The DOI matches its Crossref record; 78 of the 79 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Morphology of Microglia Across Contexts of Health and Disease
Abstract
Microglia, the brain's resident macrophages, are incredibly plastic and dynamic cells. In this chapter, we aim to describe and classify the many morphological changes they can display in normal development, aging, and disease. Although microglia in healthy adult brain tissue are often ramified with small somas, they can undergo massive and rapid morphological shifts in response to stimuli, becoming amoeboid or hypertrophic. Older animals occasionally contain dystrophic, senescent, and gitter cell-like microglia, and brain injury can be accompanied by an increase in rod cells. By a careful study of microglial morphology, coupled with ultrastructural insights gleaned using electron microscopy, insights can be provided into the functions performed by these various morphological phenotypes.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Microglia activation is observed in various neurodegenerative diseases.”
From Microglia in neurodegenerative diseases: mechanism and potential therapeutic targets (2023) · cites this paper as [11]
In the citing paper
“These reactive microglia were found to be clustered near Aβ plaques in various brain regions of AD mice and human postmortems.”
From Microglia in neurodegenerative diseases: mechanism and potential therapeutic targets (2023) · cites this paper as [11]
Citations
Cites
Resting microglial cells are highly dynamic surveillants of brain parenchyma in vivo
Nimmerjahn, A., Kirchhoff, F., & Helmchen, F. (2005) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1110647 · Cited by 5,827
A Unique Microglia Type Associated with Restricting Development of Alzheimer’s Disease
Keren-Shaul, H., Spinrad, A., Weiner, A., Matcovitch-Natan, O., Dvir-Szternfeld, R., Ulland, T. K., David, E., Baruch, K., Lara-Astaiso, D., Toth, B., et al. (2017) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2017.05.018 · Cited by 5,493
The M1 and M2 paradigm of macrophage activation: Time for reassessment
Martinez, F. O., & Gordon, S. (2014) · F1000Prime Reports · doi:10.12703/p6-13 · Cited by 4,689
ATP mediates rapid microglial response to local brain injury in vivo
Davalos, D., Grutzendler, J., Yang, G., Kim, J. V., Zuo, Y., Jung, S., Littman, D. R., Dustin, M. L., & Gan, W.-B. (2005) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn1472 · Cited by 3,913
jvenn: an interactive Venn diagram viewer
Bardou, P., Mariette, J., Escudié, F., Djemiel, C., & Klopp, C. (2014) · BMC Bioinformatics · doi:10.1186/1471-2105-15-293 · Cited by 2,506
Heterogeneity in the distribution and morphology of microglia in the normal adult mouse brain
Lawson, L. J., Perry, V. H., Dri, P., & Gordon, S. (1990) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/0306-4522(90)90229-w · Cited by 2,045
How neuroinflammation contributes to neurodegeneration
Ransohoff, R. M. (2016) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aag2590 · Cited by 1,967
New tools for studying microglia in the mouse and human CNS
Bennett, M. L., Bennett, F. C., Liddelow, S. A., Ajami, B., Zamanian, J. L., Fernhoff, N. B., Mulinyawe, S. B., Bohlen, C. J., Adil, A., Tucker, A., et al. (2016) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1525528113 · Cited by 1,804
Integrated Systems Approach Identifies Genetic Nodes and Networks in Late-Onset Alzheimer’s Disease
Zhang, B., Gaiteri, C., Bodea, L.-G., Wang, Z., McElwee, J., Podtelezhnikov, A. A., Zhang, C., Xie, T., Tran, L., Dobrin, R., et al. (2013) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2013.03.030 · Cited by 1,657
Microglia Shape Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis through Apoptosis-Coupled Phagocytosis
Sierra, A., Encinas, J. M., Deudero, J. J. P., Chancey, J. H., Enikolopov, G., Overstreet-Wadiche, L. S., Tsirka, S. E., & Maletic-Savatic, M. (2010) · Cell Stem Cell · doi:10.1016/j.stem.2010.08.014 · Cited by 1,622
Microglial interactions with synapses are modulated by visual experience
