Role of diacylglycerol activation of PKCθ in lipid-induced muscle insulin resistance in humans
Open accessAbstract
Significance: Muscle insulin resistance is a major factor in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes, but the underlying cellular mechanisms are yet unclear. This study found that muscle diacylglycerol content was temporally associated with protein kinase Cθ activation and impairment of insulin signaling in human skeletal muscle. A similar relationship between muscle diacylglycerol content and protein kinase Cθ activation was observed in insulin-resistant obese and type 2 diabetic individuals. In contrast, we observed no relationship between other putative mediators of muscle insulin resistance including ceramides, acylcarnitines, or circulating adipocytokines. These data support the hypothesis that diacylglycerol activation of protein kinase Cθ and subsequent impairment of insulin signaling plays a major role in the pathogenesis of muscle insulin resistance in humans.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Lipotoxicity involves accumulation of lipid metabolites such as ceramides and diacylglycerol that interfere with insulin signaling and impair insulin action.
“Lipotoxicity is characterized by the accumulation of lipid metabolites (ceramides and diacylglycerol) that interfere with insulin signaling, thus impairing insulin action (26,28).”
From Metabolic flexibility to lipid availability during exercise is enhanced in individuals with high insulin sensitivity (2018) · cites this paper as [28]
Similar to IKK and JNK pathways, PKCθ induces serine or threonine phosphorylation of IR or IRS-1, resulting in impairment of insulin signaling.
“Similar to IKK and JNK pathways, it induces serine or threonine phosphorylation or IR or IRS-1, resulting in impairment of insulin signaling [80,81].”
From Sarcopenic obesity, insulin resistance, and their implications in cardiovascular and metabolic consequences (2020) · cites this paper as [80]
PKCθ is predominantly expressed in skeletal muscle and endothelium and is activated by increased DAG content in muscles, via elevated plasma fatty acid infusion in humans or palmitate treatment in myocytes.
“PKCθ is predominantly expressed in skeletal muscle and endothelium and is activated by increased DAG content in muscles, via elevated plasma fatty acid infusion in humans [80] or palmitate treatment in myocytes [64].”
From Sarcopenic obesity, insulin resistance, and their implications in cardiovascular and metabolic consequences (2020) · cites this paper as [80]
In obese and type 2 diabetic patients, muscle DAG content and PKCθ translocation show a strong relationship with muscle insulin resistance, whereas muscle ceramide content shows no correlation.
“Szendroedi et al. (2014) showed a strong relationship between muscle DAG content, PKCθ translocation and muscle insulin resistance in obese and type 2 diabetic patients, whereas no correlation with muscle ceramide content and muscle insulin resistance was seen in these subjects.”
From Myosteatosis in the Context of Skeletal Muscle Function Deficit: An Interdisciplinary Workshop at the National Institute on Aging (2020) · cites this paper as Szendroedi et al., 2014
Findings on insulin signaling and action have been replicated in animal studies.
“These findings have been replicated in animal studies (rodents and rats), further expanding our understanding of the defect involving insulin signaling and action (Griffin et al., 1999; Shulman, 2014; Szendroedi et al., 2014).”
From Myosteatosis in the Context of Skeletal Muscle Function Deficit: An Interdisciplinary Workshop at the National Institute on Aging (2020) · cites this paper as Szendroedi et al., 2014
An overabundance of saturated fatty acids such as palmitate can induce insulin resistance through the accumulation of lipid derivatives including DAGs, ceramides and long chain acyl-CoAs in the cytosol, which in turn can interfere with IRS1-PKB signalling.
“In particular, an overabundance of SFA (e.g., Palmitate) can induce IR through the accumulation of lipid derivatives including DAGs, ceramides and long chain acyl-CoAs in the cytosol, which in turn can interfere with IRS1-PKB signalling [113,114,115,116,117,118].”
From Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Skeletal Muscle Health (2015) · cites this paper as [113]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Randle, P. J., Garland, P. B., Hales, C. N., & Newsholme, E. A. (1963) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(63)91500-9 · Cited by 5,093 · see citing works
A short questionnaire for the measurement of habitual physical activity in epidemiological studies
Baecke, J. A. H., BUREMA, J., & Frijters, J. E. R. (1982) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/36.5.936 · Cited by 3,950 · see citing works
Mechanisms of fatty acid-induced inhibition of glucose uptake.
Boden, G., Chen, X., Ruiz, J., White, J. V., & Rossetti, L. (1994) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci117252 · Cited by 3,702 · see citing works
Cellular mechanisms of insulin resistance
Shulman, G. I. (2000) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci10583 · Cited by 2,714 · see citing works
Self-citationMechanisms for Insulin Resistance: Common Threads and Missing Links
Samuel, V. T., & Shulman, G. I. (2012) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2012.02.017 · Cited by 2,294 · see citing works
Self-citationKoves, T. R., Ussher, J. R., Noland, R. C., Slentz, D., Mosedale, M., Ilkayeva, O., Bain, J., Stevens, R., Dyck, J. R. B., Newgard, C. B., et al. (2008) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2007.10.013 · Cited by 1,990 · see citing works
Yu, C., Chen, Y., Cline, G. W., Zhang, D., Zong, H., Wang, Y., Bergeron, R., Kim, J. K., Cushman, S. W., Cooney, G. J., et al. (2002) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m200958200 · Cited by 1,561 · see citing works
Self-citationMechanism of free fatty acid-induced insulin resistance in humans.
