoli, E., & Velicer, W. F. (1988) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.103.2.265 · Cited by 2,880 · see citing works
The g factor: the science of mental ability
(1998) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.36-2443 · Cited by 2,760 · see citing works
Exploratory Structural Equation Modeling
Asparouhov, T., & Muthén, B. (2009) · Structural Equation Modeling A Multidisciplinary Journal · doi:10.1080/10705510903008204 · Cited by 2,722 · see citing works
Untitled work
(2011) · Cited by 2,664 · see citing works
Handbook of research methods in personality psychology
(2007) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.45-2315 · Cited by 2,378 · see citing works
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale--Third Edition
Wechsler, D. (2019) · PsycTESTS Dataset · doi:10.1037/t49755-000 · Cited by 2,327 · see citing works
Standards for Educational and Psychological Testing.
Jiménez-García, E. (2017) · Revista Española de Pedagogía · doi:10.22550/2174-0909.3051 · Cited by 2,226 · see citing works
A Note on the Multiplying Factors for Various χ2 Approximations
Bartlett, M. S. (1954) · Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series B (Statistical Methodology) · doi:10.1111/j.2517-6161.1954.tb00174.x · Cited by 2,168 · see citing works
Untitled work
(1980) · DigitalGeorgetown (Georgetown University Library) · Cited by 1,935 · see citing works
The Handbook of School Psychology
Reynolds, C. R., & Gutkin, T. B. (1982) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 1,864 · see citing works
Wechsler Individual Achievement Test
Smith, D. R. (2001) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-012058570-0/50008-2 · Cited by 1,416 · see citing works
A First Course in Factor Analysis 2nd Ed
Comrey, A. L., & Lee, H. B. (1973) · Cited by 1,367 · see citing works
Best Practices in School Psychology IV
Thomas, A., Grimes, J., & McKevitt, B. C. (1995) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 1,333 · see citing works
Advances in Personality Assessment
(2013) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315827612 · Cited by 1,243 · see citing works
Contemporary intellectual assessment: theories, tests, and issues
(1997) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.34-5370 · Cited by 1,238 · see citing works
An Overview of Analytic Rotation in Exploratory Factor Analysis
Browne, M. W. (2001) · Multivariate Behavioral Research · doi:10.1207/s15327906mbr3601_05 · Cited by 1,145 · see citing works
Tucker's Congruence Coefficient as a Meaningful Index of Factor Similarity
Lorenzo‐Seva, U., & ten Berge, J. M. F. (2006) · Methodology · doi:10.1027/1614-2241.2.2.57 · Cited by 1,130 · see citing works
Reading and understanding more multivariate statistics
(2001) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.38-5067 · Cited by 1,127 · see citing works
Assessing Adolescent and Adult Intelligence
Kaufman, A. S. (1990) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 1,110 · see citing works
The Development of Hierarchical Factor Solutions
Schmid, J., & Leiman, J. M. (1957) · Psychometrika · doi:10.1007/bf02289209 · Cited by 1,098 · see citing works
Personality and Motivation Structure and Measurement
Sells, S. B., & Cattell, R. B. (1958) · The American Journal of Psychology · doi:10.2307/1420273 · Cited by 1,073 · see citing works
Factor analysis and scale revision.
Reise, S. P., Waller, N. G., & Comrey, A. L. (2000) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/1040-3590.12.3.287 · Cited by 855 · see citing works
The ninth mental measurements yearbook
Mitchell, J. V. (1985) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 828 · see citing works
The measurement of adult intelligence (3rd ed.).
Wechsler, D. (1946) · Williams & Wilkins eBooks · doi:10.1037/11329-000 · Cited by 825 · see citing works
Differentiating Normal and Abnormal Personality
Strack, S., & Lorr, M. (1994) · Cited by 734 · see citing works
Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children–Fourth Edition
Dumont, R., Willis, J. O., Veizel, K., & Zibulsky, J. (2014) · Encyclopedia of Special Education · doi:10.1002/9781118660584.ese2522 · Cited by 637 · see citing works
IQ and human intelligence
Mackintosh, N. J. (1998) · Cited by 546 · see citing works
Factor analysis of the WISC-R at 11 age levels between 61/2 and 161/2 years.
Kaufman, A. S. (1975) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0076502 · Cited by 534 · see citing works
Why is there no study of cultural equivalence in standardized cognitive ability testing
Helms, J. E. (1992) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.47.9.1083 · Cited by 431 · see citing works
Encyclopedia of human intelligence
(1995) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.32-3070 · Cited by 412 · see citing works
A Comparative Investigation of Rotation Criteria Within Exploratory Factor Analysis
Sass, D. A., & Schmitt, T. A. (2010) · Multivariate Behavioral Research · doi:10.1080/00273170903504810 · Cited by 383 · see citing works
Ten commandments of structural equation modeling.
Thompson, B. (2000) · Cited by 333 · see citing works
The intelligence test desk reference (ITDR) : Gf-Gc cross-battery assessment
