Image Encoding Using Multi‐Level DNA Barcodes with Nanopore Readout
Open accessAbstract
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) nanostructure‐based data encoding is an emerging information storage mode, offering rewritable, editable, and secure data storage. Herein, a DNA nanostructure‐based storage method established on a solid‐state nanopore sensing platform to save and encrypt a 2D grayscale image is proposed. DNA multi‐way junctions of different sizes are attached to a double strand of DNA carriers, resulting in distinct levels of current blockades when passing through a glass nanopore with diameters around 14 nm. The resulting quaternary encoding doubles the capacity relative to a classical binary system. Through toehold‐mediated strand displacement reactions, the DNA nanostructures can be precisely added to and removed from the DNA carrier. By encoding the image into 16 DNA carriers using the quaternary barcodes and reading them in one simultaneous measurement, the image is successfully saved, encrypted, and recovered. Avoiding any proteins or enzymatic reactions, the authors thus realize a pure DNA storage system on a nanopore platform with increased capacity and programmability.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In nanopore reads of labeled DNA, each label is read in [10-1; 101] ms.
“Conversely, in regards to nanopore reads of labeled DNA, each label is read in [10–1; 101] ms.”
From Emerging Approaches to DNA Data Storage: Challenges and Prospects (2022) · cites this paper as [102]
Solid-state nanopores combined with DNA nanotechnology have been used to save and encrypt a grayscale image.
“Solid-state nanopores combined with DNA nanotechnology have since been used to save and encrypt a grayscale image.102”
From Emerging Approaches to DNA Data Storage: Challenges and Prospects (2022) · cites this paper as [102]
Multilevel storage architectures have been achieved using different DNA junction sizes to create a quaternary encoding system.
“Multilevel storage architectures have been achieved using different DNA junction sizes to create a quaternary encoding system (Figure 10B).102”
From Emerging Approaches to DNA Data Storage: Challenges and Prospects (2022) · cites this paper as [102]
Cites
Dekker, C. (2007) · Nature Nanotechnology · doi:10.1038/nnano.2007.27 · Cited by 1,940 · see citing works
Seeman, N. C., & Sleiman, H. F. (2017) · Nature Reviews Materials · doi:10.1038/natrevmats.2017.68 · Cited by 1,875 · see citing works
Control of DNA Strand Displacement Kinetics Using Toehold Exchange
Zhang, D. Y., & Winfree, E. (2009) · Journal of the American Chemical Society · doi:10.1021/ja906987s · Cited by 1,447 · see citing works
Principles and Applications of Nucleic Acid Strand Displacement Reactions
Simmel, F. C., Yurke, B., & Singh, H. R. (2019) · Chemical Reviews · doi:10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00580 · Cited by 792 · see citing works
Random access in large-scale DNA data storage
Organick, L., Ang, S. D., Chen, Y.-J., Lopez, R., Yekhanin, S., Makarychev, K., Racz, M. Z., Kamath, G., Gopalan, P., Nguyen, B., et al. (2018) · Nature Biotechnology · doi:10.1038/nbt.4079 · Cited by 775 · see citing works
Nanopores: A journey towards DNA sequencing
Wanunu, M. (2012) · Physics of Life Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.plrev.2012.05.010 · Cited by 637 · see citing works
Molecular Digital Data Storage Using DNA
Ceze, L., Nivala, J., & Strauss, K. (2019) · Nature Reviews Genetics · doi:10.1038/s41576-019-0125-3 · Cited by 551 · see citing works
Portable and Error-Free DNA-Based Data Storage
Yazdi, S. M. H. T., Gabrys, R., & Milenkovic, O. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-017-05188-1 · Cited by 361 · see citing works
Digitally encoded DNA nanostructures for multiplexed, single-molecule protein sensing with nanopores
Bell, N. A. W., & Keyser, U. F. (2016) · Nature Nanotechnology · doi:10.1038/nnano.2016.50 · Cited by 345 · see citing works
Self-citationZhirnov, V., Zadegan, R. M., Sandhu, G. S., Church, G. M., & Hughes, W. L. (2016) · Nature Materials · doi:10.1038/nmat4594 · Cited by 307 · see citing works
Programmable and Multifunctional DNA‐Based Materials for Biomedical Applications
Zhang, Y., Tu, J., Wang, D., Zhu, H., Maity, S. K., Qu, X., Bogaert, B., Pei, H., & Zhang, H. (2018) · Advanced Materials · doi:10.1002/adma.201703658 · Cited by 251 · see citing works
Programmable energy landscapes for kinetic control of DNA strand displacement
Machinek, R. R. F., Ouldridge, T. E., Haley, N., Bath, J., & Turberfield, A. J. (2014) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms6324 · Cited by 232 · see citing works
DNA storage: research landscape and future prospects
Dong, Y., Sun, F., Ping, Z., Ouyang, Q., & Qian, L. (2020) · National Science Review · doi:10.1093/nsr/nwaa007 · Cited by 224 · see citing works
A DNA-of-things storage architecture to create materials with embedded memory.
