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A Model For the Lowering of Plant Ethylene Concentrations by Plant Growth-promoting Bacteria
Abstract
It was previously shown that a number of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria contain an enzyme, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate deaminase, that catalyses the cleavage of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate, the immediate precursor of ethylene in plants. Moreover, experimental evidence indicated that the activity of this enzyme was the key factor in the ability of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria to stimulate the elongation of plant roots. In the model presented in this manuscript we address the question of how the bacterial enzyme 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate deaminase, with a low affinity for 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate, can effectively compete with the plant enzyme 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate oxidase, which has a high affinity for the same substrate, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate, with the result that the plant's endogenous ethylene concentration is reduced. It is argued that the simplest explanation for the observed biological activity of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria relates to the relative amounts of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate deaminase and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate oxidase in the system under consideration. For plant growth promoting rhizobacteria to be able to lower plant ethylene levels, the 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate deaminase level should be at least 100- to 1000-fold greater then the 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate oxidase level. This is likely to be the case, provided that the expression of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate oxidase has not been induced.Copyright 1998 Academic Press Limited Copyright 1998 Academic Press Limited
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“ACC-deaminase activity lowers the levels of stress ethylene improving plant growth in stress conditions (Glick et al., 1998;Contesto et al., 2008;Tsuchisaka et al., 2009;Bulgarelli et al., 2013).”
From Intensify production, transform biomass to energy and novel goods and protect soils in Europe—A vision how to mobilize marginal lands (2018) · cites this paper as Glick et al., 1998
In the citing paper
“Microbial production of auxins (indole-3-acetic acid (IAA)) stimulates plant cell proliferation and elongation, resulting in higher total root surface and more efficient water and nutrient uptake (Glick et al., 1998;Patten and Glick, 2002;Spaepen et al., 2008).”
From Intensify production, transform biomass to energy and novel goods and protect soils in Europe—A vision how to mobilize marginal lands (2018) · cites this paper as Glick et al., 1998
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ACC Deaminase-Producing Bacteria: A Key Player in Alleviating Abiotic Stresses in Plants
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Higdon, S. M., Pozzo, T., Tibbett, E. J., et al. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0239081 · Cited by 29
“through action of ACC deaminase to form ammonia and -ketobutyrate, which in turn lowers 753 inhibition of plant growth by ethylene [35].”
BackgroundDjebaili, R., Pellegrini, M., Rossi, M., Forni, C., Smati, M., Gallo, M. D., & Kitouni, M. (2021) · Soil Systems · doi:10.3390/soilsystems5020026 · Cited by 29
“Different studies underlined that fertilization with PGPB possessing ACC deaminase promotes plant growth development [86,88] and provides plant protection against various environmental stresses [89].”
BackgroundThe Interaction Between Plants and Bacterial Endophytes Under Salinity Stress
Fouda, A., Hassan, S. E., Eid, A. M., & Ewais, E. A. (2019) · Reference series in phytochemistry · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-90484-9_15 · Cited by 36
Role of ACC Deaminase in Stress Control of Leguminous Plants
Nascimento, F. X., Rossi, M. J., & Glick, B. R. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-10-0707-1_11 · Cited by 29
Self-citationCharacterization of Rhizobacteria Isolated from Wild Coffea arabica L.
Muleta, D., Assefa, F., Hjort, K., et al. (2009) · Engineering in Life Sciences · doi:10.1002/elsc.200700031 · Cited by 29
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“If AcdS+ PGPR have high ACC deaminase activity, their potential for reducing ethylene levels and stimulating root proliferation will be better (Glick 2014; Han et al. 2015).”
BackgroundInfluentialEthylene: Role in Plants Under Environmental Stress
Matilla, M. A., & Matilla, A. J. (2013) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-8600-8_7 · Cited by 30
Bacteria in combination with fertilizers promote root and shoot growth of maize in saline-sodic soil
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“It is likely that bacteria with ACC-deaminase activity might have reduced the level of stress ethylene and thus caused the plants to become stress-resistant (Glick et al., 1998).”
