The DOI matches its Crossref record; 48 of the 48 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Does Staying in School Make You Smarter? The Effect of Education on IQ in The Bell Curve
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Citations
Cites
A heteroskedasticity-consistent covariance matrix estimator and a direct test for heteroskedasticity
White, H. (1980) · Econometrica · doi:10.2307/1912934 · Cited by 25,861
(2013) · American Economic Review · doi:10.1257/aer.103.5.i · Cited by 15,501
Regression Diagnostics: Identifying Influential Data and Sources of Collinearity
Belsley, D. A., Kuh, E., & Welsch, R. E. (1980) · Wiley Series in Probability and Statistics · doi:10.1002/0471725153 · Cited by 7,297
(1967) · Project Euclid (Cornell University) · Cited by 4,720
The Bell Curve: Intelligence and Class Structure in American Life.
Preston, S. H., Herrnstein, R. J., & Murray, C. A. (1995) · Population and Development Review · doi:10.2307/2137757 · Cited by 4,027
Proceedings of the fifth Berkeley symposium on mathematical statistics and probability.
Kojima, K.-I. (1969) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 3,648
Sæverot, H. (2021) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781003193463-8 · Cited by 3,090
How Much Can We Boost IQ and Scholastic Achievement
Jensen, A. (1969) · Harvard Educational Review · doi:10.17763/haer.39.1.l3u15956627424k7 · Cited by 2,907
Inequality: A Reassessment of the Effect of Family and Schooling in America
Buckles, S. G., & Jencks, C. (1973) · The Journal of Economic Education · doi:10.2307/1182840 · Cited by 2,364
Validity and utility of alternative predictors of job performance.
Hunter, J. E., & Hunter, R. F. (1984) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.96.1.72 · Cited by 2,107
Research works printed but not linked: 10
- Herrnstein, R J. (1971), “IQ,” Atlantic Monthly, September, 43–64.
- Currie, J., and Thomas, D. (1996), Head Start and Cognition Among Latino Children: Interactions with Language and Culture, mimeo, February 1996.
- Gardner, H. (1983), Frames of Mind: The Theory ofMultipleIntelligences, Basic Books, New York.
- Sternberg, R J. (1985), Beyond IQ: A Triarchic Theory of IntelligenceCambridge University Press, Cambridge, England.
- Gordon, R.A. (1976), “Prevalence: The Rate Datum in Delinquency Measurement and its Implications for a Theory of Delinquency,” in M. Klein (Ed.), The Juvenile Justice System, Sage Publications, Newbury Park, CA, pp. 201–284.
- Gordon, R.A. (1980), “Labeling Theory, Mental Retardation, and Public Policy: Larry P. and Other Developments Since 1974,” in W.R. Grove (Ed.), The Labeling of Deviance: Evaluating a Perspective, Sage Publications, Newbury Park, CA, pp. 175–224.
- Korenman, S., and Winship, C. (1995), A Reanalysis ofThe Bell Curve: Intelligence, Family Background, and Schooling, NBER Working Paper 5230, revised August 1996.
- Center for Human Resources Research (1994), AILS Handbook 1994, Columbus, OH, The Ohio State University.
- STATA: Statistics, Graphics, Data Management. Version 4.0. (1995), Stata Corporation, College Station, Texas.
- Dickens, W.J., Kane, T.J., and Schultze, C. (1997), Does The Bell Curve Ring True? A Reconsideration, Brookings, Washington, D.C.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The effects of cognitive and noncognitive abilities on labor market outcomes and social behavior
Heckman, J. J., Stixrud, J., & Urzua, S. (2006) · Journal of Labor Economics · doi:10.1086/504455 · Cited by 4,427
Understanding differences in health behaviors by education
Cutler, D. M., & Lleras-Muney, A. (2010) · Journal of Health Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jhealeco.2009.10.003 · Cited by 1,920
“36 We follow Winship and Korenman (1997) and control for the type of test and the year that the test was taken when early IQ measures are included.”