Koch, J., Gantenbein, S., Masania, K., Stark, W. J., Erlich, Y., & Grass, R. N. (2020) · Nature Biotechnology · doi:10.1038/s41587-019-0356-z · Cited by 183 · see citing works
Digital Data Storage Using DNA Nanostructures and Solid-State Nanopores
Chen, K., Kong, J., Zhu, J., Ermann, N., Predki, P., & Keyser, U. F. (2019) · Nano Letters · doi:10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b04715 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
Self-citationAssembly and Characterization of 8-Arm and 12-Arm DNA Branched Junctions
Wang, X., & Seeman, N. C. (2007) · Journal of the American Chemical Society · doi:10.1021/ja0693441 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Nanopore-Based DNA Hard Drives for Rewritable and Secure Data Storage
Chen, K., Zhu, J., Bošković, F., & Keyser, U. F. (2020) · Nano Letters · doi:10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c00755 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Self-citationZhu, Z., Duan, X., Li, Q., Wu, R., Wang, Y., & Li, B. (2020) · Journal of the American Chemical Society · doi:10.1021/jacs.0c00029 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
QuipuNet: Convolutional Neural Network for Single-Molecule Nanopore Sensing
Misiunas, K., Ermann, N., & Keyser, U. F. (2018) · Nano Letters · doi:10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b01709 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Self-citationAddressable configurations of DNA nanostructures for rewritable memory
Chandrasekaran, A. R., Levchenko, O., Patel, D. S., MacIsaac, M., & Halvorsen, K. (2017) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkx777 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Rewritable Memory by Controllable Nanopatterning of DNA
Shin, J.-S., & Pierce, N. A. (2004) · Nano Letters · doi:10.1021/nl049658r · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Rapid and robust assembly and decoding of molecular tags with DNA-based nanopore signatures
Doroschak, K. J., Zhang, K. H., Queen, M., Mandyam, A., Strauß, K., Ceze, L., & Nivala, J. (2020) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-020-19151-8 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Wafer‐Scale Fabrication of Nanopore Devices for Single‐Molecule DNA Biosensing using MoS2
Thakur, M., Macha, M., Chernev, A. L., Graf, M., Lihter, M., Deen, J., Tripathi, M., Kis, A., & Rađenović, A. (2020) · Small Methods · doi:10.1002/smtd.202000072 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Binary DNA Nanostructures for Data Encryption
Halvorsen, K., & Wong, W. P. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0044212 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Single molecule based SNP detection using designed DNA carriers and solid-state nanopores.