BackgroundZhang, C., Zhang, G., Wen, Y., et al. (2019) · World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology · doi:10.1007/s11274-019-2741-7 · Cited by 27
Choden, D., Pokethitiyook, P., Poolpak, T., & Kruatrachue, M. (2020) · International Journal of Phytoremediation · doi:10.1080/15226514.2020.1803205 · Cited by 27
Endophytic Bacillus, Enterobacter , and Klebsiella enhance the growth and yield of maize
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“…the ACC (1-amino cyclopropane1-carboxylic acid) deaminase activity of these cultures/ co-cultures is higher than the other treatments and control, a conclusion that has been drawn in a previous report upon the measured ACC-deaminase activity that inhibits ethylene formation (Glick et al. 1998).”
ResultPhytoremediation Using Rhizobia
Brı́gido, C., & Glick, B. R. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-10969-5_9 · Cited by 27
Self-citationIqbal, A., & Hasnain, S. (2012) · Acta Physiologiae Plantarum · doi:10.1007/s11738-012-1106-8 · Cited by 27
Liu, J. L., Xie, B., Shi, X., B.M, J., & Guo, C. H. (2015) · International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology · doi:10.1007/s13762-015-0798-x · Cited by 27
“From the previous findings, it has been established that bacteria containing ACC deaminase would act to reduce the level of ethylene and thus confer resistance to various stresses (Glick et al. 1998).”
BackgroundKang, S., Waqas, M., Khan, A. L., & Lee, I.-J. (2013) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-9466-9_1 · Cited by 32
Thiebaut, F., Urquiaga, M. C. D. O., Rosman, A. C., da Silva, M. L., & Hemerly, A. S. (2022) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms231911301 · Cited by 28
“Many diazotrophic bacteria are able to degrade ACC through the enzyme ACC deaminase and then use the degradation products as a nitrogen source [110,111].”
BackgroundRoot Exudate Metabolites Alter Food Crops Microbiomes, Impacting Plant Biocontrol and Growth
Ali, S., & Glick, B. R. (2024) · Crops · doi:10.3390/crops4010004 · Cited by 28
“…including iron, potassium, and phosphorus; (ii) providing plants with fixed nitrogen; (iii) synthesizing the plant hormones cytokinin, gibberellin, and auxin, all of which stimulate different aspects of plant growth [7,8]; and (iv) decreasing plant ethylene using the enzyme ACC deaminase [4,9–13].”
Self-citationKadyan, S., Panghal, M., Kumar, S., et al. (2013) · World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology · doi:10.1007/s11274-013-1323-3 · Cited by 26
A strain of Bacillus subtilis stimulates sunflower growth (Helianthus annuus L.) temporarily
López-Valdez, F., Fernández-Luqueño, F., Ceballos-Ramirez, J. M., Marsch, R., Olalde‐Portugal, V., & Dendooven, L. (2011) · Scientia Horticulturae · doi:10.1016/j.scienta.2011.02.006 · Cited by 27
“Reduced ethylene production is known to affect fruit ripening, leaf senescence, flower abscission, germination, cell elongation and proliferation, nodulation and response to pathogenic attack (Kende and Zeevaart, 1997; Glick et al., 1998).”