BackgroundMethodPersonality Psychology and Economics
Almlund, M., Duckworth, A. L., Heckman, J. J., & Kautz, T. (2011) · Handbook of the economics of education · doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-53444-6.00001-8 · Cited by 1,412
Endogenous Selection Bias: The Problem of Conditioning on a Collider Variable
Elwert, F., & Winship, C. (2014) · Annual Review of Sociology · doi:10.1146/annurev-soc-071913-043455 · Cited by 1,168
Self-citationChapter 48 Race and gender in the labor market
Altonji, J. G., & Blank, R. M. (1999) · Handbook of Labor Economics · doi:10.1016/s1573-4463(99)30039-0 · Cited by 981
Dunning, D. (2011) · Advances in Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-385522-0.00005-6 · Cited by 806
Education improves public health and promotes health equity
Hahn, R. A., & Truman, B. I. (2015) · International Journal of Health Services · doi:10.1177/0020731415585986 · Cited by 755
Cognitive Enhancement: Methods, Ethics, Regulatory Challenges
Bostrom, N., & Sandberg, A. (2009) · Science and Engineering Ethics · doi:10.1007/s11948-009-9142-5 · Cited by 782
How Much Does Education Improve Intelligence? A Meta-Analysis
Ritchie, S. J., & Tucker-Drob, E. M. (2018) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797618774253 · Cited by 680
Heritability estimates versus large environmental effects: The IQ paradox resolved.
Dickens, W. T., & Flynn, J. R. (2001) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.108.2.346 · Cited by 663
Durable effects of concentrated disadvantage on verbal ability among African-American children
Sampson, R. J., Sharkey, P. T., & Raudenbush, S. W. (2007) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0710189104 · Cited by 573
Personality Psychology and Economics
Almlund, M., Duckworth, A. L., Heckman, J., & Kautz, T. (2011) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w16822 · Cited by 540
Why the unskilled are unaware: Further explorations of (absent) self-insight among the incompetent
Ehrlinger, J., Johnson, K., Banner, M., Dunning, D., & Kruger, J. (2008) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1016/j.obhdp.2007.05.002 · Cited by 707
Rindermann, H. (2007) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1002/per.634 · Cited by 380
The effect of schooling and ability on achievement test scores
Hansen, K. T., Heckman, J. J., & Mullen, K. J. (2004) · Journal of Econometrics · doi:10.1016/j.jeconom.2003.10.011 · Cited by 366
Jones, G., & Schneider, W. J. (2006) · Journal of Economic Growth · doi:10.1007/s10887-006-7407-2 · Cited by 243
Working Memory Capacity and Fluid Intelligence: Maintenance and Disengagement
Shipstead, Z., Harrison, T. L., & Engle, R. W. (2016) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691616650647 · Cited by 238
Link, B. G., Phelan, J. C., Miech, R., & Westin, E. L. (2008) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.1177/002214650804900106 · Cited by 234
Heckman, J. J., & Carneiro, P. (2003) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w9495 · Cited by 233
Schooling in adolescence raises IQ scores
Brinch, C. N., & Galloway, T. A. (2012) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1106077109 · Cited by 231
Is education associated with improvements in general cognitive ability, or in specific skills?
