Nonsteroidal FXR Ligands: Current Status and Clinical Applications
Abstract
FXR agonists have demonstrated very promising clinical results in the treatment of liver disorders such as primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC), primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC), and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). NASH, in particular, is one of the last uncharted white territories in the pharma landscape, and there is a huge medical need and a large potential pharmaceutical market for a NASH pharmacotherapy. Clinical efficacy superior to most other treatment options was shown by FXR agonists such as obeticholic acid (OCA) as they improved various metabolic features including liver steatosis as well as liver inflammation and fibrosis. But OCA's clinical success comes with some major liabilities such as pruritus, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL c) lowering, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL c) increase, and a potential for drug-induced liver toxicity. Some of these effects can be attributed to on-target effects exerted by FXR, but with others it is not clear whether it is FXR- or OCA-related. Therefore a quest for novel, proprietary FXR agonists is ongoing with the aim to increase FXR potency and selectivity over other proteins and to overcome at least some of the OCA-associated clinical side effects through an improved pharmacology. In this chapter we will discuss the historical and ongoing efforts in the identification and development of nonsteroidal, which largely means non-bile acid-type, FXR agonists for clinical use.
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Non-steroidal FXR ligands have higher affinity for FXR, lack a BA structure, and may have different pharmacokinetic, efficacy and safety profiles.
“several non-steroidal FXR ligands with even higher affinity for FXR have been developed.”
From Novel therapeutic targets for cholestatic and fatty liver disease (2022) · cites this paper as [102]
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BindingDB Entry 50017303: Discovery of (
BindingDB (2023) · UC San Diego · doi:10.7270/q2k35zr8
BindingDB (2021) · UC San Diego · doi:10.7270/q2dj5jxg
- Authors
- Gege, C., Hambruch, E., Hambruch, N., Kinzel, O., & Kremoser, C.
- Affiliations
- Phenex Pharmaceuticals (Germany) (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Kremoser, Claus
- Venue
- Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology
- Publisher
- Springer International Publishing
- Published
- 2019
- Volume
- 256
- Pages
- 167-205
- ISSN
- 0171-2004 (ISSN-L)
- 1865-0325
- OpenAlex
- W2952800496
- Cited by
- 83
- References
- 147
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 21 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 1
- FWCI
- 20.03
- Type
- book chapter
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Handbook of experimental pharmacology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Drug Transport and Resistance Mechanisms
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Liver Disease Diagnosis and Treatment
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Hepatology › Liver Diseases and Immunity
- Keywords
- farnesoid X receptor, FXR agonists, obeticholic acid, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, primary biliary cirrhosis, primary sclerosing cholangitis, liver fibrosis, drug-induced liver injury, pruritus, drug development
- MeSH terms
- Receptor, Farnesoid X-Activated, Chenodeoxycholic Acid, Humans, Ligands, Liver Diseases, Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear, Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
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