McGrew, K. S., & Flanagan, D. P. (1998) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 322 · see citing works
Handbook of Cross-Cultural and Multicultural Personality Assessment
(2000) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781410602374 · Cited by 304 · see citing works
Sample size requirements for the internal validation of psychiatric scales
Rouquette, A., & Falissard, B. (2011) · International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1002/mpr.352 · Cited by 297 · see citing works
Educational uses of tests with disadvantaged students.
Cleary, T. A., Humphreys, L. G., Kendrick, S. A., & Wesman, A. G. (1975) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.30.1.15 · Cited by 282 · see citing works
The Three-Stratum Theory of Cognitive Abilities.
Carroll, J. B. (1997) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 254 · see citing works
Long-term stability of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children—Fourth Edition.
Watkins, M. W., & Smith, L. G. (2013) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/a0031653 · Cited by 252 · see citing works
Self-citation
The bell curve wars : race, intelligence, and the future of America
Fraser, S. (1995) · Cited by 251 · see citing works
Race Differences in Intelligence: An Evolutionary Analysis
Lynn, R. (2020) · Cited by 241 · see citing works
High stakes testing in higher education and employment: Appraising the evidence for validity and fairness.
Sackett, P. R., Borneman, M. J., & Connelly, B. S. (2008) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.63.4.215 · Cited by 233 · see citing works
Higher Order, Multisample, Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children--Fourth Edition: What Does It Measure?.
Keith, T. Z., Fine, J. G., Taub, G. E., Reynolds, M. R., & Kranzler, J. H. (2006) · Journal of International Crisis and Risk Communication Research · Cited by 197 · see citing works
Disproportionate Representation in Special Education: A Synthesis and Recommendations
Coutinho, M. J., & Oswald, D. P. (2000) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1023/a:1009462820157 · Cited by 185 · see citing works
The handbook of school psychology, 3rd ed.
Reynolds, C. R., & Gutkin, T. B. (1999) · Cited by 174 · see citing works
Exploring item and higher order factor structure with the Schmid-Leiman solution: Syntax codes for SPSS and SAS
Wolff, H., & Preising, K. (2005) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/bf03206397 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
Untitled work
Keith (2006) · doi:10.1080/02796015.2006.12088005 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Using Confirmatory Factor Analysis to Aid in Understanding the Constructs Measured by Intelligence Tests.
Keith, T. Z., & Reynolds, M. R. (2005) · Cited by 159 · see citing works
Intelligence Testing and Minority Students: Foundations, Performance Factors, and Assessment Issues
Valencia, R. R., & Suzuki, L. A. (2001) · Sage eBooks · doi:10.4135/9781452231860 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Culture and children's intelligence : cross-cultural analysis of the WISC-III
Georgas, J. G., Weiss, L., van de Vijver, F. J. R., & Saklofske, D. (2003) · Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Principles of Exploratory Factor Analysis.
Goldberg, L. R., & Velicer, W. F. (2006) · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Higher-order models versus direct hierarchical models: g as superordinate or breadth factor?
Gignac, G. E. (2008) · UWA Profiles and Research Repository (University of Western Australia) · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Race–ethnicity and measured intelligence: Educational implications.
Suzuki, L. A., & Valencia, R. R. (1997) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.52.10.1103 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Effectiveness of Special Education: Is Placement the Critical Factor?
Hocutt, A. M. (1996) · The Future of Children · doi:10.2307/1602495 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
The robustness of maximum likelihood estimation in structural equation models
Boomsma, A. (1988) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511601118.010 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Structural Modeling by Example: Applications in Educational, Sociological, and Behavioral Research.
Williams, R. A., Cuttance, P. F., & Ecob, R. (1989) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.2307/2073407 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Testing and Assessment in Cross‐Cultural Psychology
Geisinger, K. F. (2003) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/0471264385.wei1005 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Utility of intelligence tests for treatment planning, classification, and placement decisions: recent empirical findings and future directions.
Gresham, F. M., & Witt, J. C. (1997) · School Psychology Quarterly · doi:10.1037/h0088961 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
On Methodology in the Study of Cognitive Abilities
Carroll, J. B. (1995) · Multivariate Behavioral Research · doi:10.1207/s15327906mbr3003_6 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