Ritchie, S. J., Bates, T. C., & Deary, I. J. (2015) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0038981 · Cited by 179
Relevance of education and intelligence at the national level for the economic welfare of people
Rindermann, H. (2007) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2007.02.002 · Cited by 162
Academic and Behavioral Outcomes Among the Children of Young Mothers
Levine, J. A., Pollack, H. A., & Comfort, M. E. (2001) · Journal of Marriage and the Family · doi:10.1111/j.1741-3737.2001.00355.x · Cited by 152
Becker, M., Lüdtke, O., Trautwein, U., Köller, O., & Baumert, J. (2012) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0027608 · Cited by 165
Intelligence makes people think like economists: Evidence from the General Social Survey
Caplan, B., & Miller, S. C. (2010) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2010.09.005 · Cited by 135
Converging Cognitive Enhancements
Sandberg, A., & Bostrom, N. (2006) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1196/annals.1382.015 · Cited by 125
Cliffordson, C., & Gustafsson, J. (2007) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2007.03.006 · Cited by 120
THE EFFECT OF EDUCATION ON COGNITIVE ABILITY
Falch, T., & Massih, S. S. (2010) · Economic Inquiry · doi:10.1111/j.1465-7295.2010.00312.x · Cited by 119
Heckman, J. J. (2011) · Daedalus · doi:10.1162/daed_a_00078 · Cited by 116
Educating the Developing Mind: Towards an Overarching Paradigm
Δημητρίου, Α., Spanoudis, G. C., & Mouyi, A. (2011) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-011-9178-3 · Cited by 129
Summer learning and its implications: Insights from the Beginning School Study
Alexander, K. L., Entwisle, D. R., & Olson, L. S. (2007) · New Directions for Youth Development · doi:10.1002/yd.210 · Cited by 108
Nielsen, F. (2006) · Social Forces · doi:10.1353/sof.2006.0135 · Cited by 102
Education, Ability, and Civic Engagement in the Contemporary United States
Hauser, S. M. (2000) · Social Science Research · doi:10.1006/ssre.2000.0681 · Cited by 97
Phillipson, S., & Phillipson, S. N. (2011) · Asia Pacific Education Review · doi:10.1007/s12564-011-9198-1 · Cited by 105
Yen, I. H., & Moss, N. (1999) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1999.tb08138.x · Cited by 92
Educational Policy and Country Outcomes in International Cognitive Competence Studies
Rindermann, H., & Ceci, S. J. (2009) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1745-6924.2009.01165.x · Cited by 97
Improving Health and Social Cohesion through Education
OECD (2010) · Educational research and innovation · doi:10.1787/9789264086319-en · Cited by 87
Causal Inference in Sociological Studies
Winship, C., & Sobel, M. E. (2004) · SAGE Publications Ltd eBooks · doi:10.4135/9781848608184.n21 · Cited by 81
Self-citationEstimating the Variance of Wages in the Presence of Selection and Unobserved Heterogeneity
Chen, S. H. (2008) · The Review of Economics and Statistics · doi:10.1162/rest.90.2.275 · Cited by 78
Cognitive Ability: Social Correlates and Consequences in Contemporary China
Huang, G., Xie, Y., & Xu, H. (2015) · Chinese Sociological Review · doi:10.1080/21620555.2015.1032161 · Cited by 72
Understanding the links between education and smoking
Maralani, V. (2014) · Social Science Research · doi:10.1016/j.ssresearch.2014.05.007 · Cited by 77
IQ IN THE PRODUCTION FUNCTION: EVIDENCE FROM IMMIGRANT EARNINGS
Jones, G., & Schneider, W. J. (2010) · Economic Inquiry · doi:10.1111/j.1465-7295.2008.00206.x · Cited by 71
Dolan, C. V., Colom, R., Abad, F. J., Wicherts, J. M., Hessen, D. J., & van de Sluis, S. (2006) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2005.09.003 · Cited by 56
The reproduction of intelligence
Meisenberg, G. (2010) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2010.01.003 · Cited by 68
NATIONAL IQS PREDICT DIFFERENCES IN SCHOLASTIC ACHIEVEMENT IN 67 COUNTRIES
Lynn, R., Meisenberg, G., Mikk, J., & Williams, A. (2007) · Journal of Biosocial Science · doi:10.1017/s0021932007001964 · Cited by 72
Tåhlin, M. (2007) · European Sociological Review · doi:10.1093/esr/jcm019 · Cited by 67
The Effect of Schooling and Ability on Achievement Test Scores
Hansen, K. T., Heckman, J. J., & Mullen, K. J. (2003) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w9881 · Cited by 65
Considerations Relating to the Study of Group Differences in Intelligence
Hunt, E., & Carlson, J. (2007) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1745-6916.2007.00037.x · Cited by 64
What Makes Nations Intelligent?