Kong, J.-L., Zhu, J., & Keyser, U. (2017) · Chemical Communications · doi:10.1039/c6cc08621g · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Self-citationDNA nanostructures in vitro, in vivo and on membranes
Bae, W., Kocabey, S., & Liedl, T. (2019) · Nano Today · doi:10.1016/j.nantod.2019.03.001 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Fast capture and multiplexed detection of short multi-arm DNA stars in solid-state nanopores
He, L., Karau, P., & Tabard‐Cossa, V. (2019) · Nanoscale · doi:10.1039/c9nr04566j · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
2 of the 29 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Emerging Approaches to DNA Data Storage: Challenges and Prospects
Doricchi, A., Platnich, C. M., Gimpel, A., Horn, F., Earle, M., Lanzavecchia, G., Cortajarena, A. L., Liz-Marzán, L. M., Liu, N., Heckel, R., et al. (2022) · ACS Nano · doi:10.1021/acsnano.2c06748 · Cited by 235 · see citing works
Self-citationDNA as a universal chemical substrate for computing and data storage
Yang, S., Bögels, B. W. A., Wang, F., Xu, C., Dou, H., Mann, S., Fan, C., & de Greef, T. F. A. (2024) · Nature Reviews Chemistry · doi:10.1038/s41570-024-00576-4 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
“The versatility of nanopores is also demonstrated by the ability of this technique to read structurally encoded information 28,181,182 , as changes in the excluded volume alter the voltage measured across the nanopores (Fig.”
Wang, S., Mao, X., Wang, F., Zuo, X., & Fan, C. (2023) · Advanced Materials · doi:10.1002/adma.202307499 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Simultaneous identification of viruses and viral variants with programmable DNA nanobait
Bošković, F., Zhu, J., Tivony, R., Ohmann, A., Chen, K., Alawami, M. F., Dordevic, D. M., Ermann, N., Pereira-Dias, J., Fairhead, M., et al. (2023) · Nature Nanotechnology · doi:10.1038/s41565-022-01287-x · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Self-citationAdaptive coding for DNA storage with high storage density and low coverage
Cao, B., Zhang, X., Cui, S., & Zhang, Q. (2022) · npj Systems Biology and Applications · doi:10.1038/s41540-022-00233-w · Cited by 49 · see citing works
“2021, Zhu et al. 27 used quaternary barcodes to encode images into 16 DNA fragments, and eventually, images were successfully preserved, encrypted, and recovered while avoiding any protein or enzyme reactions.”
BackgroundOptical Nanopore Sensors for Quantitative Analysis
Fried, J. P., Wu, Y., Tilley, R. D., & Gooding, J. J. (2022) · Nano Letters · doi:10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c03976 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Zhu, J., Tivony, R., Bošković, F., Pereira-Dias, J., Sandler, S. E., Baker, S. G., & Keyser, U. F. (2023) · Journal of the American Chemical Society · doi:10.1021/jacs.3c01649 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Self-citationSandler, S. E., Weckman, N. E., Yorke, S. K., Das, A., Chen, K., Gutierrez, R., & Keyser, U. F. (2023) · Nature Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1038/s41551-023-01078-2 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Self-citationZhang, J., Zhou, S., Tan, S., Yi, K., Jin, M., Shi, Q., Wu, F., & Liu, N. (2022) · Analytical Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.analchem.1c05571 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Zhang, X., Luo, D., Zheng, Y., Li, X., Song, J., Zhao, W., Chen, H., & Xu, J. (2022) · ACS Nano · doi:10.1021/acsnano.2c06303 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Biological nanopores for sensing applications
Zhang, M., Chen, C., Zhang, Y., & Geng, J. (2022) · Proteins Structure Function and Bioinformatics · doi:10.1002/prot.26308 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“multi-level DNA barcodes, reading single-bit information stored in tailored macromolecular analytes, etc.(147,156,157) (Figure 7A).”