Azadikhah, M., Jamali, F., Nooryazdan, H., et al. (2019) · Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research · doi:10.5424/sjar/2019171-13828 · Cited by 26
Naing, A. H., Jeong, H. Y., Jung, S. K., et al. (2021) · Frontiers in Plant Science · doi:10.3389/fpls.2021.737490 · Cited by 26
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Taghavi, S., Weyens, N., Vangronsveld, J., et al. (2011) · Forestry sciences · doi:10.1007/978-94-007-1599-8_13 · Cited by 26
“... nutrients such as phosphorus and other mineral nutrients, production of plant growth regulators such as auxins, cytokinins and gibberellines (Bent et al. 2001; de Salamone et al. 2001; Asghar et al. 2004), and suppression of ethylene production by 1-aminocyclopropane-1carboxylate (ACC) deaminase activity (Belimov…”
BackgroundKashyap, A. S., Pandey, V. K., Manzar, N., Kannojia, P., Singh, U. B., & Sharma, P. K. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-10-6593-4_28 · Cited by 31
Soni, R., Yadav, S. K., & Rajput, A. S. (2018) · Microorganisms for sustainability · doi:10.1007/978-981-10-7146-1_9 · Cited by 26
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Raboni, S., Spyrakis, F., Campanini, B., Amadasi, A., Bettati, S., Peracchi, A., Mozzarelli, A., & Contestabile, R. (2010) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-008045382-8.00140-4 · Cited by 26
Ethylene and Jasmonate as Regulators of Cell Death in Disease Resistance
Langebartels, C., & Kangasjärvi, J. (2004) · Ecological studies · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-08818-0_4 · Cited by 26
Biofertilization Enhances Productivity and Nutrient Uptake of Foxtail Millet Plants
Khatri, D., Durgapal, A., & Joshi, P. K. (2016) · Journal of Crop Improvement · doi:10.1080/15427528.2015.1105343 · Cited by 25
Beneficial Role of Plant Growth-Promoting Bacteria in Vegetable Production Under Abiotic Stress
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Dif, G., Belaouni, H. A., Goudjal, Y., Yekkour, A., Djemouaı, N., & Zitouni, A. (2021) · South African Journal of Botany · doi:10.1016/j.sajb.2020.12.014 · Cited by 26
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Nascimento, F. X., Glick, B. R., & Rossi, M. J. (2021) · Environmental Microbiology Reports · doi:10.1111/1758-2229.12987 · Cited by 25
Self-citationPotential of Rhizobia as Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria
Vargas, L. K., Lisboa, B. B., Giongo, A., Beneduzi, A., & Passaglia, L. M. P. (2010) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-211-99753-6_7 · Cited by 25
“According to Glick et al. (1998) , the bacterial enzyme acts in rhizosphere and degrades ACC exuded by plant roots to ammonia and a-ketobutyrate, resulting in lowering the level of ACC outside of the plant, forming a gradient”
BackgroundDisparate role of rhizobial ACC deaminase in root-nodule symbioses
Murset, V., Hennecke, H., & Pessi, G. (2012) · Symbiosis · doi:10.1007/s13199-012-0177-z · Cited by 25
“Regardless of whether ACC is constitutively present or newly synthesized in response to nodulation, the model of Glick et al. (1998) proposes that ACC is exuded from plant roots and taken up by the bacteria in which it would be metabolized as an energy and/or nitrogen source.”
BackgroundTittabutr, P., Sripakdi, S., Boonkerd, N., et al. (2015) · Microbes and Environments · doi:10.1264/jsme2.me15120 · Cited by 25
“Thus, the benefit of using rhizobia with ACC deaminase activity to enhance nodulation has been demonstrated in a large number of legumes (10, 11, 16, 18, 27, 32, 43).”
BackgroundPlant growth promoting rhizobacteria mediated amelioration of drought in crop plants: A Review
Ullah, S., Ashraf, M., Asghar, H. N., Iqbal, Z., & Ali, R. (2019) · Soil & Environment · doi:10.25252/se/19/71760 · Cited by 25
Fortt, J., González, M., Morales, P., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems · doi:10.3389/fsufs.2022.768250 · Cited by 24
“Nonetheless, the reduction of ethylene level of plants due to the hydrolysis of its immediate precursor ACC (1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate) by the bacterial enzyme ACC deaminase is considered a key trait for stress mitigating PGPR (Glick et al., 1998; Gamalero and Glick, 2015).”
BackgroundMethodZawadzka, M., Trzciński, P., Nowak, K., et al. (2013) · Journal of Horticultural Research · doi:10.2478/johr-2013-0020 · Cited by 24
“Bacterization of plants cultivated in poor soils results in a greater stimulation of growth (Glick et al. 1998).”
BackgroundJung, H. T., Ali, S., Kim, J. Y., et al. (2018) · Plant Breeding and Biotechnology · doi:10.9787/pbb.2018.6.3.221 · Cited by 24
“Bacteria producing ACC deaminase act as a sink for the exuded ACC, which is the instant precursor of plant ethylene synthesis (Morgan and Drew 1997; Glick et al. 1998; Sergeeva et al. 2006).”