Hunt, E. B. (2012) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691612442905 · Cited by 68
Schooling and intelligence: Effects of track of study on level and profile of cognitive abilities
Gustafsson, J. (2001) · Cited by 62
The Social and Economic Impacts of Cognitive Enhancement
Sandberg, A., & Savulescu, J. (2011) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781444393552.ch6 · Cited by 64
Democratic values, education, and political trust
Kołczyńska, M. (2020) · International Journal of Comparative Sociology · doi:10.1177/0020715220909881 · Cited by 61
Educational Choices and Social Interactions: A Formal Model and a Computational Test
Manzo, G. (2013) · Comparative social research · doi:10.1108/s0195-6310(2013)0000030007 · Cited by 64
Educational Attainment and Suicide Rates in the United States
Abel, E. L., & Kruger, M. L. (2005) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/pr0.97.1.25-28 · Cited by 60
Rindermann, H., Becker, D., & Coyle, T. R. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00399 · Cited by 62
The big g‐factor of national cognitive ability
Rindermann, H. (2007) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1002/per.658 · Cited by 54
How much does education improve intelligence? A meta-analysisPreprint
Ritchie, S. J., & Tucker–Drob, E. M. (2017) · PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/kymhp · Cited by 60
National IQ and National Productivity: The Hive Mind Across Asia
Jones, G. (2011) · Asian Development Review · doi:10.1142/s011611051150003x · Cited by 50
Toward a Unified Stratification Theory: Structure, Genome, and Status across Human Societies
Adkins, D. E., & Vaisey, S. (2009) · Sociological Theory · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9558.2009.01339.x · Cited by 50
Public Schools and the Public Good
Alexander, K. L. (1997) · Social Forces · doi:10.1093/sf/76.1.1 · Cited by 52
Behavioral and neural correlates of disrupted orienting attention in posttraumatic stress disorder
Block, S. R., King, A. P. J., Sripada, R. K., Weissman, D. H., Welsh, R. C., & Liberzon, I. (2016) · Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/s13415-016-0488-2 · Cited by 50
The effect of education on time preferences
Pérez‐Arce, F. (2016) · Economics of Education Review · doi:10.1016/j.econedurev.2016.11.004 · Cited by 48
Protzko, J. (2017) · Developmental Review · doi:10.1016/j.dr.2017.05.001 · Cited by 45
The Flynn Effect in the Caribbean: Generational Change of Cognitive Test Performance in Dominica
Meisenberg, G., Lawless, E., Lambert, E., & Newton, A. (2005) · Mankind Quarterly · doi:10.46469/mq.2005.46.1.2 · Cited by 42
Nordin, M., & Rooth, D. (2009) · Scandinavian Journal of Economics · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9442.2009.01573.x · Cited by 42
Sandberg, A. (2011) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781444393552.ch5 · Cited by 40
Jackson, M. I. (2010) · Social Forces · doi:10.1353/sof.2010.0101 · Cited by 37
Maralani, V. (2011) · American Educational Research Journal · doi:10.3102/0002831211405836 · Cited by 37
Schooling and the Afqt: Evidence from School Entry LawsPreprint
Lewis, E., & Cascio, E. (2005) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.660087 · Cited by 36
Díaz, J. J., Arias, O. S., & Vera-Tudela, D. (2012) · Cited by 35
Cliffordson, C. (2010) · Educational Research and Evaluation · doi:10.1080/13803611003694391 · Cited by 33
Does IQ measure ability for complex cognition?
Richardson, K., & Norgate, S. (2014) · Theory & Psychology · doi:10.1177/0959354314551163 · Cited by 34
Ability and rates of return to schooling—making use of the Swedish enlistment battery test
Nordin, M. (2007) · Journal of Population Economics · doi:10.1007/s00148-006-0131-6 · Cited by 32
Heckman, J. J. (2011) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w16841 · Cited by 39
Cognitive ability, parenting and instruction in Vietnam and Germany
Rindermann, H., Hoang, Q. S. N., & Baumeister, A. (2013) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2013.05.011 · Cited by 26
IQ and Stratification: An Empirical Evaluation of Herrnstein and Murray's Social Change Argument
Tittle, C. R., & Rotolo, T. (2000) · Social Forces · doi:10.1093/sf/79.1.1 · Cited by 26
Intelligence and Education: The Sudan Case
Batterjee, A. A., & Ashria, I. H. (2015) · Mankind Quarterly · doi:10.46469/mq.2015.56.2.3 · Cited by 24
Marks, G. N. (2022) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2022.101686 · Cited by 28
Zetterberg, J. (2005) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · Cited by 19
Does the intelligence of populations determine the wealth of nations?