BackgroundZhu, J., Bošković, F., & Keyser, U. F. (2022) · Nano Letters · doi:10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c01764 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Self-citationPreservation and Encryption in DNA Digital Data Storage
Zhang, Y., Ren, Y., Liu, Y., Wang, F., Zhang, H., & Liu, K. (2022) · ChemPlusChem · doi:10.1002/cplu.202200183 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Efficient data reconstruction: The bottleneck of large-scale application of DNA storage
Cao, B., Zheng, Y., Shao, Q., Liu, Z., Xie, L., Zhao, Y., Wang, B., Zhang, Q., & Wei, X. (2024) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2024.113699 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Plaintext-Related Dynamic Key Chaotic Image Encryption Algorithm
Wu, Z., Pan, P., Sun, C., & Zhao, B. (2021) · Entropy · doi:10.3390/e23091159 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“…rich dynamic properties; however, the self-feedback Hopfield network used to generate chaotic phenomena is complex in its structure, computationally intensive with fixed parameters, DNA encryption [9–12], DNA computation with huge parallelism, and has huge storage and ultra-low power consumption.”
BackgroundFMG: An observable DNA storage coding method based on frequency matrix game graphs
Cao, B., Shi, P., Zheng, Y., & Zhang, Q. (2022) · Computers in Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.compbiomed.2022.106269 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
DNA Carrier-Assisted Molecular Ping-Pong in an Asymmetric Nanopore
Zheng, F., Alawami, M. F., Zhu, J., Platnich, C. M., Sha, J., Keyser, U. F., & Chen, K. (2023) · Nano Letters · doi:10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c03605 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Self-citationWang, Y., Zhu, Z., Yu, C., Wu, R., Zhu, J., & Li, B. (2022) · Small · doi:10.1002/smll.202206283 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Self-citationZhang, X., Song, J., Li, Z., Zheng, Y., Zhao, W., Chen, H., & Xu, J. (2023) · Nano Letters · doi:10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c02423 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Cao, B., Wang, K., Xie, L., Zhang, J., Zhao, Y., Wang, B., & Zheng, P. (2024) · Briefings in Bioinformatics · doi:10.1093/bib/bbae463 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“[11] successfully encoded images into 16 DNA carriers using quaternary barcodes, achieving image preservation, encryption, and recovery without any protein or enzyme reactions.”
BackgroundDNA Volume, Topology, and Flexibility Dictate Nanopore Current Signals
Li, Y., Sandler, S. E., Keyser, U. F., & Zhu, J. (2023) · Nano Letters · doi:10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c01823 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Self-citationDNA storage: The future direction for medical cold data storage
Shen, P., Zheng, Y., Zhang, C., Li, S., Chen, Y., Chen, Y., Liu, Y., & Cai, Z. (2025) · Synthetic and Systems Biotechnology · doi:10.1016/j.synbio.2025.03.006 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“…can also serve as data storage devices, such as forming unique DNA nanostructure patterns on wafers [131] and gold surfaces [132], condensing DNA strands on the surface of carbon nanotubes [133], and attaching DNA multi-way junctions of different sizes to a double strand of DNA carriers [134].”
Roelen, Z., Briggs, K., & Tabard‐Cossa, V. (2023) · ACS Sensors · doi:10.1021/acssensors.3c00751 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Nanopore Deciphering Single Digital Polymers Towards High‐Density Data Storage
