Age and time-of-day differences in the hypothalamo–pituitary–testicular, and adrenal, response to total overnight sleep deprivation
Open accessAbstract
Study Objectives: In young men, sleep restriction decreases testosterone (Te) and increases afternoon cortisol (F), leading to anabolic–catabolic imbalance, insulin resistance, and other andrological health consequences. Age-related differences in the hypothalamo–pituitary–testicular/adrenal response to sleep restriction could expose older individuals to greater or lesser risk. We aimed to evaluate and compare the 24-h and time-of-day effect of sleep restriction on F, luteinizing hormone (LH), and Te in young and older men. Methods: Thirty-five healthy men, aged 18–30 (n = 17) and 60–80 (n =18) years, underwent overnight sleep deprivation (complete nighttime wakefulness) or nighttime sleep (10 pm to 6 am) with concurrent 10-min blood sampling in a prospectively randomized crossover study. F, LH, and Te secretion were calculated by deconvolution analysis. Results: Sleep deprivation had multiple effects on 24-h Te secretion with significant reductions in mean concentrations, basal, total and pulsatile secretion, and pulse frequency (each p < 0.05), in the absence of detectable changes in LH. These effects were most apparent in older men and differed according to age for some parameters: pulsatile Te secretion (p = 0.03) and Te pulse frequency (p = 0.02). Time-of-day analyses revealed that sleep restriction significantly reduced Te in the morning and afternoon, reduced LH in the morning in both age groups, and increased F in the afternoon in older men. Conclusions: These data suggest a time-of-day dependent uncoupling of the regulatory control of the testicular axis and of F secretion. Future studies will need to directly verify these regulatory possibilities specifically and separately in young and older men. Clinical Trial: Not applicable.
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All in-laboratory studies when collectively examined show that sleep restriction decreases testosterone.
“All studies when collectively examined show that sleep restriction decreases testosterone.”
From Sleep, testosterone and cortisol balance, and ageing men (2022) · cites this paper as [40]
The Discussion (page unavailable) says this study and one other found decreased overall 24-hour testosterone, but contrasts them with three studies that did not. It therefore does not say that all studies show a decrease. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredOnly one study has examined the effect of manipulating sleep in a cohort that specifically included older men.
“Only one study has examined the effect of manipulating sleep in a cohort that specifically included older men [40].”
From Sleep, testosterone and cortisol balance, and ageing men (2022) · cites this paper as [40]
The Participants section reports 18 men aged 60–80, and the Statistical assessment section compares sleep-restricted with rested conditions, so this is a study that manipulated sleep in a cohort including older men. The Introduction says the effect of sleep restriction on testosterone and testicular-axis regulation had not previously been studied in older men; it does not establish the broader claim that no other study had manipulated sleep in a cohort including older men. Page numbers are not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredSleep restriction increases afternoon cortisol.
“When appraised collectively, these studies show that sleep restriction increases afternoon cortisol: Table 2.”
From Sleep, testosterone and cortisol balance, and ageing men (2022) · cites this paper as [40]
The Morning and late afternoon analyses report increased afternoon cortisol concentrations after sleep restriction in older men, but no significant cortisol effect in younger men. The Discussion likewise says the study did not demonstrate a late-afternoon increase in young men. The source therefore supports the claim for older men, not as an unqualified finding across ages. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredSleep restriction decreases testosterone and increases late-afternoon and early-evening cortisol in older men.
“sleep restriction is now known to decrease testosterone and increase late-afternoon and early-evening cortisol in older men [40].”
From Sleep, testosterone and cortisol balance, and ageing men (2022) · cites this paper as [40]
The Morning and late afternoon analyses report lower testosterone and higher late-afternoon cortisol in older men after overnight sleep deprivation. The Statistical assessment section defines the cortisol analysis window as 3–6 pm; it does not establish an increase in a separate early-evening period. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredSleep loss and lower sleep duration are associated with lower morning, afternoon, and 24-h testosterone.
“When epidemiological and interventional studies are considered collectively, sleep loss and lower sleep duration are associated with lower morning, afternoon and 24-h testosterone; as well as higher afternoon, but not morning or 24-h cortisol.”
From Sleep, testosterone and cortisol balance, and ageing men (2022) · cites this paper as [40]
In one study, 24 h, morning, and afternoon testosterone concentrations were all decreased in both older and younger men by sleep restriction.
“Whereas 24 h, morning, and afternoon testosterone concentrations were all decreased in both older and younger men by sleep restriction, a significant age group by sleep condition interaction revealed that sleep restriction decreased the testosterone pulse frequency and pulsatile secretion only in older men [40].”
From Sleep, testosterone and cortisol balance, and ageing men (2022) · cites this paper as [40]
Sleep restriction decreased testosterone pulse frequency and pulsatile secretion only in older men.
“Whereas 24 h, morning, and afternoon testosterone concentrations were all decreased in both older and younger men by sleep restriction, a significant age group by sleep condition interaction revealed that sleep restriction decreased the testosterone pulse frequency and pulsatile secretion only in older men [40].”
From Sleep, testosterone and cortisol balance, and ageing men (2022) · cites this paper as [40]
Morning but not afternoon LH concentration, pulsatile secretion and mass per pulse were reduced by sleep restriction in both young and older men.
“However, morning but not afternoon, LH concentration, pulsatile secretion and mass per pulse were reduced by sleep restriction in both young and older men.”
From Sleep, testosterone and cortisol balance, and ageing men (2022) · cites this paper as [40]
Twenty-four-hour LH concentrations and pulse characteristics did not change despite changes in testosterone.
“Twenty four-hour LH concentrations and pulse characteristics did not change despite these changes in testosterone.”
From Sleep, testosterone and cortisol balance, and ageing men (2022) · cites this paper as [40]
In older men, sleep loss increased cortisol concentrations and pulsatile secretion in the afternoon 1500-1800 time window.
“analysis of a specific 3-h time window in the afternoon (1500 to 1800) revealed an increase in cortisol concentrations and pulsatile secretion specifically in older men.”
From Sleep, testosterone and cortisol balance, and ageing men (2022) · cites this paper as [40]
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Sleep and circadian regulation of cortisol: A short review
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- Authors
- Liu, P. Y., Takahashi, P. Y., Yang, R. J., Iranmanesh, A., & Veldhuis, J. D.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- Mayo Clinic (US)
- Salem VA Medical Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Liu, Peter Y
- Veldhuis, Johannes D
- Venue
- SLEEP
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2020-01-29
- Volume
- 43
- Issue
- 7
- ISSN
- 0161-8105 (ISSN-L)
- 1550-9109
- PMC
- PMC7355405
- OpenAlex
- W3003213078
- Cited by
- 22
- References
- 52
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 5
- FWCI
- 2.07
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- academic.oup.com/journals/pages/open_access/funder_policies/chorus/standard_publication_model (vor)
- Locations
- SLEEP (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (UL1 TR000135)
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (60NANB10D005Z)
- National Institute of Standards and Technology
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Hormonal and reproductive studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Hypothalamic control of reproductive hormones
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue
- Keywords
- sleep deprivation, testosterone, luteinizing hormone, cortisol, hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular axis, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, age differences, time of day effects, pulsatile hormone secretion, older men, young men
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aging, Humans, Luteinizing Hormone, Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone, Male, Sleep Deprivation, Testosterone, Cross-Over Studies, Young Adult
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