Roden, M., Price, T. B., Perseghin, G., Petersen, K. F., Rothman, D. L., Cline, G. W., & Shulman, G. I. (1996) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci118742 · Cited by 1,539 · see citing works
Self-citationItani, S. I., Ruderman, N. B., Schmieder, F., & Boden, G. (2002) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diabetes.51.7.2005 · Cited by 1,390 · see citing works
Dresner, A., Laurent, D., Marcucci, M., Griffin, M. E., Dufour, S., Cline, G. W., Slezak, L. A., Andersen, D. K., Hundal, R. S., Rothman, D. L., et al. (1999) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci5001 · Cited by 1,311 · see citing works
Self-citationGriffin, M. E., Marcucci, M. J., Cline, G. W., Bell, K., Barucci, N., Lee, D., Goodyear, L. J., Kraegen, E. W., White, M. F., & Shulman, G. I. (1999) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diabetes.48.6.1270 · Cited by 1,267 · see citing works
Self-citationInflammation and Lipid Signaling in the Etiology of Insulin Resistance
Glass, C. K., & Olefsky, J. M. (2012) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2012.04.001 · Cited by 942 · see citing works
Borkman, M., Storlien, L. H., Pan, D. A., Jenkins, A. B., Chisholm, D. J., & Campbell, L. V. (1993) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199301283280404 · Cited by 835 · see citing works
Holland, W. L., Bikman, B. T., Wang, L.-P., Yuguang, G., Sargent, K. M., Bulchand, S., Knotts, T. A., Shui, G., Clegg, D. J., Wenk, M. R., et al. (2011) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci43378 · Cited by 705 · see citing works
Cline, G. W., Petersen, K. F., Krssak, M., Shen, J., Hundal, R. S., Trajanoski, Z., Inzucchi, S., Dresner, A., Rothman, D. L., & Shulman, G. I. (1999) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199907223410404 · Cited by 675 · see citing works
Self-citationMihalik, S. J., Goodpaster, B. H., Kelley, D. E., Chace, D. H., Vockley, J., Toledo, F. G. S., & DeLany, J. P. (2010) · Obesity · doi:10.1038/oby.2009.510 · Cited by 653 · see citing works
Cellular mechanism of insulin resistance in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
Kumashiro, N., Erion, D. M., Zhang, D., Kahn, M., Beddow, S. A., Chu, X., Still, C. D., Gerhard, G. S., Han, X., Dziura, J., et al. (2011) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1113359108 · Cited by 585 · see citing works
Self-citationWeiss, R., Dufour, S., Taksali, S. E., Tamborlane, W., Petersen, K., Bonadonna, R., Boselli, L., Barbetta, G., Allen, K., Rife, F., et al. (2003) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(03)14364-4 · Cited by 523 · see citing works
Self-citationDiacylglycerol-mediated insulin resistance
Erion, D. M., & Shulman, G. I. (2010) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm0410-400 · Cited by 493 · see citing works
Self-citationDose-Response Effect of Elevated Plasma Free Fatty Acid on Insulin Signaling
Belfort, R., Mandarino, L., Kashyap, S., Wirfel, K., Pratipanawatr, T., Berria, R., DeFronzo, R. A., & Cusi, K. (2005) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diabetes.54.6.1640 · Cited by 404 · see citing works
Skeletal Muscle Triglycerides, Diacylglycerols, and Ceramides in Insulin Resistance
Amati, F., Dubé, J. J., Alvarez-Carnero, E., Edreira, M. M., Chomentowski, P., Coen, P. M., Switzer, G. E., Bickel, P. E., Stefanovic-Racic, M., Toledo, F. G. S., et al. (2011) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db10-1221 · Cited by 395 · see citing works
Protein Kinase C θ Inhibits Insulin Signaling by Phosphorylating IRS1 at Ser1101
Li, Y., Soos, T. J., Li, X., Wu, J., DeGennaro, M., Sun, X., Littman, D. R., Birnbaum, M. J., & Polakiewicz, R. D. (2004) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.c400186200 · Cited by 358 · see citing works
Insulin Regulation of Lipolysis in Nondiabetic and IDDM Subjects
Jensen, M. D., Caruso, M., Heiling, V. J., & Miles, J. M. (1989) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diab.38.12.1595 · Cited by 331 · see citing works
Neschen, S., Morino, K., Hammond, L. E., Zhang, D., Liu, Z.-X., Romanelli, A. J., Cline, G. W., Pongratz, R. L., Zhang, X.-M., Choi, C. S., et al. (2005) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2005.06.006 · Cited by 261 · see citing works
Self-citationStrączkowski, M., Kowalska, I., Nikołajuk, A., Dzienis-Straczkowska, S., Kinalska, I., Baranowski, M., Żendzian‐Piotrowska, M., Brzezinska, Z., & Górski, J. (2004) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diabetes.53.5.1215 · Cited by 258 · see citing works
Cellular mechanism of insulin resistance: potential links with inflammation
Perseghin, G., Petersen, K. F., & Shulman, G. I. (2003) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0802491 · Cited by 257 · see citing works
Self-citationIncreased lipid availability impairs insulin-stimulated ATP synthesis in human skeletal muscle
Brehm, A., Krssak, M., Schmid, A. I., Nowotny, P., Waldhäusl, W., & Roden, M. (2006) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diabetes.55.01.06.db05-1286 · Cited by 239 · see citing works
Self-citationCoen, P. M., Dubé, J. J., Amati, F., Stefanović-Račić, M., Ferrell, R. E., Toledo, F. G. S., & Goodpaster, B. H. (2009) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db09-0988 · Cited by 229 · see citing works