Hu, Z., Liu, Y., Xin, K., Yu, R., Zhang, L., & Ying, Y. (2023) · Chemistry - A European Journal · doi:10.1002/chem.202203919 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Lanzavecchia, G., Kuttruff, J., Doricchi, A., Douaki, A., Krishnadas, K. R., Garcı́a, I., Lin, L., Rodríguez, A. V., Wågberg, T., Krahne, R., et al. (2023) · Advanced Optical Materials · doi:10.1002/adom.202300786 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Wu, R., Wang, Y., Yu, J. Z., Li, H., Yu, C., Wang, H., Wang, M., & Li, B. (2023) · Angewandte Chemie International Edition · doi:10.1002/anie.202304891 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Rand, A. C., Zimny, P., Nagel, R., Telang, C., Mollison, J., Bruns, A. S., Leff, E. R., Reisner, W., & Dunbar, W. B. (2022) · ACS Nano · doi:10.1021/acsnano.1c09575 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
He, L., Charron, M., Mensing, P., Briggs, K., Adams, J., de Haan, H. W., & Tabard‐Cossa, V. (2023) · Nanoscale · doi:10.1039/d3nr01873c · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Data Readout Techniques for DNA‐Based Information Storage
Liu, B., Wang, F., Fan, C., & Li, Q. (2025) · Advanced Materials · doi:10.1002/adma.202412926 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Solid‐State Glass Nanopipettes: Functionalization and Applications
Wang, H., Tang, H., Qiu, X., & Li, Y. (2024) · Chemistry - A European Journal · doi:10.1002/chem.202400281 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Recent Advances of Nucleic Acids-Based Nanopipette: From Fundamental to Applications
Su, X., Yusuf, M. L., Guo, X., Liu, J., Fan, S., Li, S., Li, H., & Xia, F. (2025) · Analytical Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.analchem.4c03512 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Research progress and application of solid-state nanopore fabrication based on wet etching
Cheng, L., Chen, Y., Xie, B., Wu, H., Cai, C., Wu, W., Guo, Y., Hou, M., Ma, L., Liu, H., et al. (2025) · Fundamental Research · doi:10.1016/j.fmre.2025.03.009 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“In addition, wet etching can fabricate solid-state nanopores on different substrate materials (e.g., silicon, silicon nitride, silicon oxide, metal, etc.) due to its high versatility and good control [ 47–50 ].”
Biotechnological tools boost the functional diversity of DNA-based data storage systems
Xu, X., Wang, W., & Ping, Z. (2025) · Computational and Structural Biotechnology Journal · doi:10.1016/j.csbj.2025.02.002 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“DNA nanostructures also support advanced data encoding methods, such as quaternary encoding using solid-state nanopore platforms, where different-sized DNA multiplex structures increase the storage capacity [57].”
Folding Dynamics of Linear ssDNA–dsDNA Heterostructures through Solid-State Nanopores
Mensing, P., Charron, M., Bouhamidi, M. Y., & Tabard‐Cossa, V. (2025) · Macromolecules · doi:10.1021/acs.macromol.5c00119 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
High-speed 3D DNA PAINT and unsupervised clustering for unlocking 3D DNA origami cryptography
Wisna, G. B. M., Sukhareva, D., Zhao, J., Chopade, P., Satyabola, D., Matthies, M., Roy, S., Wang, C., Šulc, P., Yan, H., et al. (2025) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-025-66338-y · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“Chenetal. and Zhu et al. have shown that multilevel encoding with different barcodes with DNA nanostructure multi-way junctions and dumbell shapes can improve the data readout using nanopore 41,42 .”
DNA computing: DNA circuits and data storage
Xu, H., Yu, Y., Li, P.-X., Liu, S., Yan, X., Zhou, Z., & Tian, Y. (2025) · Nanoscale Horizons · doi:10.1039/d5nh00459d · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Voorspoels, A., Gevers, J., Santermans, S., Akkan, N., Martens, K. M., Willems, K., Dorpe, P. V., & Verhulst, A. S. (2024) · The Journal of Physical Chemistry A · doi:10.1021/acs.jpca.4c01772 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Synthesis of length-tunable DNA carriers for nanopore sensing
Roelen, Z., & Tabard‐Cossa, V. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0290559 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“have previously been demonstrated to generate recognizable translocation signals on a nanopore [16,26,27].”