WISC-R factor structures among Anglos, Blacks, Chicanos, and Native-American Papagos.
Reschly, D. J. (1978) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.46.3.417 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
A Comparison of Pattern Matching Indices
Guadagnoli, E., & Velicer, W. F. (1991) · Multivariate Behavioral Research · doi:10.1207/s15327906mbr2602_7 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Bias in Psychological Assessment: An Empirical Review and Recommendations
Reynolds, C. R., & Ramsay, M. C. (2003) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/0471264385.wei1004 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Orthogonal higher order structure of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children--Fourth edition.
Watkins, M. W. (2006) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/1040-3590.18.1.123 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Self-citation
Structure of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children—Fourth Edition among a national sample of referred students.
Watkins, M. W. (2010) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/a0020043 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Self-citation
The Black-White Difference On the K-ABC: Implications for Future Tests
Jensen, A. R. (1984) · The Journal of Special Education · doi:10.1177/002246698401800316 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
I. Validity of WISC-R factor scores in predicting achievement and attention for four sociocultural groups
Reschly, D. J., & Reschly, J. E. (1979) · Journal of School Psychology · doi:10.1016/0022-4405(79)90037-2 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Factor structure of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children—Fourth Edition among referred students.
Watkins, M. W., Wilson, S. M., Kotz, K. M., Carbone, M. C., & Babula, T. (2006) · Educational and Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/0013164406288168 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Self-citation
Long-term stability of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children—Third Edition.
Canivez, G. L., & Watkins, M. W. (1998) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/1040-3590.10.3.285 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Self-citation
A factor-analytically based rationale for the Wechsler-Bellevue.
Cohen, J. (1952) · Journal of Consulting Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0060803 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Factors underlying Wechsler-Bellevue performance of three neuropsychiatric groups.
Cohen, J. (1952) · Journal of Abnormal & Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0063486 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Higher order factor structure of the WISC-IV in a clinical neuropsychological sample.
Bodin, D., Pardini, D. A., Burns, T. G., & Stevens, A. B. (2009) · Child Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/09297040802603661 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
The WISC-R and internal evidence of test bias with minority groups.
Sandoval, J. (1979) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.47.5.919 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Bias in mental testing since Bias in Mental Testing.
Brown, R. T., Reynolds, C. R., & Whitaker, J. S. (1999) · School Psychology Quarterly · doi:10.1037/h0089007 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Asian-American educational achievements: A phenomenon in search of an explanation.
Sue, S., & Okazaki, S. (2009) · Asian American Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1037/1948-1985.s.1.45 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Untitled work
(2006) · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Cross-Cultural Assessment of Personality: The Case for Replicatory Factor Analysis
Butcher, J. N., & Spielberger, C. D. (2013) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315827582-6 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
ANALYSIS OF TEST BIAS IN FOUR GROUPS WITH THE REGRESSION DEFINITION
Reschly, D. J., & Sabers, D. L. (1979) · Journal of Educational Measurement · doi:10.1111/j.1745-3984.1979.tb00080.x · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Testing Measurement Invariance in the Target Rotated Multigroup Exploratory Factor Model
Dolan, C. V., Oort, F. J., Stoel, R. D., & Wicherts, J. M. (2009) · Structural Equation Modeling A Multidisciplinary Journal · doi:10.1080/10705510902751416 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
The WISC-R factoral validity for minority groups and Spearman's hypothesis
Sandoval, J. (1982) · Journal of School Psychology · doi:10.1016/0022-4405(82)90049-8 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
An evaluation of differential prediction of WIAT achievement scores from WISC-III FSIQ across ethnic and gender groups
Weiss, L. G., & Prifitera, A. (1995) · Journal of School Psychology · doi:10.1016/0022-4405(95)00016-f · Cited by 52 · see citing works
The Cognitive Functioning of American Indian Children: Moving from the WISC to the WISC-R