Tremblay, M.-È., Lowery, R. L., & Majewska, A. K. (2010) · PLoS Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1000527 · Cited by 1,542
Self-citationSoluble Amyloid β Peptide Concentration as a Predictor of Synaptic Change in Alzheimer's Disease
Lue, L.-F., Kuo, Y.-M., Roher, A. E., Brachova, L., Shen, Y., Sue, L., Beach, T., Kurth, J. H., Rydel, R. E., & Rogers, J. (1999) · The American Journal of Pathology · doi:10.1016/s0002-9440(10)65184-x · Cited by 1,530
Microglial priming in neurodegenerative disease
Perry, V. H., & Holmes, C. (2014) · Nature Reviews Neurology · doi:10.1038/nrneurol.2014.38 · Cited by 1,127
Cytology & cellular pathology of the nervous system
Penfield, W. G. (1965) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 1,035
Alzheimer’s Disease Risk Gene CD33 Inhibits Microglial Uptake of Amyloid Beta
Griciuc, A., Serrano-Pozo, A., Parrado, A. R., Lesinski, A. N., Asselin, C. N., Mullin, K., Hooli, B., Choi, S. H., Hyman, B. T., & Tanzi, R. E. (2013) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2013.04.014 · Cited by 1,004
Review: Activation patterns of microglia and their identification in the human brain
Boche, D., Perry, V. H., & Nicoll, J. A. R. (2012) · Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology · doi:10.1111/nan.12011 · Cited by 955
CNS immune privilege: hiding in plain sight
Carson, M. J., Doose, J. M., Melchior, B., Schmid, C. D., & Ploix, C. C. (2006) · Immunological Reviews · doi:10.1111/j.1600-065x.2006.00441.x · Cited by 838
Review: microglia of the aged brain: primed to be activated and resistant to regulation
Norden, D. M., & Godbout, J. P. (2013) · Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2990.2012.01306.x · Cited by 792
Streit, W. J., Braak, H., Xue, Q.-S., & Bechmann, I. (2009) · Acta Neuropathologica · doi:10.1007/s00401-009-0556-6 · Cited by 727
Graeber, M. B. (2010) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1190929 · Cited by 608
Age-related myelin degradation burdens the clearance function of microglia during aging
Safaiyan, S., Kannaiyan, N., Snaidero, N., Brioschi, S., Biber, K., Yona, S., Edinger, A. L., Jung, S., Rossner, M. J., & Simons, M. (2016) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.4325 · Cited by 604
TAM receptors regulate multiple features of microglial physiology
Fourgeaud, L., Través, P. G., Tufail, Y., Leal-Bailey, H., Lew, E. D., Burrola, P. G., Callaway, P., Zagórska, A., Rothlin, C. V., Nimmerjahn, A., et al. (2016) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature17630 · Cited by 600
Walker, D. G., & Lue, L.-F. (2015) · Alzheimer's Research & Therapy · doi:10.1186/s13195-015-0139-9 · Cited by 562
Tay, T. L., Savage, J. C., Hui, C. W., Bisht, K., & Tremblay, M. (2017) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jp272134 · Cited by 562
Self-citationHagemeyer, N., Hanft, K.-M., Akriditou, M.-A., Unger, N., Park, E. S., Stanley, E. R., Staszewski, O., Dimou, L., & Prinz, M. (2017) · Acta Neuropathologica · doi:10.1007/s00401-017-1747-1 · Cited by 558
Modulating inflammatory monocytes with a unique microRNA gene signature ameliorates murine ALS
Butovsky, O., Siddiqui, S., Gabriely, G., Lanser, A. J., Dake, B., Murugaiyan, G., Doykan, C. E., Wu, P. M., Gali, R. R., Iyer, L. K., et al. (2012) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci62636 · Cited by 481
Madry, C., Kyrargyri, V., Arancibia-Cárcamo, I. L., Jolivet, R., Kohsaka, S., Bryan, R. M., & Attwell, D. (2018) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2017.12.002 · Cited by 464
Dark microglia: A new phenotype predominantly associated with pathological states
Bisht, K., Sharma, K. P., Lecours, C., Gabriela Sánchez, M., El Hajj, H., Milior, G., Olmos‐Alonso, A., Gómez‐Nicola, D., Luheshi, G., Vallières, L., et al. (2016) · Glia · doi:10.1002/glia.22966 · Cited by 421
Self-citationHinwood, M., Tynan, R. J., Charnley, J. L., Beynon, S. B., Day, T. A., & Walker, F. R. (2012) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhs151 · Cited by 336
Evidence for synaptic stripping by cortical microglia
