Lipid-mediated muscle insulin resistance: different fat, different pathways?
Abstract
Increased dietary fat intake and lipolysis result in excessive lipid availability, which relates to impaired insulin sensitivity. Over the last years, several mechanisms possibly underlying lipid-mediated insulin resistance evolved. Lipid intermediates such as diacylglycerols (DAG) associate with changes in insulin sensitivity in many models. DAG activate novel protein kinase C (PKC) isoforms followed by inhibitory serine phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS1). Activation of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) raises another lipid class, ceramides (CER), which induce pro-inflammatory pathways and lead to inhibition of Akt phosphorylation. Inhibition of glucosylceramide and ganglioside synthesis results in improved insulin sensitivity and increased activatory tyrosine phosphorylation of IRS1 in the muscle. Incomplete fat oxidation can increase acylcarnitines (ACC), which in turn stimulate pro-inflammatory pathways. This review analyzed the effects of lipid metabolites on insulin action in skeletal muscle of humans and rodents. Despite the evidence for the association of both DAG and CER with insulin resistance, its causal relevance may differ depending on the subcellular localization and the tested cohorts, e.g., athletes. Nevertheless, recent data indicate that individual lipid species and their degree of fatty acid saturation, particularly membrane and cytosolic C18:2 DAG, specifically activate PKCθ and induce both acute lipid-induced and chronic insulin resistance in humans.
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Excess lipids are thought to 'spill over' to other tissues, especially the skeletal muscles, which accumulate the lipids as intermuscular adipose tissue (IMAT), intramuscular adipose tissue and intramyocellular lipid droplets (IMCLs) containing triacylglycerol or fatty acid derivatives such as diacylglycerols (DAG), long chain acyl CoAs, and ceramides.
“Excess lipids are thought to ‘spill over’ to other tissues, especially the skeletal muscles,[ 35 ] which accumulate the lipids as intermuscular adipose tissue (IMAT), intramuscular adipose tissue and intramyocellular lipid droplets (IMCLs) containing triacylglycerol or fatty acid derivatives such as diacylglycerols (DAG), long chain acyl CoAs, and ceramides.[ 36 ]”
From Pathogenesis of sarcopenia and the relationship with fat mass: descriptive review (2022) · cites this paper as [36]
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- Authors
- Ritter, O., Jelenik, T., & Roden, M.
- Affiliations
- Deutsches Diabetes-Zentrum e.V. (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Roden, Michael
- Venue
- Journal of Molecular Medicine
- Published
- 2015-06-25
- Volume
- 93
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 831-843
- ISSN
- 0946-2716 (ISSN-L)
- 1432-1440
- OpenAlex
- W851185968
- Cited by
- 74
- References
- 109
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 1
- FWCI
- 1.02
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Journal of Molecular Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Metabolism, Diabetes, and Cancer
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Sphingolipid Metabolism and Signaling
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Adipose Tissue and Metabolism
- Keywords
- skeletal muscle insulin sensitivity, diacylglycerol, ceramide, TLR4, protein kinase C theta, IRS-1, IRS-1 serine phosphorylation, acylcarnitines, ganglioside biosynthesis, dietary fat, lipolysis, fatty acid saturation, inflammation, Akt signaling, athletes
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Dietary Fats, Humans, Insulin, Insulin Resistance, Muscles, Signal Transduction, Lipid Metabolism
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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