McShane, D., & Plas, J. M. (1984) · School Psychology Review · doi:10.1080/02796015.1984.12085080 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Differentiating normal and abnormal personality, 2nd ed.
Strack, S. (2006) · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Racial and gender bias in ability and achievement tests: Resolving the apparent paradox.
Hunter, J. E., & Schmidt, F. L. (2000) · Psychology Public Policy and Law · doi:10.1037/1076-8971.6.1.151 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
A Construct-Based Approach to Equivalence: Methodologies for Cross-Cultural/Multicultural Personality Assessment Research
(2000) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781410602374-13 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Measurement Invariance of WISC-IV across Normative and Clinical Samples
Chen, H., & Zhu, J. (2012) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2011.10.006 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Factorial similarity of the WISC-R for Anglos and Chicanos referred for psychological services
Gutkin, T. B., & Reynolds, C. R. (1980) · Journal of School Psychology · doi:10.1016/0022-4405(80)90046-1 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Classroom and Curriculum Accommodations for Native American Students
Sparks, S. (2000) · Intervention in School and Clinic · doi:10.1177/105345120003500501 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Comparison of WISC and WISC-R regression lines for academic prediction with Black and with White referred children.
Reynolds, C. R., & Hartlage, L. C. (1979) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.47.3.589 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Construct Validity of the WISC-III for White and Black Students from the WISC-III Standardization Sample and for Black Students Referred for Psychological Evaluation
Kush, J. C., Watkins, M. W., Ward, T. J., Ward, S. B., Canivez, G. L., & Worrell, F. C. (2001) · School Psychology Review · doi:10.1080/02796015.2001.12086101 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Self-citation
Separate factor analyses of the McCarthy Scales for groups of black and white children
Kaufman, A. S., & DiCuio, R. F. (1975) · Journal of School Psychology · doi:10.1016/0022-4405(75)90032-1 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Test Bias: in God We Trust; All Others Must Have Data
Reynolds, C. R. (1983) · The Journal of Special Education · doi:10.1177/002246698301700303 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Unpacking the Placement of American Indian and Alaska Native Students in Special Education Programs and Services in the Early Grades: School Readiness as a Predictive Variable
Hibel, J., Faircloth, S. C., & Farkas, G. (2008) · Harvard Educational Review · doi:10.17763/haer.78.3.8w010nq4u83348q5 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Factor invariance between genders of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children – Fourth edition
Chen, H., & Zhu, J. (2008) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2008.04.008 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
A regression analysis of test bias on the WISC-R for Anglos and Chicanos referred for psychological services
Reynolds, C. R., & Gutkin, T. B. (1980) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/bf00919067 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Hierarchical Analytic Methods That Yield Different Perspectives on Dynamics: Aids to Interpretation.
McClain, A. L. (1995) · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Traditional psychometric tests and proportionate representation: An intervention and program evaluation study.
Saccuzzo, D. P., & Johnson, N. E. (1995) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/1040-3590.7.2.183 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Identification of Factor Models for the Wisc-Iii
Kamphaus, R. W., Benson, J., Hutchinson, S. R., & Platt, L. O. (1994) · Educational and Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/0013164494054001023 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Fixing Special Education
Greene, J. P. (2007) · Peabody Journal of Education · doi:10.1080/01619560701603213 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Concurrent and predictive validity of the Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children with a Navajo sample
Naglieri, J. A. (1984) · Journal of School Psychology · doi:10.1016/0022-4405(84)90025-6 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
An exploratory analysis of American Indian children's cultural engagement, fluid cognitive skills, and standardized verbal IQ scores.
Tsethlikai, M. (2011) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0020803 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Accounting for Native/non-Native differences in IQ scores
Beiser, M., & Gotowiec, A. P. (2000) · Psychology in the Schools · doi:10.1002/(sici)1520-6807(200005)37:3 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Individual Differences in Mental Ability
Jensen, A. R. (1987) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4899-3620-2_4 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Factor structure of the WISC-R with Anglos and Mexican-Americans
