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A Model For the Lowering of Plant Ethylene Concentrations by Plant Growth-promoting Bacteria
Abstract
It was previously shown that a number of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria contain an enzyme, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate deaminase, that catalyses the cleavage of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate, the immediate precursor of ethylene in plants. Moreover, experimental evidence indicated that the activity of this enzyme was the key factor in the ability of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria to stimulate the elongation of plant roots. In the model presented in this manuscript we address the question of how the bacterial enzyme 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate deaminase, with a low affinity for 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate, can effectively compete with the plant enzyme 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate oxidase, which has a high affinity for the same substrate, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate, with the result that the plant's endogenous ethylene concentration is reduced. It is argued that the simplest explanation for the observed biological activity of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria relates to the relative amounts of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate deaminase and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate oxidase in the system under consideration. For plant growth promoting rhizobacteria to be able to lower plant ethylene levels, the 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate deaminase level should be at least 100- to 1000-fold greater then the 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate oxidase level. This is likely to be the case, provided that the expression of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate oxidase has not been induced.Copyright 1998 Academic Press Limited Copyright 1998 Academic Press Limited
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“ACC-deaminase activity lowers the levels of stress ethylene improving plant growth in stress conditions (Glick et al., 1998;Contesto et al., 2008;Tsuchisaka et al., 2009;Bulgarelli et al., 2013).”
From Intensify production, transform biomass to energy and novel goods and protect soils in Europe—A vision how to mobilize marginal lands (2018) · cites this paper as Glick et al., 1998
In the citing paper
“Microbial production of auxins (indole-3-acetic acid (IAA)) stimulates plant cell proliferation and elongation, resulting in higher total root surface and more efficient water and nutrient uptake (Glick et al., 1998;Patten and Glick, 2002;Spaepen et al., 2008).”
From Intensify production, transform biomass to energy and novel goods and protect soils in Europe—A vision how to mobilize marginal lands (2018) · cites this paper as Glick et al., 1998
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“According to Glick et al. (1998), the use of PGPR (for example, Pseudomonas) as inoculant of wheat seeds in saline soils improved the plant height, root length, the grain yield, chlorophyll content and the ratio K + /Na + .”
MethodThe role of endophytic bacteria in enhancing plant growth and health for sustainable agriculture
Ercole, T. G., Bonotto, D. R., Hungría, M., Kava, V. M., & Galli-Terasawa, L. V. (2025) · Antonie van Leeuwenhoek · doi:10.1007/s10482-025-02100-0 · Cited by 38
“By decreasing 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate levels in plants, ACC deaminase-producing organisms decrease plant ethylene levels (Glick et al. 1998, 2007), which when present in high concentrations can lead to plant-growth inhibition or even death (Glick 2014).”
Isolation of Rhizobacteria from Jatropha curcas and characterization of produced ACC deaminase
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“Bacterial hydrolysis of ACC leads to a decrease in plant ethylene level, which, in turn, results in overall plant growth enhancement (Glick et al., 1998; Belimov et al., 2009).”
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“bacterial ACC deaminase in NH3 and α-ketobutyrate, decreasing ethylene levels in plants (Glick et al., 1998; Glick, 2012).”
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“Directly, PGPR may provide plants with compounds synthesized by bacteria, such as ¢xed nitrogen or phytohormones; they may facilitate the uptake of nutrients such as phosphorus and iron, or they may synthesize the enzyme 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) deaminase which lowers plant ethylene levels [5,6].”
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“In this way, the conversion of ACC to α-ketobutyrate and ammonia is favored over its oxidation to ethylene despite the fact that ACC oxidase binds ACCwith amuch higher affinity than does ACC deaminase (Glick et al., 1998).”
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“…precursor of ethylene, lowering ACC levels by rhizosphere bacteria leads to reduction in ethylene inside the plant indicating low stress levels (Glick et al. 1998; Patten and Glick 2002; Holguin and Glick 2003); hence, this mechanism may help the plant survival under biotic and abiotic…”
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“Several other researchers have reported a similar role of other bacteria in P and other mineral nutrient solubilization enhancing nutrient uptake and subsequently plant growth (Belimov et al. 1995; Noel et al. 1996; Glick et al. 1998; Biswas et al. 2000a).”
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“IAA produced by plant-associated bacteria in the rhizosphere greatly contributes to plant growth in metal polluted soils through stimulating plant root growth and the ability to take up water and nutrients while ACC deaminase can cleave the plant ethylene precursor ACC, the lower the level of ethylene in a developing…”
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Pseudomonas veronii KJ mitigates flood stress-associated damage in Sesamum indicum L.
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Saleem, M. F., Asghar, H. N., Zahir, Z. A., et al. (2019) · Revista Internacional de Contaminación Ambiental · doi:10.20937/rica.2019.35.04.18 · Cited by 30
Robas-Mora, M., Jiménez, P. A., González-Reguero, D., & Probanza, A. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18084213 · Cited by 31
“Therefore, it is not surprising that in the present study, 77% of the isolates that produce ACC came from rhizospheric soil.”
BackgroundInfluentialAmjad, S. F., Mansoora, N., Yaseen, S., et al. (2021) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su13126582 · Cited by 30
The role and mechanism of commercial macroalgae for soil conditioner and nutrient uptake catalyzer
Ma, C., Song, W., Yang, J., Ren, C., Du, H., Tang, T., Qin, S., Liu, Z., & Cui, H. (2022) · Plant Growth Regulation · doi:10.1007/s10725-022-00819-8 · Cited by 33
“1997; Leveau and Lindow, 2005), as well as preventing the synthesis of plant growth inhibiting levels of ethylene in the roots (Glick et al. 1998), which contribute to the better formation of root.”
BackgroundLi, Z., Ma, Z., Hao, X., et al. (2014) · Applied and Environmental Microbiology · doi:10.1128/aem.03381-13 · Cited by 30
“nase can promote the formation of longer roots and lower the level of ethylene to enhance plant survival in contaminated soil (50).”
BackgroundAhmed, B., Mostapha, L., Fouad, S., & Fatiha, C. (2007) · AFRICAN JOURNAL OF BIOTECHNOLOGY · doi:10.5897/ajb2007.000-2446 · Cited by 30
“They demonstrated that such an effect has been associated with an increase in the level of ethylene in the plant ( Glick et al., 1997, 1998 ).”
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“Onion seed germination and growth of onion seedlings by stimulation of growth may be due to regulators such as IAA (Glick et al., 1998).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Glick, B. R., Penrose, D. M., & Li, J.
- Affiliations
- University of Waterloo (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Glick, Bernard R.
- Venue
- Journal of Theoretical Biology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1998-01
- Volume
- 190
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 63-68
- ISSN
- 0022-5193 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1999970316
- Cited by
- 1,466
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 17 · 2025: 33 · 2024: 58 · 2023: 72 · 2022: 78 · 2021: 99 · 2020: 90 · 2019: 97 · 2018: 69 · 2017: 69 · 2016: 71 · 2015: 62 · 2014: 70 · 2013: 91 · 2012: 66
- FWCI
- 11.12
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Theoretical Biology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Plant-Microbe Interactions and Immunity
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Polyamine Metabolism and Applications
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Postharvest Quality and Shelf Life Management
- Keywords
- plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria, ethylene production, ACC deaminase, ACC oxidase, enzyme kinetics, enzyme competition, root elongation, enzyme expression
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