BackgroundThe Interaction Between Plants and Bacterial Endophytes Under Salinity Stress
Fouda, A., Hassan, S. E., Eid, A. M., & Ewais, E. A. (2018) · Reference series in phytochemistry · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-76900-4_15-1 · Cited by 24
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Nouioui, I., Ha, S. M., Baek, I., et al. (2022) · BMC Genomics · doi:10.1186/s12864-021-08257-y · Cited by 24
“This enzyme also regulates ethylene levels produced by the plant by converting ACC to ammonia and α-ketobutyrate [105, 106].”
BackgroundCharacterization of halo-tolerant plant growth promoting endophytic Bacillus licheniformis MHN 12
Bhutani, N., Maheshwari, R., Sharma, N., et al. (2022) · Journal of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology · doi:10.1186/s43141-022-00407-3 · Cited by 24
“3 Stained SDS-PAGE of whole cell proteins from MHN12 at varying salt concentrations.”
MethodInfluentialHanifah, N. A. S. B., Ghadamgahi, F., Ghosh, S., Ortiz, R. O., Whisson, S. C., Vetukuri, R. R., & Kalyandurg, P. B. (2023) · Frontiers in Plant Science · doi:10.3389/fpls.2023.1141692 · Cited by 24
PHARMACOLOGICAL PROFILE OF MANGROVE ENDOPHYTES - A REVIEW
Salini, G. (2014) · International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences · Cited by 24
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“…5.015A 5.334A 6.843A Means, in each column, with at least one similar letters are not significantly different at the 5% probability level using Duncan multiple range test 64 most similar to the P uptake in the present study, which is in contrast with the findings by Graham and Syvertsen (1989).”
ResultShaharoona, B., Imran, M., Arshad, M., et al. (2011) · Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences · doi:10.1080/07352689.2011.572058 · Cited by 24
“…ETHYLENE SYNTHESIS IN ROOTS There are some reported plant growth–promoting bacteria which carry a unique enzyme ACC-deaminase that regulates endogenous ethylene levels in the roots of inoculated plants (Glick et al., 1998, 2007; Glick, 2005; Govindasamy et al., 2008; Kamala-Kannan et al., 2010).”
BackgroundUtilization of Parthenium hysterophorus for the remediation of lead‐contaminated soil
Hadi, F., & Bano, A. (2009) · Weed Biology and Management · doi:10.1111/j.1445-6664.2009.00355.x · Cited by 24
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Biotechnological Exploitation of Actinobacterial Members
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“Plant auxin IAA produced by the bacteria enhances plant cell elongation or cell division thus stimulates better root growth (Glick et al., 1998).”
BackgroundResponses of Plant Growth and Functioning to Changes in Water Supply in a Changing Climate
Davies, W. J. (2006) · doi:10.1002/9780470988695.ch5 · Cited by 24
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“Especially, they alleviate stress by lowering endogenous ethylene synthesis in plant roots through 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate deaminase activity (Glick et al. 1998).”
BackgroundGrossi, C. E. M., Tani, A., Mori, I. C., Matsuura, T., & Ulloa, R. M. (2024) · Plant Cell & Environment · doi:10.1111/pce.15116 · Cited by 22
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“The microorganisms containing ACC deaminase, act as an ethylene controller by utilizing ACC, secreted by plant cells and avoid ethylene mediated inhibition of plant growth (Glick et al., 1998).”