Dean, R. S. (1980) · Journal of School Psychology · doi:10.1016/0022-4405(80)90063-1 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
An investigation of item bias on the WISC-R with four sociocultural groups.
Ross-Reynolds, J., & Reschly, D. J. (1983) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.51.1.144 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
The use of Wechsler Scales in the assessment of Native Americans of the Columbia River Basin
McCullough, C. S., Walker, J. L., & Diessner, R. (1985) · Psychology in the Schools · doi:10.1002/1520-6807(198501)22:1 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Factor structure of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children for three ethnic groups.
Silverstein, A. B. (1973) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0035649 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Long-Term Stability of Membership in a Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children–Third Edition (WISC-III) Subtest Core Profile Taxonomy
Borsuk, E. R., Watkins, M. W., & Canivez, G. L. (2006) · Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment · doi:10.1177/0734282905285225 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Self-citation
Testing and Assessment in Cross‐Cultural Psychology
Geisinger, K. F., & McCormick, C. M. (2012) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118133880.hop210005 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Comparative three-factor solutions of the WISC-III and WISR-R at 11 age levels between 6-1/2 and 16-1/2 years
Reynolds, C. R., & Ford, L. (1994) · Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology · doi:10.1093/arclin/9.6.553 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Significance Testing of Congruence Coefficients: A Good Idea?
Davenport, E. C. (1990) · Educational and Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/0013164490502007 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Psychological assessment with American Indian children
Dauphinais, P., & King, J. (1992) · Applied and Preventive Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0962-1849(05)80150-7 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
WISC-R factor structures for diagnosed learning disabled Navajo and Papago children
Zarske, J. A., Moore, C. L., & Peterson, J. D. (1981) · Psychology in the Schools · doi:10.1002/1520-6807(198110)18:4 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Factor Structure of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-III for Hispanic and Non-Hispanic White Children with Learning Disabilities.
Logerquist-Hansen, S., & Barona, A. (1994) · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Guest Editors' Comments
Butler, & Wojcik (1981) · IEEE Transactions on Computers · doi:10.1109/tc.1981.1675859 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Structural Validity of the WISC-III for a National Sample of Native American Students
Kush, J. C., & Watkins, M. W. (2007) · Canadian Journal of School Psychology · doi:10.1177/0829573507303056 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Self-citation
Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence–Third Edition
Kerr, B. (2009) · Encyclopedia of Giftedness, Creativity, and Talent · doi:10.4135/9781412971959.n408 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
From the Field: Cognitive Profiles of First Nations and Caucasian Children Referred for Psychoeducational Assessment
Dolan, B. (1999) · Canadian Journal of School Psychology · doi:10.1177/082957359901500105 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
An Introduction to Cultural Issues Relevant to Assessment with Native American Youth
Saxton, J. D. (2001) · The California School Psychologist · doi:10.1007/bf03340881 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Possible Criterion-Related Bias of the WISC-III with a Referral Sample
Glutting, J. J., Oh, H. J., Ward, T., & Ward, S. B. (2000) · Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment · doi:10.1177/073428290001800102 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Local Navajo Norms for the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children: Third Edition.
Tempest, P. (1998) · The Journal of American Indian Education · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Issues in the Use and Interpretation of Intelligence Tests in the Schools: Guest Editors' Comments
Flanagan, D. P., & Genshaft, J. (1997) · School Psychology Review · doi:10.1080/02796015.1997.12085854 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Non-verbal intelligence and Native-American Navajo children: A comparison between the CTONI and the WISC-III
Wiseley, M. C. (2001) · UA Campus Repository (The University of Arizona) · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Measurement without Numbers
Carroll, J. D. (1966) · Contemporary Psychology · doi:10.1037/008305 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
WISC-III Performance Patterning Differences Between Native American and Caucasian Children
Ducheneaux, T. W. (2002) · UND Scholarly Commons (University of North Dakota) · Cited by 2 · see citing works

