Cited by 132Immunotherapy and Immune ResponsesRNA Interference and Gene DeliveryImmune Response and Inflammation

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Vaccination with Messenger RNA (mRNA)

Pascolo, Steve·2008·Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology

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Abstract

Both DNA and mRNA can be used as vehicles for gene therapy. Because the immune system is naturally activated by foreign nucleic acids thanks to the presence of Toll-like Receptors (TLR) in endosomes (TLR3, 7, and 8 detect exogenous RNA, while TLR9 can detect exogenous DNA), the delivery of foreign nucleic acids usually induces an immune response directed against the encoded protein. Many preclinical and clinical studies were performed using DNA-based experimental vaccines. However, no such products are yet approved for the human population. Meanwhile, the naturally transient and cytosolically active mRNA molecules are seen as a possibly safer and more potent alternative to DNA for gene vaccination. Optimized mRNA (improved for codon usage, stability, antigen-processing characteristics of the encoded protein, etc.) were demonstrated to be potent gene vaccination vehicles when delivered naked, in liposomes, coated on particles or transfected in dendritic cells in vitro. Human clinical trials indicate that the delivery of mRNA naked or transfected in dendritic cells induces the expected antigen-specific immune response. Follow-up efficacy studies are on the way. Meanwhile, mRNA can be produced in large amounts and GMP quality, allowing the further development of mRNA-based therapies. This chapter describes the structure of mRNA, its possible optimizations for immunization purposes, the different methods of delivery used in preclinical studies, and finally the results of clinical trial where mRNA is the active pharmaceutical ingredient of new innovative vaccines.

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Authors: Pascolo, S.
Affiliations: University of Tübingen (DE)
Corresponding author: Pascolo, Steve
ORCID: Pascolo, Steve
Venue: Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology
Publisher: Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Published: 2008
Issue: 183
Pages: 221-235
ISSN: 0171-2004 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-72167-3_11
OpenAlex: W81585652
Cited by: 126
References: 39
Citations by year: 2025: 1 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 12
FWCI: 4.24
Type: book chapter
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Handbook of experimental pharmacology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immunotherapy and Immune Responses
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › RNA Interference and Gene Delivery
Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune Response and Inflammation
Keywords: mRNA vaccines, mRNA delivery, Toll-like receptors, dendritic cell transfection, liposomal drug delivery, codon usage, mRNA structure, mRNA therapeutics
MeSH terms: Adjuvants, Immunologic, Animals, Clinical Trials as Topic, Dendritic Cells, Humans, Monocytes, RNA, Messenger, Transfection, Vaccines, Synthetic, Drug Delivery Systems

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