Mougkogiannis, P., & Adamatzky, A. (2025) · Next Materials · doi:10.1016/j.nxmate.2025.101281 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Supramolecular Interactions Modulate RNA:DNA Folding Observed via Nanopore Sensing
Schmidt, T. T., Earle, M. K., Patiño‐Guillén, G., Li, Y., Alexii, R., Baumberg, J. J., Keyser, U. F., & Platnich, C. M. (2025) · Angewandte Chemie International Edition · doi:10.1002/anie.202508917 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Self-citationParallel DNA circuits by autocatalytic strand displacement and nanopore readout
Zhu, J., Kong, J., Keyser, U. F., & Wang, E. (2022) · Nanoscale · doi:10.1039/d2nr04048d · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Self-citationLi, J., Wang, Z., Zhong, L., & Jiang, X. (2025) · Analytical Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.analchem.5c00950 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Wang, J., Zhu, J., Li, Y., Gui, C., Zhu, B., Zhu, Z., & Chen, D. (2025) · Analytica Chimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.aca.2025.343660 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citationSimultaneous identification of viruses and viral variants with programmable DNA nanobaitPreprint
Bošković, F., Zhu, J., Tivony, R., Ohmann, A., Chen, K., Alawami, M. F., Dordevic, D. M., Ermann, N., Dias, J. P., Fairhead, M., et al. (2021) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2021.11.05.21265890 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citationBouhamidi, M. Y., Roelen, Z., & Tabard‐Cossa, V. (2025) · RSC Applied Interfaces · doi:10.1039/d5lf00147a · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Tian, K., Zhang, S., Chen, S., Chingarande, G. R., Hou, C., Ma, E., Ren, J., Ding, S., Stertzer, M., Luan, B., et al. (2025) · PNAS Nexus · doi:10.1093/pnasnexus/pgaf233 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“This density is comparable to that of published oligonucleotide-mediated DNA data storage methods (47, 49) around tens of bases per bit, but significantly higher than that of earlier M13 DNA nanostructure-based encoding methods, which store 8 bits (7, 73) or 64 bits (45).”
DNA Nanoarray for Multiplexed RNA Detection With Single‐Molecule Readout
Li, Y., Wang, Y., Yu, C., Hou, S., Mylona, E., Naydenova, P., Zhao, J. Z., Yuan, H., Duan, J., Runge, H. F. P., et al. (2026) · Advanced Science · doi:10.1002/advs.75319 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citationWu, R., Wang, Y., Yu, J., Li, H., Yu, C., Wang, H., Wang, M., & Li, B. (2023) · Angewandte Chemie · doi:10.1002/ange.202304891 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Brownian motion data augmentation: a method to push neural network performance on nanopore sensors
Kipen, J., & Jaldén, J. (2025) · Bioinformatics · doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/btaf323 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“Applications include structural data storage on DNA [12, 13, 14, 15], single-molecule detection [16, 17, 18], and binding site identification [19, 20].”
BackgroundDNA Helix Bundle‐Encoded Multi‐Bit Information Readout by Sapphire‐Supported Nanopores
Xia, P., Satyabola, D., Bamrah, N. K., Laskar, M. A. R., Mamun, A. A., Zhou, X., Wisna, G. B. M., Zhang, Y., Ikbal, A., Kemeklis, A., et al. (2025) · Advanced Functional Materials · doi:10.1002/adfm.202523998 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Label Type Influence on DNA Translocation Velocity in Solid-State Nanopores
Brauburger, S., Schmidt, T. T., Bošković, F., & Keyser, U. F. (2026) · ACS Nano · doi:10.1021/acsnano.6c05303 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“We follow the approach of Chen et al. (2021) 34 for measuring the ensemble average peak-to-peak times τ i .”