Lanza, I. R., Zabielski, P., Klaus, K. A., Morse, D. M., Heppelmann, C. J., Bergen, H. R., Dasari, S., Walrand, S., Short, K. R., Johnson, M. L., et al. (2012) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2012.11.003 · Cited by 227 · see citing works
Chavez, J. A., Holland, W. L., Bär, J., Sandhoff, K., & Summers, S. A. (2005) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m412769200 · Cited by 219 · see citing works
Herder, C., Brunner, E. J., Rathmann, W., Straßburger, K., Tabák, Á. G., Schloot, N. C., & Witte, D. R. (2008) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc08-1161 · Cited by 207 · see citing works
Self-citationHow Free Fatty Acids Inhibit Glucose Utilization in Human Skeletal Muscle
Roden, M. (2004) · Physiology · doi:10.1152/nips.01459.2003 · Cited by 193 · see citing works
Self-citationRapid impairment of skeletal muscle glucose transport/phosphorylation by free fatty acids in humans.
Roden, M., Krššák, M., Stingl, H., Gruber, S., Hofer, A., Fürnsinn, C., Moser, E., & Waldhäusl, W. K. (1999) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diabetes.48.2.358 · Cited by 189 · see citing works
Self-citationKruszynska, Y. T., Worrall, D. S., Ofrecio, J. M., Frías, J. P., Macaraeg, G. B., & Olefsky, J. M. (2002) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.87.1.8187 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
Localisation and composition of skeletal muscle diacylglycerol predicts insulin resistance in humans
Bergman, B. C., Hunerdosse, D. M., Kerege, A. A., Playdon, M. C., & Perreault, L. (2012) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-011-2419-7 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
Høeg, L. D., Sjøberg, K. A., Jeppesen, J., Jensen, T. E., Frøsig, C., Birk, J. B., Bisiani, B., Hiscock, N., Pilegaard, H., Wojtaszewski, J. F. P., et al. (2011) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db10-0698 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Altered Skeletal Muscle Lipase Expression and Activity Contribute to Insulin Resistance in Humans
Badin, P.-M., Louche, K., Mairal, A., Liebisch, G., Schmitz, G., Rustan, A. C., Smith, S. R., Langin, D., & Moro, C. (2011) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db10-1364 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Figueras, M., Olivan, M., Busquets, S., López‐Soriano, F. J., & Argilés, J. M. (2011) · Obesity · doi:10.1038/oby.2010.194 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Implication of acyl chain of diacylglycerols in activation of different isoforms of protein kinase C
Madani, S., Hichami, A., Legrand, A. B., Belleville, J., & Khan, N. A. (2001) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fj.01-0753int · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Mechanisms Underlying the Onset of Oral Lipid–Induced Skeletal Muscle Insulin Resistance in Humans
Nowotny, B., Zahiragic, L., Krog, D., Nowotny, P., Herder, C., Carstensen, M., Yoshimura, T., Szendroedi, J., Esther Phielix, E., Schadewaldt, P., et al. (2013) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db12-1179 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Self-citationGalbo, T., Perry, R. J., Jurczak, M. J., Camporez, J. P., Alves, T. C., Kahn, M., Guigni, B. A., Serr, J., Zhang, D., Bhanot, S., et al. (2013) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1311176110 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Self-citationCoen, P. M., Hames, K. C., Leachman, E. M., DeLany, J. P., Ritov, V. B., Menshikova, E. V., Dubé, J. J., Stefanović-Račić, M., Toledo, F. G. S., & Goodpaster, B. H. (2013) · Obesity · doi:10.1002/oby.20381 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Kado, S., & Nagata, N. (1999) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/s0168-8227(99)00083-2 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Krogh‐Madsen, R., Plomgaard, P., Akerstrom, T. C. A., Møller, K., Schmitz, O., & Pedersen, B. K. (2007) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00507.2007 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Skeletal Muscle Fatty Acid Handling in Insulin Resistant Men
van Hees, A. M. J., Jans, A., Hul, G. B. J., Roche, H. M., Saris, W. H. M., & Blaak, E. E. (2011) · Obesity · doi:10.1038/oby.2011.10 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Effect of gender on lipid-induced insulin resistance in obese subjects
Vistisen, B., Hellgren, L. I., Vadset, T., Scheede‐Bergdahl, C., Helge, J. W., Dela, F., & Stallknecht, B. M. (2008) · European Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/eje-07-0493 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Perseghin, G., Scifo, P., Danna, M., Battezzati, A., Benedini, S., Meneghini, E., Maschio, A. D., & Luzi, L. (2002) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00127.2002 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Storgaard, H., Jensen, C. B., Björnholm, M., Song, X. M., Madsbad, S., Zierath, J. R., & Vaag, A. A. (2004) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2003-031243 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Krusenstjerna-Hafstrøm, T., Clasen, B. F., Møller, N., Jessen, N., Pedersen, S. B., Christiansen, J. S., & Jørgensen, J. O. L. (2011) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2011-0273 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Prikoszovich, T., Winzer, C., Schmid, A. I., Szendroedi, J., Chmelík, M., Pacini, G., Krššák, M., Moser, E., Funahashi, T., Waldhäusl, W. K., et al. (2010) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc10-1002 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Self-citationAcute elevation of plasma lipids does not affect ATP synthesis in human skeletal muscle