BackgroundLima, J. V., Tinôco, R. S., Olivares, F. L., et al. (2021) · Rhizosphere · doi:10.1016/j.rhisph.2021.100420 · Cited by 23
Biomolecules in modern and sustainable agriculture
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Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria for Value Addition: Mechanism of Action
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“Many studies have been conducted to evaluate the role of PGPR in phytoremediation efficiency action on metal contaminated soils (Khan, 2005); these bacteria generate a stimulating effect on the growth of plants, giving to them a continuous nutrients and hormones supply through their metabolic activities (Glick et al.,…”
BackgroundPlausible Role of Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria in Future Climatic Scenario
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“…enhance plant growth through reducing ethylene production, allowing plants to develop longer root better establish during early stages of growth (Glick et al.,1998); (ii) enhancing a symbiotic nitrogen fixation (Khan, 2005) or indirectly affecting symbiotic N2 fixation, nodulation or nodule…”
BackgroundMethane oxidation needs less stressed plants
Zhou, X., Smaill, S. J., & Clinton, P. W. (2013) · Trends in Plant Science · doi:10.1016/j.tplants.2013.09.011 · Cited by 23
Pal, P., Pramanik, K., Ghosh, S. K., Mondal, S., Mondal, T., Soren, T., & Maiti, T. K. (2024) · Microbiological Research · doi:10.1016/j.micres.2024.127831 · Cited by 25
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Özyiğit, İ. İ., & Doğan, İ. (2014) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-799937-1.00009-7 · Cited by 23
“…could be accomplished by treating plants with associated plantgrowth-promoting bacteria in the presence of heavy metals including Ni, Pb and Zn (Burd et al., 1998, 2000), thereby enabling plants to have longer roots and get better established during the early stages of growth (Glick et al., 1998).”
Kumar, A., Jha, M. N., Singh, D., et al. (2021) · Archives of Microbiology · doi:10.1007/s00203-021-02446-9 · Cited by 22
Umapathi, M., Chandrasekhar, C. N., Senthil, A., Kalaiselvi, T., Santhi, R., & Ravikesavan, R. (2022) · Archives of Microbiology · doi:10.1007/s00203-022-02939-1 · Cited by 23
“By reducing the level of the stress hormone ethylene through the action of the enzyme ACC deaminase, which hydrolyzes ACC into α-ketobutyrate and ammonia instead of ethylene, ACC deaminase activity allows plants to endure stress (Glick et al. 1998).”
BackgroundKhalifa, A. Y. Z., & Alsowayeh, N. (2023) · Plants · doi:10.3390/plants12101944 · Cited by 21
“IAA increases ACC production via ACC synthetase [24], and AZC66 increases plant growth via IAA production.”
BackgroundWang, Q., Song, J., Zhang, J., et al. (2023) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2023.1203796 · Cited by 22
Singh, N., & Kashyap, S. (2012) · Journal of Molecular Modeling · doi:10.1007/s00894-012-1389-0 · Cited by 22
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Effects of Pseudomonas putida S1Pf1Rif Against Chrysanthemum Yellows Phytoplasma Infection
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Potential of Endophytic Bacteria in Heavy Metal and Pesticide Detoxification
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Microbe-Based Novel Biostimulants for Sustainable Crop Production
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Regulatory Role of Rhizobacteria to Induce Drought and Salt Stress Tolerance in Plants
Yasmin, H., Nosheen, A., Naz, R., Keyani, R., & Anjum, S. (2019) · Sustainable development and biodiversity · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-30926-8_11 · Cited by 28
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“Plants continuously secrete ACC to the rhizosphere to maintain dynamic equilibrium of the ACC in the rhizosphere, thus providing a continuous supply of nutrients for PGPR [8].”
BackgroundAlemneh, A. A., Zhou, Y., Ryder, M. H., et al. (2021) · Journal of Applied Microbiology · doi:10.1111/jam.15108 · Cited by 22
“ACC deaminase catalyses the conversion of ACC to a-ketobutyrate and ammonia (Glick et al. 1998).”
BackgroundCyanobacteria-PGPR Interactions for Effective Nutrient and Pest Management Strategies in Agriculture
Prasanna, R., Rana, A., Chaudhary, V., Joshi, M., & Nain, L. (2011) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-007-2214-9_10 · Cited by 31
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Moore, E. R., Carter, K., Heneghan, J. P., et al. (2023) · Microbiology Spectrum · doi:10.1128/spectrum.01476-22 · Cited by 21
“ylene concentrations in stressed plants (40, 41).”