Daniele, V. (2013) · The Journal of Socio-Economics · doi:10.1016/j.socec.2013.06.005 · Cited by 18
Intelligence and past use of recreational drugs
Wilmoth, D. R. (2011) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2011.10.005 · Cited by 19
Wang, T., Ren, X., SCHWEIZER, K. W., & Xu, F. (2015) · Educational Psychology · doi:10.1080/01443410.2015.1099618 · Cited by 15
Relative verbal intelligence and happiness
Nikolaev, B., & McGee, J. J. (2016) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2016.09.002 · Cited by 16
Pais, J. C., & Harvey, J. (2012) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/b12767 · Cited by 12
Social-class indicators differentially predict engagement in prevention vs. detection behaviours
Haught, H. M., Rose, J. P., & Brown, J. A. (2015) · Psychology and Health · doi:10.1080/08870446.2015.1068313 · Cited by 13
Schooling and the AFQT: Evidence from School Entry Laws
Cascio, E., & Lewis, E. (2005) · Working paper · doi:10.21799/frbp.wp.2005.01 · Cited by 11
COGNITIVE ABILITY OF PRESCHOOL, PRIMARY AND SECONDARY SCHOOL CHILDREN IN COSTA RICA
Rindermann, H., STIEGMAIER, E.-M., & Meisenberg, G. (2014) · Journal of Biosocial Science · doi:10.1017/s0021932014000066 · Cited by 10
Frenette, M. (2008) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · Cited by 10
Williams, B. (2019) · Quantitative Economics · doi:10.3982/qe674 · Cited by 9
Jones, G. (2012) · The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics · doi:10.1057/9780230226203.3866 · Cited by 9
Intelligence, Human Capital, and Economic Growth: An Extreme Bounds AnalysisPreprint
Jones, G., & Schneider, W. J. (2004) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · Cited by 8
Schooling and the AFQT: Evidence from School Entry Laws
Cascio, E., & Lewis, E. (2005) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w11113 · Cited by 8
Steigert Kaugummikauen das kognitive Leistungsvermögen?
Rost, D. H., Wirthwein, L., Frey, K. A., & Becker, E. (2010) · Zeitschrift für Pädagogische Psychologie · doi:10.1024/1010-0652.a000003 · Cited by 9
The Effect of Early Cognitive Ability on Earnings Over the Life‐Cycle
Falch, T., & Massih, S. S. (2012) · Labour · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9914.2012.00553.x · Cited by 7
The Impact of Education on Fluid Intelligence
Sanginabadi, B. (2020) · Applied Economics and Finance · doi:10.11114/aef.v7i3.4774 · Cited by 8
León, F. R. (2012) · Economía · doi:10.18800/economia.201202.002 · Cited by 7
Ng, R., Chin, E., Hong, Y., Zhou, X., & Tan, A. (2023) · The Clinical Neuropsychologist · doi:10.1080/13854046.2023.2218572 · Cited by 5
Effect of secondary education on cognitive and non-cognitive skills
Ollikainen, J.-P., Tuomas Pekkarinen, Y., Uusitalo, R., & Virtanen, H. (2024) · Economics of Education Review · doi:10.1016/j.econedurev.2024.102603 · Cited by 4
Studies in Human Capital, Ability and Migration
Nordin, M. (2007) · Lund University Publications (Lund University) · Cited by 4
Effects of age and schooling on 22 ability and achievement tests
Gambrell, J. L., Lohman, D. F., Kolen, M. J., Pascarella, E. T., Yarbrough, D. B., & Cowles, M. K. (2013) · doi:10.17077/etd.om72sh4k · Cited by 4
Metadata
- Authors
- Winship, C., & Korenman, S.
- Venue
- Intelligence, Genes, and Success
- Publisher
- Springer New York
- Published
- 1997
- Pages
- 215-234
- OpenAlex
- W10255409
- Cited by
- 127
- References
- 48
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 1 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 9
- FWCI
- 13.17
- Type
- book chapter
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Springer eBooks (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Intergenerational and Educational Inequality Studies
- Social Sciences › Education › School Choice and Performance
- Keywords
- intelligence, The Bell Curve, Arthur Jensen, Richard Herrnstein, Charles Murray, academic performance, educational attainment, hereditarianism
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