Self-citationAddressable DNA Information Processing System with a Fluorescent Readout for Rewritable Memory
Xi, Z., Yang, M., Hu, Y., & Wu, T. (2023) · Chinese Journal of Chemistry · doi:10.1002/cjoc.202300272 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Solid-State Nanopore Sensing Enhanced by Designed DNA Nanostructures
Chen, K., & Keyser, U. F. (2023) · Nanostructure science and technology · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-42336-9_4 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationNanopore sensitization based on a double loop hybridization chain reaction and G-quadruplex
Li, Y., Yu, C., Wang, Y., Yu, J. Z., Wang, H., & Li, B. (2024) · Chemical Communications · doi:10.1039/d4cc00125g · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Parallel DNA Synthesis to Produce Multi-Usage Two-Dimensional Barcodes
Parlar, E., & Lietard, J. (2024) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app142411663 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Bošković, F., Sandler, S. E., Brauburger, S., Shui, Y., Kumar, B., Dias, J. P., Naydenova, P., Zhu, J., Baker, S. G., & Keyser, U. F. (2024) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2024.08.15.608086
Self-citationPrimer‐Disk‐Enabled DNA Data Storage System with Index and Record‐Many‐Read‐Many Features
Ma, J., Yu, Y., Pei, B., Mi, S., Xiong, Z., & Ouyang, L. (2025) · Advanced Science · doi:10.1002/advs.202502367
Supramolecular Interactions Modulate RNA:DNA Folding Observed via Nanopore Sensing
Schmidt, T. T., Earle, M. K., Patiño‐Guillén, G., Li, Y., Alexii, R., Baumberg, J. J., Keyser, U. F., & Platnich, C. M. (2025) · Angewandte Chemie · doi:10.1002/ange.202508917
Self-citationStructure-based DNA memory with Boolean random access
Zhou, Y., Gao, L., Chu, J., Li, Y., Liu, Q., Xu, C., Liu, Y., Liu, H., & Zhang, Y. (2025) · Nanoscale Horizons · doi:10.1039/d5nh00502g
Polymerase-driven etching on DNA single-stranded tile plates
Chen, K., Xie, C., Chen, Z., Huang, R., Wu, T., & Pan, L. (2026) · Materials Today Nano · doi:10.1016/j.mtnano.2026.100852
Self-citationEncoded DNA Nanoswitch Array for Multiplexed MicroRNA Profiling via Nanopore Readout
Guan, Z., Sun, J., Zhao, J., Wang, L., Yuan, H., & Zhu, J. (2026) · Analytical Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.analchem.6c03392
Self-citationDynamic Operations in Macromolecular Data Storage
Ossowski, J., Affenberger, O., Lutz, J., & Nerantzaki, M. (2026) · Angewandte Chemie International Edition · doi:10.1002/anie.5128253
“DNA junctions [58], DNA nanoswitches [59], fluorescent signals [60–62], or biotin-avidin complexes [63, 64].”
Dynamic Operations in Macromolecular Data Storage
Ossowski, J., Affenberger, O., Lutz, J., & Nerantzaki, M. (2026) · Angewandte Chemie · doi:10.1002/ange.5128253
The Power of Pristine Interfaces: Unmodified Glass Nanopores for Nucleic Acid Analysis
Guan, Z., Feng, D., & Zhu, J. (2026) · Small Methods · doi:10.1002/smtd.71020
“In the context of information storage, Zhu et al. [ 73 ] leveraged a preset structure-based readout strategy, employing three distinct DNA multi-way junctions (4WJ, 6WJ, and 12WJ) to engineer a sophisticated encoding system (Figure 3D ).”
Self-citationNontraditional molecular-bit DNA storage
Liu, X., Wu, R., Liang, Y., Gong, Y., Zhang, Y., & Zhang, C. (2026) · Chinese Science Bulletin (Chinese Version) · doi:10.1360/csb-2026-0924
Liu, J., Duan, Z., Gong, X., Xia, F., & Huang, F. (2026) · Analytical Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.analchem.6c06115
- Authors
- Zhu, J., Ermann, N., Chen, K., & Keyser, U. F.
- Affiliations
- University of Cambridge (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Keyser, Ulrich F.
- Venue
- Small
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2021-06-16
- Volume
- 17
- Issue
- 28
- Pages
- e2100711-e2100711
- ISSN
- 1613-6810 (ISSN-L)
- 1613-6829
- OpenAlex
- W3171981140
- Cited by
- 66
- References
- 29
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 2
- FWCI
- 2.98
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Small (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Apollo (University of Cambridge) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Apollo
- Apollo (cc-by)
- Funders
- European Research Council (647144)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › DNA and Biological Computing
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Nanopore and Nanochannel Transport Studies
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Advanced biosensing and bioanalysis techniques
- Keywords
- DNA data storage, DNA nanostructures, nanopore sensing, image compression, toehold-mediated strand displacement, DNA-based encryption, glass nanopores, DNA carriers
- MeSH terms
- DNA, Glass, Nanopores, DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