Trapp, B. D., Wujek, J. R., Criste, G. A., Jalabi, W., Yin, X., Kidd, G. J., Stohlman, S. A., & Ransohoff, R. M. (2006) · Glia · doi:10.1002/glia.20462 · Cited by 331
Streit, W. J., Xue, Q.-S., Tischer, J., & Bechmann, I. (2014) · Acta Neuropathologica Communications · doi:10.1186/s40478-014-0142-6 · Cited by 317
Effects of aging and sensory loss on glial cells in mouse visual and auditory cortices
Tremblay, M., Zettel, M. L., Ison, J. R., Allen, P. D., & Majewska, A. K. (2012) · Glia · doi:10.1002/glia.22287 · Cited by 309
Self-citationNeuroprotective function for ramified microglia in hippocampal excitotoxicity
Vinet, J., van Weering, H. R., Heinrich, A., Kälin, R. E., Wegner, A., Brouwer, N., Heppner, F. L., van Rooijen, N., Boddeke, H. W., & Biber, K. (2012) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/1742-2094-9-27 · Cited by 274
Sierra, A., de Castro, F., del Río‐Hortega, J., Rafael Iglesias‐Rozas, J., Garrosa, M., & Kettenmann, H. (2016) · Glia · doi:10.1002/glia.23046 · Cited by 266
Jørgensen, M. B., Finsen, B. R., Jensen, M. B., Castellano, B., Diemer, N. H., & Zimmer, J. (1993) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1006/exnr.1993.1041 · Cited by 264
Bachstetter, A. D., Van Eldik, L. J., Schmitt, F. A., Neltner, J. H., Ighodaro, E. T., Webster, S. J., Patel, E., Abner, E. L., Kryscio, R. J., & Nelson, P. T. (2015) · Acta Neuropathologica Communications · doi:10.1186/s40478-015-0209-z · Cited by 258
Hellwig, S., Brioschi, S., Dieni, S., Frings, L., Masuch, A., Blank, T., & Biber, K. (2016) · Brain, Behavior, and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2015.11.008 · Cited by 252
Davies, D. S., Ma, J., Jegathees, T., & Goldsbury, C. (2017) · Brain Pathology · doi:10.1111/bpa.12456 · Cited by 251
Cytology and Cellular Pathology of the Nervous System.
(1932) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.1932.02740560055030 · Cited by 214
Human-to-mouse prion-like propagation of mutant huntingtin protein
Jeon, I., Cicchetti, F., Cisbani, G., Lee, S., Li, E., Bae, J., Lee, N., Li, L., Im, W., Kim, M., et al. (2016) · Acta Neuropathologica · doi:10.1007/s00401-016-1582-9 · Cited by 197
Zeger, M., Popken, G., Zhang, J., Xuan, S., Lu, Q. R., Schwab, M. H., Nave, K., Rowitch, D. H., D’Ercole, A. J., & Ye, P. (2006) · Glia · doi:10.1002/glia.20469 · Cited by 194
Ziebell, J. M., Taylor, S. E., Cao, T., Harrison, J. L., & Lifshitz, J. (2012) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/1742-2094-9-247 · Cited by 182
Activation of microglia in the brains of humans with heart disease and hypercholesterolemic rabbits
Streit, W. J., & Sparks, D. L. (1997) · Journal of Molecular Medicine · doi:10.1007/s001090050097 · Cited by 170
Hui, C. W., St-Pierre, A., Hajj, H. E., Remy, Y., Hébert, S. S., Luheshi, G. N., Srivastava, L. K., & Tremblay, M. (2018) · Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnmol.2018.00013 · Cited by 166
Self-citationBipolar/rod-shaped microglia are proliferating microglia with distinct M1/M2 phenotypes
Tam, W. Y., & Ma, C. H. E. (2014) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep07279 · Cited by 158
Innocenti, G. M., Clarke, S., & Koppel, H. (1983) · Developmental Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0165-3806(83)90201-8 · Cited by 150
Rod Microglia: A Morphological Definition
Taylor, S. E., Morganti-Kossmann, M. C., Lifshitz, J., & Ziebell, J. M. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0097096 · Cited by 149
Priming of microglia in a DNA-repair deficient model of accelerated aging
Raj, D. D. A., Jaarsma, D., Holtman, I. R., Olah, M., Ferreira, F. M., Schaafsma, W., Brouwer, N., Meijer, M., de Waard, M. C., van der Pluijm, I., et al. (2014) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2014.03.025 · Cited by 148
Zanier, E. R., Fumagalli, S., Perego, C., Pischiutta, F., & De Simoni, M.-G. (2015) · Intensive Care Medicine Experimental · doi:10.1186/s40635-015-0039-0 · Cited by 147
Axon Initial Segment–Associated Microglia
Baalman, K., Marin, M. A., Ho, T., Godoy, M. I., Cherian, L., Robertson, C., & Rasband, M. (2015) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.3751-14.2015 · Cited by 129