Brehm, A., Krššák, M., Schmid, A. I., Nowotny, P., Waldhäusl, W. K., & Roden, M. (2010) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00756.2009 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Mechanisms of Insulin Action and Insulin Resistance
Petersen, M. C., & Shulman, G. I. (2018) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00063.2017 · Cited by 3,028 · see citing works
Self-citationDeFronzo, R. A., Ferrannini, E., Groop, L., Henry, R. R., Herman, W. H., Holst, J. J., Hu, F. B., Kahn, C. R., Raz, I., Shulman, G. I., et al. (2015) · Nature Reviews Disease Primers · doi:10.1038/nrdp.2015.19 · Cited by 2,611 · see citing works
Self-citationInflammation, metaflammation and immunometabolic disorders
Hotamisligil, G. S. (2017) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature21363 · Cited by 2,570 · see citing works
Adipose tissue dysfunction as determinant of obesity-associated metabolic complications
Longo, M., Zatterale, F., Naderi, J., Parrillo, L., Formisano, P., Raciti, G. A., Beguinot, F., & Miele, C. (2019) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms20092358 · Cited by 1,575 · see citing works
The pathogenesis of insulin resistance: integrating signaling pathways and substrate flux
Samuel, V. T., & Shulman, G. I. (2016) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci77812 · Cited by 1,484 · see citing works
Self-citationMitochondrial dysfunction: mechanisms and advances in therapy
Yao, Z., Li, H., Liao, P., Chen, L., Pan, Y., Zheng, Y., Zhang, C., Liu, D., Zheng, M., & Gao, J. (2024) · Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy · doi:10.1038/s41392-024-01839-8 · Cited by 1,274 · see citing works
Ectopic Fat in Insulin Resistance, Dyslipidemia, and Cardiometabolic Disease
Shulman, G. I. (2014) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmra1011035 · Cited by 1,126 · see citing works
Self-citationRegulation and function of AMPK in physiology and diseases
Jeon, S. (2016) · Experimental & Molecular Medicine · doi:10.1038/emm.2016.81 · Cited by 1,122 · see citing works
Insulin Resistance: From Mechanisms to Therapeutic Strategies
Lee, S.-H., Park, S., & Choi, C. S. (2021) · Diabetes & Metabolism Journal · doi:10.4093/dmj.2021.0280 · Cited by 1,179 · see citing works
Tilg, H., Moschen, A. R., & Roden, M. (2017) · Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology · doi:10.1038/nrgastro.2016.147 · Cited by 1,002 · see citing works
Self-citationNonalcoholic fatty liver disease as a nexus of metabolic and hepatic diseases
Samuel, V. T., & Shulman, G. I. (2018) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2017.08.002 · Cited by 745 · see citing works
Self-citationSkeletal muscle inflammation and insulin resistance in obesity
Wu, H., & Ballantyne, C. M. (2017) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci88880 · Cited by 695 · see citing works
Metabolites as regulators of insulin sensitivity and metabolism
Yang, Q., Vijayakumar, A., & Kahn, B. B. (2018) · Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology · doi:10.1038/s41580-018-0044-8 · Cited by 681 · see citing works
Foundations of Immunometabolism and Implications for Metabolic Health and Disease
Hotamışlıgil, G. S. (2017) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2017.08.009 · Cited by 514 · see citing works
Correa-de-Araujo, R., Addison, O., Miljkovic, I., Goodpaster, B. H., Bergman, B. C., Clark, R. V., Elena, J. W., Esser, K. A., Ferrucci, L., Harris-Love, M. O., et al. (2020) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2020.00963 · Cited by 468 · see citing works
Self-citationAdipocyte lipolysis and insulin resistance
Morigny, P., Houssier, M., Mouisel, É., & Langin, D. (2015) · Biochimie · doi:10.1016/j.biochi.2015.10.024 · Cited by 471 · see citing works
Hong, S.-H., & Choi, K. M. (2020) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms21020494 · Cited by 390 · see citing works
Lipotoxicity and Diabetic Nephropathy: Novel Mechanistic Insights and Therapeutic Opportunities
Opazo-Ríos, L., Mas, S., Marín-Royo, G., Mezzano, S., Gómez-Guerrero, C., Moreno, J. A., & Egido, J. (2020) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms21072632 · Cited by 363 · see citing works
Hemostasis, endothelial stress, inflammation, and the metabolic syndrome
Grandl, G., & Wolfrum, C. (2017) · Seminars in Immunopathology · doi:10.1007/s00281-017-0666-5 · Cited by 344 · see citing works
Metabolic Messengers: ceramides
Summers, S., Chaurasia, B., & Holland, W. (2019) · Nature Metabolism · doi:10.1038/s42255-019-0134-8 · Cited by 267 · see citing works
Abdominal obesity: a marker of ectopic fat accumulation
Smith, U. (2015) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci81507 · Cited by 299 · see citing works
Apostolopoulou, M., Gordillo, R., Koliaki, C., Gancheva, S., Jelenik, T., De Filippo, E., Herder, C., Markgraf, D., Jankowiak, F., Esposito, I., et al. (2018) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc17-1318 · Cited by 284 · see citing works
