The inflammatory response system and the availability of plasma tryptophan in patients with primary sleep disorders and major depression
Abstract
Background It is now well established that major depression is accompanied by an immune-inflammatory system response and that indicators of the latter are inversely correlated with lower availability of plasma tryptophan in depression. Inflammation and infection can alter sleep architecture, whereas sleep disturbances can impair immune functions.Aims and methods The aims of the present study were to examine: (i) immune-inflammatory markers, i.e. serum interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-8, IL-6 receptor (IL-6R), IL-1R antagonist (IL-1RA), gp130, and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production by mitogen-stimulated whole blood and the availability of plasma tryptophan in patients with primary sleep disorders, major depression and healthy volunteers; and (ii) the relationships between the availability of tryptophan and indicators of the immune-inflammatory response system.Results Mitogen-stimulated release of PGE2, and serum IL-6 and IL-8, were significantly increased in both depressed and sleep disordered patients compared to normal controls. Serum IL-1RA was significantly higher in depressed patients than in normal controls. Patients with depression and sleep disorders had a significantly lower availability of tryptophan than normal controls. There were significant and inverse relationships between the availability of plasma tryptophan and serum IL-1RA, IL-6 and IL-8.Conclusions The results suggest that (i) there is an activation of the immune-inflammatory response system in primary sleep disorders and depression; and (ii) the decreased availability of plasma tryptophan may be related to the inflammatory system response.
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Based on findings of increased proinflammatory cytokines in plasma, decreased anti-inflammatory cytokines, and increased PGE2 in cerebrospinal fluid, depression is considered a sickness behavior.
“Based on findings that patients with depression exhibit increased levels of proinflammatory cytokines in the plasma[23,24], decreased levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines[28], and increased levels of PGE2 in the cerebrospinal fluid[29], depression is considered a sickness behavior.”
From Neuroinflammation and cytokine abnormality in major depression: cause or consequence in that illness? (2016) · cites this paper as [29]
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- Authors
- Song, C., Lin, A., Bonaccorso, S., Heide, C., Verkerk, R., Kenis, G., Bosmans, E., Scharpe, S., Whelan, A., Cosyns, P., de Jongh, R., & Maes, M.
- Affiliations
- University of Antwerp (BE)
- St. James's Hospital (IE)
- Corresponding author
- Maes, Michael
- Venue
- Journal of Affective Disorders
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1998-06
- Volume
- 49
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 211-219
- ISSN
- 0165-0327 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2000679986
- Cited by
- 232
- References
- 60
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 8
- FWCI
- 3.72
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Affective Disorders (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Biological Psychiatry › Tryptophan and brain disorders
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
- Keywords
- major depressive disorder, primary sleep disorders, immune-inflammatory response, interleukin-6, interleukin-8, interleukin-1 receptor antagonist, prostaglandin E2, sleep disorders
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Depressive Disorder, Female, Humans, Immunity, Cellular, Inflammation, Male, Middle Aged, Mitogens, Sleep Wake Disorders, Tryptophan, Dinoprostone, Cytokines
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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