BackgroundPark, H.-G., Jeong, M.-H., & Ahn, Y. S. (2017) · TURKISH JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY · doi:10.3906/tar-1703-147 · Cited by 21
“In addition, the bacterial inoculate contains ACC deaminase, which is the immediate precursor of the phytohormone ethylene, thereby inhibiting ethylene levels and reducing salt stress in C. japonica seedlings (Glick et al., 1998; Patten and Glick, 2002; Çakmakçı, 2016).”
BackgroundModulation of insect-induced oxidative stress responses by microbial fertilizers in Brassica juncea
Sharma, G., & Mathur, V. (2020) · FEMS Microbiology Ecology · doi:10.1093/femsec/fiaa040 · Cited by 22
Smaill, S. J., Leckie, A., Clinton, P. W., et al. (2010) · Applied Soil Ecology · doi:10.1016/j.apsoil.2010.03.003 · Cited by 21
Growth enhancement of black pepper (Piper nigrum) by a newly isolated Bacillus tequilensis NII-0943
Dastager, S. G., Deepa, C. K., & Pandey, A. (2011) · Biologia · doi:10.2478/s11756-011-0105-3 · Cited by 21
“Ethylene is an inhibitor of root growth especially reducing the primary root length (Glick et al. 1998; Glick 2005).”
BackgroundAshok, K., Bihari, R. M., & Richa, R. (2015) · African Journal of Agricultural Research · doi:10.5897/ajar2014.8894 · Cited by 21
Rhizosphere Colonization: Molecular Determinants from Plant-Microbe Coexistence Perspective
Nautiyal, C. S., Srivastava, S., & Chauhan, P. S. (2008) · Soil biology · doi:10.1007/978-3-540-75575-3_4 · Cited by 21
Vestergård, M., Bjørnlund, L., Henry, F., et al. (2007) · Plant and Soil · doi:10.1007/s11104-007-9267-8 · Cited by 21
“by roots may be hydrolysed by bacterial ACC deaminase leading to a steeper ACC gradient between internal and external concentrations, which will increase the exudation rate of ACC ultimately leaving less internal ACC for ethylene production (Glick et al. 1998).”
BackgroundThe Rhizosphere as a Reservoir for Opportunistic Human Pathogenic Bacteria
Berg, G., Alavi, M., Schmid, M., & Hartmann, A. (2013) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118297674.ch116 · Cited by 23
Secondary metabolites from bacteria and viruses
Pandey, K. D., Patel, A. K., Singh, M., et al. (2020) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-820655-3.00002-1 · Cited by 20
Liang, D., Guo, J., Hou, F., et al. (2021) · FEMS Microbiology Ecology · doi:10.1093/femsec/fiab060 · Cited by 20
Wang, X., Tian, Z., Yu, X., et al. (2022) · Plant Signaling & Behavior · doi:10.1080/15592324.2022.2152224 · Cited by 20
“Therefore, PGPR with ACCD was used to minimize the impact of soil salinity on agriculture production.(27,28)”
MethodVerma, P., Chandra, P., Rai, A. K., et al. (2023) · Plant Stress · doi:10.1016/j.stress.2023.100234 · Cited by 20
Metadata
- Authors
- Glick, B. R., Penrose, D. M., & Li, J.
- Affiliations
- University of Waterloo (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Glick, Bernard R.
- Venue
- Journal of Theoretical Biology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1998-01
- Volume
- 190
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 63-68
- ISSN
- 0022-5193 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1999970316
- Cited by
- 1,466
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 17 · 2025: 33 · 2024: 58 · 2023: 72 · 2022: 78 · 2021: 99 · 2020: 90 · 2019: 97 · 2018: 69 · 2017: 69 · 2016: 71 · 2015: 62 · 2014: 70 · 2013: 91 · 2012: 66
- FWCI
- 11.12
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Theoretical Biology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Plant-Microbe Interactions and Immunity
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Polyamine Metabolism and Applications
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Postharvest Quality and Shelf Life Management
- Keywords
- plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria, ethylene production, ACC deaminase, ACC oxidase, enzyme kinetics, enzyme competition, root elongation, enzyme expression
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