Self-citationMacrophages, Chronic Inflammation, and Insulin Resistance
He, L., Meng, Y., He, S., Tan, X., Zhang, Y., Zhang, X., Wang, L., & Zheng, W. (2022) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells11193001 · Cited by 278 · see citing works
Inter-organ crosstalk during development and progression of type 2 diabetes mellitus
Xourafa, G., Korbmacher, M., & Roden, M. (2024) · Nature Reviews Endocrinology · doi:10.1038/s41574-023-00898-1 · Cited by 274 · see citing works
Self-citationInsulin resistance and insulin sensitizing agents
Mastrototaro, L., & Roden, M. (2021) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2021.154892 · Cited by 259 · see citing works
Self-citationLipid modulation of skeletal muscle mass and function
Lipina, C., & Hundal, H. S. (2017) · Journal of Cachexia, Sarcopenia and Muscle · doi:10.1002/jcsm.12144 · Cited by 247 · see citing works
Engin, A. B. (2017) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-48382-5_8 · Cited by 260 · see citing works
Adipocyte lipolysis: from molecular mechanisms of regulation to disease and therapeutics
Yang, A., & Mottillo, E. P. (2020) · Biochemical Journal · doi:10.1042/bcj20190468 · Cited by 250 · see citing works
Mechanisms of muscle insulin resistance and the cross‐talk with liver and adipose tissue
Rosa, S. C. D. S., Nayak, N., Caymo, A. M., & Gordon, J. W. (2020) · Physiological Reports · doi:10.14814/phy2.14607 · Cited by 251 · see citing works
Perry, B. D., Caldow, M. K., Brennan‐Speranza, T. C., Sbaraglia, M., Jerums, G., GARNHAM, A. P., Wong, C. Y., Levinger, P., Haq, M. A. U., Hare, D. L., et al. (2016) · PubMed · Cited by 240 · see citing works
Rupert, J. E., Narasimhan, A., Jengelley, D. H. A., Jiang, Y., Liu, J., Au, E. D., Silverman, L. M., Sandusky, G. E., Bonetto, A., Cao, S., et al. (2021) · The Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.20190450 · Cited by 221 · see citing works
Mitochondrial Dysfunction, Insulin Resistance, and Potential Genetic Implications
Sangwung, P., Petersen, K. F., Shulman, G. I., & Knowles, J. W. (2020) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/endocr/bqaa017 · Cited by 223 · see citing works
Self-citationMeex, R. C. R., Blaak, E. E., & van Loon, L. J. C. (2019) · Obesity Reviews · doi:10.1111/obr.12862 · Cited by 218 · see citing works
Links between metabolic syndrome and metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease
Lim, S. K., Kim, J., & Targher, G. (2021) · Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.tem.2021.04.008 · Cited by 216 · see citing works
Nandipati, K. C., Subramanian, S., & Agrawal, D. K. (2016) · Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry · doi:10.1007/s11010-016-2878-8 · Cited by 210 · see citing works
Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Skeletal Muscle Health
Jeromson, S., Gallagher, I., Galloway, S., & Hamilton, D. (2015) · Marine Drugs · doi:10.3390/md13116977 · Cited by 203 · see citing works
Kolczynska, K., Loza-Valdes, A., Hawro, I., & Sumara, G. (2020) · Lipids in Health and Disease · doi:10.1186/s12944-020-01286-8 · Cited by 199 · see citing works
Interorgan Metabolic Crosstalk in Human Insulin Resistance
Gancheva, S., Jeleník, T., Álvarez-Hernández, E., & Roden, M. (2018) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00015.2017 · Cited by 192 · see citing works
Self-citationPerreault, L., Newsom, S. A., Strauss, A., Kerege, A., Kahn, D. E., Harrison, K. A., Snell-Bergeon, J. K., Nemkov, T., D’Alessandro, A., Jackman, M. R., et al. (2018) · JCI Insight · doi:10.1172/jci.insight.96805 · Cited by 184 · see citing works
Karusheva, Y., Kössler, T., Straßburger, K., Markgraf, D. F., Mastrototaro, L., Jeleník, T., Simon, M., Pesta, D. H., Zaharia, O., Bódis, K. B., et al. (2019) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/nqz191 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
Self-citationHou, W., Liu, B., & Xu, H. (2020) · European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112081 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
Food Polyphenols and Type II Diabetes Mellitus: Pharmacology and Mechanisms
Naz, R., Saqib, F., Awadallah, S., Wahid, M., Latif, M. F., Iqbal, I. M., & Mubarak, M. (2023) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules28103996 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Cellular Stresses and Stress Responses in the Pathogenesis of Insulin Resistance
Onyango, A. N. (2018) · Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity · doi:10.1155/2018/4321714 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Metabolic liver disease in diabetes – From mechanisms to clinical trials
Dewidar, B., KAHL, S., Pafili, K., & Roden, M. (2020) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2020.154299 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Self-citationLee, J., Kim, B., Kim, W., Ahn, C., Choi, H. Y., Kim, J. G., Kim, J., Shin, H., Kang, J. G., & Moon, S. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-82053-2 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Cohort profile: the German Diabetes Study (GDS)
