Type I IFN counteracts the induction of antigen-specific immune responses by lipid-based delivery of mRNA vaccines
Open accessAbstract
The use of DNA and viral vector-based vaccines for the induction of cellular immune responses is increasingly gaining interest. However, concerns have been raised regarding the safety of these immunization strategies. Due to the lack of their genome integration, mRNA-based vaccines have emerged as a promising alternative. In this study, we evaluated the potency of antigen-encoding mRNA complexed with the cationic lipid 1,2-dioleoyl-3trimethylammonium-propane/1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (DOTAP/DOPE ) as a novel vaccination approach. We demonstrate that subcutaneous immunization of mice with mRNA encoding the HIV-1 antigen Gag complexed with DOTAP/DOPE elicits antigen-specific, functional T cell responses resulting in specific killing of Gag peptide-pulsed cells and the induction of humoral responses. In addition, we show that DOTAP/DOPE complexed antigen-encoding mRNA displays immune-activating properties characterized by secretion of type I interferon (IFN) and the recruitment of proinflammatory monocytes to the draining lymph nodes. Finally, we demonstrate that type I IFN inhibit the expression of DOTAP/DOPE complexed antigen-encoding mRNA and the subsequent induction of antigen-specific immune responses. These results are of high relevance as they will stimulate the design and development of improved mRNA-based vaccination approaches.
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Antitumor innate immune signals, particularly type I IFNs, which are the main cytokines secreted from DCs upon mRNA transfection, play an important role in antigen presentation and T cell differentiation into cytolytic effector cells.
“Antitumor innate immune signals, particularly type I IFNs, which are the main cytokines secreted from DCs upon mRNA transfection (35) play an important role in antigen presentation and T cell differentiation into cytolytic effector cells.”
From mRNA vaccine with unmodified uridine induces robust type I interferon-dependent anti-tumor immunity in a melanoma model (2022) · cites this paper as [35]
These alterations possibly lead to a blunted specific immune response.
“These alterations possibly lead to a blunted specific immune response.37,133, 134, 135”
From COVID-19 mRNA vaccines: Platforms and current developments (2022) · cites this paper as [134]
Novel antigens are necessary to effectively target HIV in addition to potent delivery vehicles.
“These studies suggest that novel antigens are necessary to effectively target HIV in addition to potent delivery vehicles.”
From mRNA vaccines for infectious diseases: principles, delivery and clinical translation (2021) · cites this paper as [162]
Several preclinical studies have delivered mRNA vaccines encoding HIV proteins using multiple delivery vehicles, but they have had varied success.
“Several preclinical studies have delivered mRNA vaccines encoding HIV proteins using multiple delivery vehicles, including cationic nanoemulsions109,161, DOTAP/DOPE liposomes162, polymers84,163,164 and ionizable LNPs165,166, but they have had varied success.”
From mRNA vaccines for infectious diseases: principles, delivery and clinical translation (2021) · cites this paper as [162]
Immune responses to IVT mRNA may suppress antigen expression and negatively affect vaccine efficacy.
“Nevertheless, immune responses to IVT mRNA may also suppress antigen expression and negatively affect vaccine efficacy175,180,181.”
From Lipid nanoparticles for mRNA delivery (2021) · cites this paper as [181]
Lipid nanoparticle-mRNA vaccines have been tested against other viruses in animal models, including human immunodeficiency virus, Powassan virus, Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus, dengue virus and Ebola virus.
“Furthermore, lipid nanoparticle–mRNA vaccines have been tested against other viruses in animal models, including human immunodeficiency virus28,144,181,190, Powassan virus195, Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus196, dengue virus73 and Ebola virus197.”
From Lipid nanoparticles for mRNA delivery (2021) · cites this paper as [181]
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- Authors
- Pollard, C., Rejman, J., De Haes, W., Verrier, B., Van Gulck, E., Naessens, T., De Smedt, S., Bogaert, P., Grooten, J., Vanham, G., & De Koker, S.
- Affiliations
- Ghent University (BE)
- Lyon 1 Université (FR)
- University of Antwerp (BE)
- Corresponding author
- Pollard, Charlotte
- Venue
- Molecular Therapy
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2013-01
- Volume
- 21
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 251-259
- ISSN
- 1525-0016 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3538310
- OpenAlex
- W2026083914
- Cited by
- 248
- References
- 34
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 34 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 38 · 2021: 35 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 6
- FWCI
- 2.83
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Molecular Therapy (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research at the University of Copenhagen (University of Copenhagen) (publishedVersion)
- Ghent University Academic Bibliography (Ghent University) (submittedVersion)
- Lirias (KU Leuven) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › RNA Interference and Gene Delivery
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immunotherapy and Immune Responses
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › interferon and immune responses
- Keywords
- mRNA vaccines, type I interferon, antigen-specific T cell responses, humoral immune response, inflammatory monocytes, subcutaneous immunization, vaccine immunogenicity
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Antigens, Immunity, Cellular, Interferon Type I, RNA, Messenger, Mice
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