Shobin, E., Bowley, M. P., Estrada, L. I., Heyworth, N. C., Orczykowski, M. E., Eldridge, S. A., Calderazzo, S. M., Mortazavi, F., Moore, T. L., & Rosene, D. L. (2017) · GeroScience · doi:10.1007/s11357-017-9965-y · Cited by 126
Soman-induced seizures rapidly activate astrocytes and microglia in discrete brain regions
Zimmer, L. A., Ennis, M. J., & Shipley, M. T. (1997) · The Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/(sici)1096-9861(19970224)378:4 · Cited by 124
Rangarajan, P., Jiang, B., Baby, N., Manivannan, J., Jayapal, M., Lu, J., Tay, S. S. W., Ling, E., & Dheen, S. T. (2012) · BMC Neuroscience · doi:10.1186/1471-2202-13-64 · Cited by 121
Inhomogeneous distribution of Iba‐1 characterizes microglial pathology in Alzheimer's disease
Tischer, J., Krueger, M., Mueller, W. C., Staszewski, O., Prinz, M., Streit, W. J., & Bechmann, I. (2016) · Glia · doi:10.1002/glia.23024 · Cited by 121
Johnson, E. A., Dao, T. L., Guignet, M. A., Geddes, C. E., Koemeter-Cox, A., & Kan, R. K. (2011) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/1742-2094-8-41 · Cited by 119
Alboni, S., Poggini, S., Garofalo, S., Milior, G., Hajj, H. E., Lecours, C., Girard, I., Gagnon, S., Boisjoly‐Villeneuve, S., Brunello, N., et al. (2016) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2016.07.155 · Cited by 114
Self-citationHigh resolution dissection of reactive glial nets in Alzheimer’s disease
Bouvier, D. S., Jones, E. V., Quesseveur, G., Davoli, M. A., A. Ferreira, T., Quirion, R., Mechawar, N., & Murai, K. K. (2016) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep24544 · Cited by 111
Morphological and Phagocytic Profile of Microglia in the Developing Rat Cerebellum
Perez‐Pouchoulen, M., VanRyzin, J. W., & McCarthy, M. M. (2015) · eNeuro · doi:10.1523/eneuro.0036-15.2015 · Cited by 100
Jinno, S., Fleischer, F., Eckel, S., Schmidt, V., & Kosaka, T. (2007) · Glia · doi:10.1002/glia.20552 · Cited by 98
Savage, J. C., Picard, K., Ibáñez, F. G., & Tremblay, M. (2018) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2018.00803 · Cited by 96
Self-citationRod-shaped microglia morphology is associated with aging in 2 human autopsy series
Bachstetter, A. D., Ighodaro, E. T., Hassoun, Y., Aldeiri, D., Neltner, J. H., Patel, E., Abner, E. L., & Nelson, P. T. (2017) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2016.12.028 · Cited by 89
Fendrick, S. E., Xue, Q., & Streit, W. J. (2007) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/1742-2094-4-9 · Cited by 88
Resting Microglial Motility Is Independent of Synaptic Plasticity in Mammalian Brain
Wu, L., & Zhuo, M. (2008) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.01210.2007 · Cited by 81
An MRI study of age-related white and gray matter volume changes in the rhesus monkey
Wisco, J. J., Killiany, R., Guttmann, C. R. G., Warfield, S. K., Moss, M. B., & Rosene, D. L. (2007) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2007.03.022 · Cited by 79
Wirenfeldt, M., Clare, R., Tung, S., Bottini, A. R., Mathern, G., & Vinters, H. (2009) · Neurobiology of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.nbd.2009.02.015 · Cited by 73
Ojo, B., Rezaie, P., Gabbott, P. L. A., Davies, H. A., Colyer, F. M., Cowley, T. R., Lynch, M. A., & Stewart, M. G. (2011) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2011.09.013 · Cited by 61
Hui, C. W., St‐Pierre, M., Detuncq, J., Aumailley, L., Dubois, M.-J., Couture, V., Skuk, D., Marette, A., Tremblay, J. P., Lebel, M., et al. (2018) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2018.06.007 · Cited by 47
Self-citationHo, Y., Au, N. P. B., Wong, K., Chan, C. T., Kwok, W., Law, G., Tang, K.-K., Wong, W., Ma, C. H. E., & Lam, M. H. (2014) · Chemical Communications · doi:10.1039/c3cc48934e · Cited by 41
Lambertsen, K. L., Deierborg, T., Gregersen, R., Clausen, B. H., Wirenfeldt, M., Nielsen, H. H., Dalmau, I., Diemer, N. H., Dagnæs‐Hansen, F., Johansen, F. F., et al. (2011) · Journal of Neuropathology & Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1097/nen.0b013e31821db3aa · Cited by 39