Flagged first, then by citations

4 of the 149 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

Sorted by citations

Structure of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children – Fourth Edition in a Group of Children with ADHD
Gomez, R., Vance, A., & Watson, S. D. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00737 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Understanding Disability: High-Quality Evidence in Research on Special Education Disproportionality
Ahram, R., Voulgarides, C. K., & Cruz, R. A. (2021) · Review of Research in Education · doi:10.3102/0091732x20985069 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Structural Validity of the WISC-IV for Students With Learning Disabilities
Styck, K. M., & Watkins, M. W. (2016) · Journal of Learning Disabilities · doi:10.1177/0022219414539565 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Self-citation
A meta-analysis of the correlations among broad intelligences: Understanding their relations
Bryan, V. M., & Mayer, J. D. (2020) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2020.101469 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Construct validity of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children – Fourth UK Edition with a referred Irish sample: Wechsler and Cattell–Horn–Carroll model comparisons with 15 subtests
Canivez, G. L., Watkins, M. W., Good, R., James, K., & James, T. (2017) · British Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjep.12155 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Self-citation
Structural Validity of the WISC-IV for Students With ADHD
Styck, K. M., & Watkins, M. W. (2017) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054714553052 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Self-citation
Spearman's hypothesis and Amerindians: A meta-analysis
Nijenhuis, J., van den Hoek, M., & Armstrong, E. L. (2015) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2015.02.006 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Measurement Invariance Across Gender on the Second-Order Five-Factor Model of the German Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children–Fifth Edition
Pauls, F., Daseking, M., & Petermann, F. (2019) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191119847762 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Is Dis-Ability a Foregone Conclusion? Research and Policy Solutions to Disproportionality
Cruz, R. A., Voulgarides, C. K., Firestone, A. R., McDermott, L., & Feng, Z. (2023) · Review of Educational Research · doi:10.3102/00346543231212935 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
On the measurement of cognitive abilities in English learners
Ortiz, S. O. (2019) · Contemporary School Psychology · doi:10.1007/s40688-018-0208-8 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Bifactor model of WISC-IV: Applicability and measurement invariance in low and normal IQ groups.
Gomez, R., Vance, A. L. A., & Watson, S. (2016) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/pas0000369 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Structural validity of the Spanish Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children–Fourth Edition in a large sample of Spanish children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder
Fenollar-Cortés, J., López-Pinar, C., & Watkins, M. W. (2018) · International Journal of School & Educational Psychology · doi:10.1080/21683603.2018.1474820 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Self-citation
A Systematic Review of Indigenous Representation in School Psychology Research
Golson, M. E., Benallie, K. J., Roanhorse, T. T., Haverkamp, C. R., Ficklin, E., McClain, M. B., & Aguilar, L. N. (2022) · Canadian Journal of School Psychology · doi:10.1177/08295735221143820 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Construct validity of the WISC–IV Italian edition: A bifactor examination of the standardization sample: Chi niente sa, di niente dubita
Kush, J. C., & Canivez, G. L. (2019) · International Journal of School & Educational Psychology · doi:10.1080/21683603.2019.1638854 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
The higher order structure of the WISC–IV Italian adaptation using hierarchical exploratory factor analytic procedures
Kush, J. C., & Canivez, G. L. (2018) · International Journal of School & Educational Psychology · doi:10.1080/21683603.2018.1485601 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Neurodevelopmental Profiles of 4-Year-Olds in the Navajo Birth Cohort Study
Rennie, B. J., Bishop, S. L., LEVENTHAL, B. L., Zheng, S., Geib, E. F., Kim, Y. S., Burnette, C. P., Salzman, E., Nozadi, S. S., Kim, H., et al. (2023) · JAACAP Open · doi:10.1016/j.jaacop.2023.06.003 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Exploratory Factor Analysis of the Kaufman Test of Educational Achievement, 3rd Edition
Parkin, J. R., & Frisby, C. L. (2018) · Contemporary School Psychology · doi:10.1007/s40688-018-0181-2 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Examining the factor structure of the WISC-IV in clinical and normal samples: a multiple-group confirmatory factor analysis
Çelik, C. (2020) · Dusunen Adam The Journal of Psychiatry and Neurological Sciences · doi:10.14744/dajpns.2020.00094 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Testing for Factorial Invariance of the WISC-IV:
Ogata, K. (2017) · The Japanese Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.5926/jjep.65.466 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
WISC-IV Factor Structures of Japanese Children with Borderline, or Deficient Intellectual Abilities: Testing Measurement Invariance Compared to Simulated Norm
Ogata, K. (2019) · Psychology · doi:10.4236/psych.2019.106050 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Introduction to the Special Issue–School psychology and Indigenous Peoples: Critical Perspectives and Indigenous-led Approaches
Schroeder, M., Lacerda-Vandenborn, E., Nelson, M., & Wendt, D. C. (2023) · Canadian Journal of School Psychology · doi:10.1177/08295735231156984 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
How Colonialism Contributed to the Racialized History of Indigenous People by Unethical Diagnostic Implementations of Categories and Classifications – Overlooking Exceptionalities
Ward, J. T. (2024) · Roeper Review · doi:10.1080/02783193.2024.2309132 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Validez Estructural de la Escala Wechsler de Inteligencia para Niños-IV en Estudiantes Indígenas de México
Nistal, M. T. F., Bertrán, A. M. T., & Argüelles, G. D. L. P. R. (2019) · Revista Iberoamericana de Diagnóstico y Evaluación - e Avaliação Psicológica · doi:10.21865/ridep52.3.10 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
The Role of Intelligence Tests in the Assessment of Intellectual Disabilities
McGowan, M. R., & Hennessey, J. M. (2019) · Autism and child psychopathology series · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-20843-1_21
Exploratory Factor Analysis of the Canadian Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Fifth Edition for a Sample of First Nations Students
Hanson, J. L. (2019) · The Keep (Eastern Illinois University)
CONFIRMATORY FACTOR ANALYSIS OF THE WISC-IV WITH A TRINIDAD REFERRED SAMPLE
Rambarose, C. (2020) · doi:10.23860/rambarose-cherisse-2020
REFERENCES
(2025) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781394184507.refs