The GDS Group, Szendroedi, J., Saxena, A., Weber, K. S., Straßburger, K., Herder, C., Burkart, V., Nowotny, B., Icks, A., Kuß, O., et al. (2016) · Cardiovascular Diabetology · doi:10.1186/s12933-016-0374-9 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Self-citationThe diabetes pandemic and associated infections: suggestions for clinical microbiology
Toniolo, A., Cassani, G., Puggioni, A., Rossi, A., Colombo, A., Onodera, T., & Ferrannini, E. (2018) · Reviews in Medical Microbiology · doi:10.1097/mrm.0000000000000155 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
The biology of the metabolic syndrome and aging
Dominguez, L. J., & Barbagallo, M. (2015) · Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition & Metabolic Care · doi:10.1097/mco.0000000000000243 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Mechanisms by which adiponectin reverses high fat diet-induced insulin resistance in mice
Li, X., Zhang, D., Vatner, D. F., Goedeke, L., Hirabara, S. M., Zhang, Y., Perry, R. J., & Shulman, G. I. (2020) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1922169117 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Self-citationInsulin resistance in type 1 diabetes mellitus
Kaul, K., Apostolopoulou, M., & Roden, M. (2015) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2015.09.002 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Self-citationMitochondria and T2D: Role of Autophagy, ER Stress, and Inflammasome
Rocha, M., Apostolova, N., Díaz‐Rúa, R., Muntané, J., & Víctor, V. M. (2020) · Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.tem.2020.03.004 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Excess of free fatty acids as a cause of metabolic dysfunction in skeletal muscle
TUMOVA, J., ANDEL, M., & TRNKA, J. (2016) · Physiological Research · doi:10.33549/physiolres.932993 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Low‐volume high‐intensity interval training for cardiometabolic health
Sabag, A., Little, J. P., & Johnson, N. A. (2021) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jp281210 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Perilipin 2 and Age-Related Metabolic Diseases: A New Perspective
Conte, M., Franceschi, C., Sandri, M., & Salvioli, S. (2016) · Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.tem.2016.09.001 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Mechanism by Which Caloric Restriction Improves Insulin Sensitivity in Sedentary Obese Adults
Johnson, M. L., Distelmaier, K., Lanza, I. R., Irving, B. A., Robinson, M. M., Konopka, A. R., Shulman, G. I., & Nair, K. S. (2016) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db15-0675 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Self-citationImpaired mitochondrial fat oxidation induces adaptive remodeling of muscle metabolism
Wicks, S. E., Vandanmagsar, B., Haynie, K. R., Fuller, S. E., Warfel, J. D., Stephens, J. M., Wang, M., Han, X., Zhang, J., Noland, R. C., et al. (2015) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1418560112 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Sarcolipin Signaling Promotes Mitochondrial Biogenesis and Oxidative Metabolism in Skeletal Muscle
Maurya, S. K., Herrera, J. L., Sahoo, S. K., Reis, F. C. G., Vega, R. B., Kelly, D. P., & Periasamy, M. (2018) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2018.08.036 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Rovira‐Llopis, S., Apostolova, N., Bañuls, C., Muntané, J., Rocha, M., & Víctor, V. M. (2017) · Antioxidants and Redox Signaling · doi:10.1089/ars.2017.7313 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes and the impact of altered metabolic interorgan crosstalk
Sanches, J. M., Zhao, L. N., Salehi, A. A., Wollheim, C. B., & Kaldis, P. (2021) · FEBS Journal · doi:10.1111/febs.16306 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
da Silva Rosa, S. C., Martens, M. D., Field, J. T., Nguyen, L., Kereliuk, S. M., Hai, Y., Chapman, D., Diehl-Jones, W., Aliani, M., West, A. R., et al. (2021) · Autophagy · doi:10.1080/15548627.2020.1821548 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Insulin Resistance across the Spectrum of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
Armandi, A., Rosso, C., Caviglia, G. P., & Bugianesi, E. (2021) · Metabolites · doi:10.3390/metabo11030155 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Role of PI3K/AKT Pathway in Insulin-Mediated Glucose Uptake
Świderska, E., Strycharz, J., Wróblewski, A. M., Szemraj, J., Drzewoski, J., & Śliwińska, A. (2019) · IntechOpen eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.80402 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Choi, B. S.-Y., Daniel, N., Houde, V. P., Ouellette, A., Marcotte, B., Varin, T. V., Vors, C., Feutry, P., Ilkayeva, O., Ståhlman, M., et al. (2021) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-021-23782-w · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Brøns, C., & Grunnet, L. G. (2016) · European Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/eje-16-0488 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Taheri, R., Mokhtari, Y., Yousefi, A., & Bashash, D. (2024) · Cell Biology International · doi:10.1002/cbin.12189 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Mechanisms Underlying the Onset of Oral Lipid–Induced Skeletal Muscle Insulin Resistance in Humans