Barger, N., Keiter, J. A., Kreutz, A., Krishnamurthy, A., Weidenthaler, C., Martínez‐Cerdeño, V., Tarantal, A. F., & Noctor, S. C. (2018) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhy145 · Cited by 38
Microglia: Senescence Impairs Clearance of Myelin Debris
Thériault, P., & Rivest, S. (2016) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2016.06.066 · Cited by 37
Wogram, E., Wendt, S., Matyash, M., Pivneva, T. A., Draguhn, A., & Kettenmann, H. (2016) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/ejn.13256 · Cited by 33
Tremblay, M., Marker, D. F., Puccini, J. M., Muly, E. C., Lu, S., & Gelbard, H. A. (2013) · Communicative & Integrative Biology · doi:10.4161/cib.27670 · Cited by 28
Self-citationGorse, K. M., & Lafrenaye, A. D. (2018) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2018.00778 · Cited by 22
Gitter cells and their relationship to macrophages in the developing cerebellum
Das, G. D. (1976) · Virchows Archiv B Cell Pathology Including Molecular Pathology · doi:10.1007/bf02890348 · Cited by 18
Three-Dimensional Nanostructure of an Intact Microglia Cell
Bolasco, G., Weinhard, L., Boissonnet, T., Neujahr, R., & Gross, C. T. (2018) · Frontiers in Neuroanatomy · doi:10.3389/fnana.2018.00105 · Cited by 17
Xue, Q., Yang, C., Hoffman, P. M., & Streit, W. J. (2010) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2009.12.089 · Cited by 13
Microglia Detection by Enzymatic Histochemistry
Almolda, B., González, B., & Castellano, B. (2013) · Methods in molecular biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-62703-520-0_22 · Cited by 7
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Microglia states and nomenclature: A field at its crossroads
Paolicelli, R. C., Sierra, A., Stevens, B., Tremblay, M.-E., Aguzzi, A., Ajami, B., Amit, I., Audinat, E., Bechmann, I., Bennett, M., et al. (2022) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2022.10.020 · Cited by 1,973
Self-citationMicroglia in neurodegenerative diseases: mechanism and potential therapeutic targets
Gao, C., Jiang, J., Tan, Y., & Chen, S. (2023) · Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy · doi:10.1038/s41392-023-01588-0 · Cited by 1,616
Neuropathobiology of COVID-19: The Role for Glia
Tremblay, M.-E., Madore, C., Bordeleau, M., Tian, L., & Verkhratsky, A. (2020) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2020.592214 · Cited by 159
Self-citationMicroglial morphometric analysis: so many options, so little consistency
Reddaway, J., Richardson, P., Bevan, R. J., Stoneman, J., & Palombo, M. (2023) · Frontiers in Neuroinformatics · doi:10.3389/fninf.2023.1211188 · Cited by 131
Augusto‐Oliveira, M., Arrifano, G. D. P., Delage, C. I., Tremblay, M., Lopez, M. E. C., & Verkhratsky, A. (2021) · Biological reviews/Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society · doi:10.1111/brv.12797 · Cited by 114
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Savage, J. C., Carrier, M., & Tremblay, M.-È.
- Affiliations
- Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval (CA)
- Université Laval (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Tremblay, Marie-Ève
- Venue
- Methods in Molecular Biology
- Publisher
- Springer New York
- Published
- 2019
- Volume
- 2034
- Pages
- 13-26
- ISSN
- 1064-3745 (ISSN-L)
- 1940-6029
- OpenAlex
- W2965200254
- Cited by
- 232
- References
- 79
- Citations by year
- 2026: 21 · 2025: 49 · 2024: 47 · 2023: 41 · 2022: 33 · 2021: 31 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 2
- FWCI
- 23.36
- Type
- book chapter
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Methods in molecular biology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Developmental Neuroscience › Neurogenesis and neuroplasticity mechanisms
- Keywords
- microglia, microglial morphology, ramified microglia, amoeboid microglia, rod photoreceptors, brain injury, brain aging, microglial plasticity, ultrastructure, microglial phenotype
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Brain, Brain Injuries, Humans, Microglia
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review