Structural Validity of the WISC-III for a National Sample of Native American Students
Kush, J. C., & Watkins, M. W. (2007) · Canadian Journal of School Psychology · doi:10.1177/0829573507303056 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Self-citation
Structure of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children—Fourth Edition among a national sample of referred students.
Watkins, M. W. (2010) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/a0020043 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Self-citation
Factor structure of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children—Fourth Edition among referred students.
Watkins, M. W., Wilson, S. M., Kotz, K. M., Carbone, M. C., & Babula, T. (2006) · Educational and Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/0013164406288168 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Self-citation
Structural Validity Evidence of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children- Fifth Edition with African-American Students who have been Referred for Evaluation
Taylor, R. Y. (2022) · Digital Archive @ GSU · doi:10.57709/15089299
Structural Validity By The Method Of Exploratory Factor Analysis Of Wechsler Intelligence Scale For Children Fourth Edition
al-hadidi, A. A.-H., & maznouk, D. M. S. (2022) · Research Journal of Idlib University · doi:10.66247/hm76x924

Authors: Nakano, S., & Watkins, M. W.
Affiliations: Arizona State University (US)
Baylor University (US)
Corresponding author: Watkins, Marley W.
ORCID: Watkins, Marley W.
Venue: Psychology in the Schools
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 2013-10-15
Volume: 50
Issue: 10
Pages: 957-968
ISSN: 0033-3085 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1002/pits.21724
OpenAlex: W2134906878
Cited by: 27
References: 149
Citations by year: 2025: 1 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 1 · 2014: 2
FWCI: 2.28
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: doi.wiley.com/10.1002/tdm_license_1.1 (tdm, 686 d)
Locations: Psychology in the Schools (publishedVersion)
Arizona State University Library Digital Repository (Arizona State University) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Psychological Testing and Assessment
Keywords: WISC-IV, factor structure, structural validity, Native American children, psychoeducational evaluation, special education

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

FACTOR STRUCTURE OF THE WECHSLER INTELLIGENCE SCALES FOR CHILDREN-FOURTH EDITION AMONG REFERRED NATIVE AMERICAN STUDENTS: Factor Structure of WISC-IV Among Native Americans

Abstract

Integrity signals

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Cites

Cited by

Related

Record

About these checks