Nowotny, B., Zahiragic, L., Krog, D., Nowotny, P., Herder, C., Carstensen, M., Yoshimura, T., Szendroedi, J., Esther Phielix, E., Schadewaldt, P., et al. (2013) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db12-1179 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Self-citationMcCarty, M. F., & DiNicolantonio, J. J. (2016) · Open Heart · doi:10.1136/openhrt-2016-000467 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Evans, R. A., Frese, M., Romero, J., Cunningham, J. H., & Mills, K. E. (2017) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.116.145151 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Molecular modulators of celastrol as the keystones for its diverse pharmacological activities
Ng, S. W., Chan, Y., Chellappan, D. K., Madheswaran, T., Zeeshan, F., Chan, Y. L., Collet, T., Gupta, G., Oliver, B. G. G., Wark, P. A. B., et al. (2018) · Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2018.11.051 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Kitessa, S., & Abeywardena, M. (2016) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu8080466 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Hypothalamic Insulin Resistance in Obesity: Effects on Glucose Homeostasis
Chen, W., Balland, É., & Cowley, M. A. (2017) · Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1159/000455865 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Impact of Lipids on Insulin Resistance: Insights from Human and Animal Studies
Elkanawati, R. Y., Sumiwi, S. A., & Levita, J. (2024) · Drug Design Development and Therapy · doi:10.2147/dddt.s468147 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Wang, L., Zhang, B., Huang, F., Liu, B., & Xie, Y. (2016) · Journal of Lipid Research · doi:10.1194/jlr.m067397 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Crosstalk between nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and cardiometabolic syndrome
Lim, S. K., Taskinen, M., & Borén, J. (2018) · Obesity Reviews · doi:10.1111/obr.12820 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Impact of Glucocorticoid Excess on Glucose Tolerance: Clinical and Preclinical Evidence
Pasieka, A. M., & Rafacho, A. (2016) · Metabolites · doi:10.3390/metabo6030024 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Novel Insights and Mechanisms of Lipotoxicity-Driven Insulin Resistance
Lair, B., Laurens, C., Bosch, B. V. D., & Moro, C. (2020) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms21176358 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Molecular and Cellular Bases of Lipodystrophy Syndromes
Zammouri, J., Vatier, C., Capel, É., Auclair, M., Storey, C., Bismuth, É., Mosbah, H., Donadille, B., Janmaat, S., Fève, B., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2021.803189 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Pathogenesis of Insulin Resistance and Atherogenic Dyslipidemia in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
Akhtar, D. H., Iqbal, U., Vazquez‐Montesino, L. M., Dennis, B. B., & Ahmed, A. (2019) · Journal of Clinical and Translational Hepatology · doi:10.14218/jcth.2019.00028 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Gilbert, M. (2021) · Journal of Diabetes Investigation · doi:10.1111/jdi.13614 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Supruniuk, E., Mikłosz, A., & Chabowski, A. (2017) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2017.00923 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Insulin Resistance in Type 1 Diabetes: Pathophysiological, Clinical, and Therapeutic Relevance
Apostolopoulou, M., Lambadiari, V., Roden, M., & Dimitriadis, G. D. (2025) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/endrev/bnae032 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Self-citationDynamic changes of muscle insulin sensitivity after metabolic surgery
Gancheva, S., Ouni, M., Jeleník, T., Koliaki, C. C., Szendroedi, J., Toledo, F. G. S., Markgraf, D. F., Pesta, D. H., Mastrototaro, L., Filippo, E. D., et al. (2019) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-019-12081-0 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Self-citationImpact of Adipose Tissue and Lipids on Skeletal Muscle in Sarcopenia
Jang, S. Y., & Choi, K. M. (2025) · Journal of Cachexia Sarcopenia and Muscle · doi:10.1002/jcsm.70000 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Goedeke, L., Perry, R. J., & Shulman, G. I. (2019) · The Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology · doi:10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-010716-104727 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Self-citationSmall, L., Brandon, A. E., Turner, N., & Cooney, G. J. (2018) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00337.2017 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Hansen, S., Svendsen, P., Jeppesen, J., Høeg, L. D., Andersen, N. R., Kristensen, J. M., Nilas, L., Lundsgaard, A., Wojtaszewski, J., Madsbad, S., et al. (2018) · Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2018-01771 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Lee, H.-Y., Lee, J. S., Alves, T., Ladiges, W., Rabinovitch, P. S., Jurczak, M. J., Choi, C. S., Shulman, G. I., & Samuel, V. T. (2017) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db16-1334 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Self-citationLipid-mediated muscle insulin resistance: different fat, different pathways?
Ritter, O., Jelenik, T., & Roden, M. (2015) · Journal of Molecular Medicine · doi:10.1007/s00109-015-1310-2 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Self-citationPredictors of Whole-Body Insulin Sensitivity Across Ages and Adiposity in Adult Humans
Lalia, A. Z., Dasari, S., Johnson, M. L., Robinson, M. M., Konopka, A. R., Distelmaier, K., Port, J. D., Glavin, M., Esponda, R. R., Nair, K. S., et al. (2015) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2015-2892 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Prediction of clamp-derived insulin sensitivity from the oral glucose insulin sensitivity index
Tura, A., Chemello, G., Szendroedi, J., Göbl, C. S., Færch, K., Vrbíková, J., Pacini, G., Ferrannini, E., & Roden, M. (2018) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-018-4568-4 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Self-citationCamporez, J. P., Lyu, K., Goldberg, E. L., Zhang, D., Cline, G. W., Jurczak, M. J., Dixit, V. D., Petersen, K. F., & Shulman, G. I. (2019) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jp277270 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Self-citationHigh Fat Rodent Models of Type 2 Diabetes: From Rodent to Human
Stott, N. L., & Marino, J. S. (2020) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu12123650 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Obesity and Insulin Resistance in Resistant Hypertension: Implications for the Kidney
Rao, A., Pandya, V., & Whaley‐Connell, A. T. (2015) · Advances in Chronic Kidney Disease · doi:10.1053/j.ackd.2014.12.004 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Preuss, C., Jeleník, T., Bódis, K. B., Müssig, K., Burkart, V., Szendroedi, J., Roden, M., & Markgraf, D. F. (2019) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells8030277 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Self-citationA coding and non-coding transcriptomic perspective on the genomics of human metabolic disease
Timmons, J. A., Atherton, P. J., Larsson, O. S., Sood, S., Blokhin, I. O., Brogan, R. J., Volmar, C., Josse, A. R., Slentz, C. A., Wahlestedt, C., et al. (2018) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gky570 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Mendham, A. E., Goedecke, J. H., Zeng, Y., Larsen, S., George, C., Hauksson, J. B., Smidt, M. F.-D., Chibalin, A., Olsson, T., & Chorell, E. (2021) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-021-05430-6 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Mitochondrial involvement in skeletal muscle insulin resistance: A case of imbalanced bioenergetics
Affourtit, C. (2016) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Bioenergetics · doi:10.1016/j.bbabio.2016.07.008 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
MondoA coordinately regulates skeletal myocyte lipid homeostasis and insulin signaling.
Ahn, B., Soundarapandian, M. M., Sessions, H., Peddibhotla, S., Roth, G., Li, J.-L., Sugarman, E., Koo, A., Malany, S., Wang, M., et al. (2016) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci87382 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Pan, A., Sun, X., Huang, F., Liu, J., Cai, Y., Xin, W., Alolga, R. N., Li, P., Liu, B., Liu, Q., et al. (2022) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-022-28044-x · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Zhao, W., Li, A., Feng, X., Hou, T., Liu, K., Liu, B., & Zhang, N. (2016) · Cellular Signalling · doi:10.1016/j.cellsig.2016.06.018 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
- Authors
- Szendroedi, J., Yoshimura, T., Phielix, E., Koliaki, C., Marcucci, M., Zhang, D., Jelenik, T., Müller, J., Herder, C., Nowotny, P., Shulman, G. I., & Roden, M.
- Affiliations
- Düsseldorf University Hospital (DE)
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute (US)
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany;
- Deutsches Diabetes-Zentrum e.V. (DE)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
- Publisher
- National Academy of Sciences
- Published
- 2014-06-16
- Volume
- 111
- Issue
- 26
- Pages
- 9597-9602
- ISSN
- 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
- 1091-6490
- PMC
- PMC4084449
- OpenAlex
- W2055608265
- Cited by
- 415
- References
- 51
- Citations by year
- 2026: 36 · 2025: 30 · 2024: 26 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 32 · 2021: 36 · 2020: 47 · 2019: 46 · 2018: 46 · 2017: 38 · 2016: 32 · 2015: 24 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 1
- FWCI
- 13.27
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute
- European Foundation for the Study of Diabetes
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
- Bundesministerium für Gesundheit
- Novo Nordisk
- Novo Nordisk Fonden
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research
- National Institutes of Health (UL1TR000142)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (P30DK45735, R01DK049230, R01 DK-49230, R24DK085638, P30DK045735)
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Metabolism, Diabetes, and Cancer
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Adipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic Diseases
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
- Keywords
- muscle insulin resistance, diacylglycerol, protein kinase C theta, lipid infusion, intramyocellular lipid, IRS-1 serine phosphorylation, Akt2 phosphorylation, obesity, type 2 diabetes, inflammation, adipokines, ceramide, acylcarnitines, skeletal muscle
- MeSH terms
- Protein Kinase C-theta, Analysis of Variance, Blood Chemical Analysis, Calorimetry, Indirect, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Diglycerides, Enzyme Activation, Humans, Insulin Resistance, Isoenzymes, Muscles, Protein Kinase C, Glucose Clamp Technique
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
