Preparing for the future of Artificial Intelligence
Open accessThe claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Understanding and predicting public reactions to AI pose significant challenges.
“Understanding and predicting public reactions to AI pose significant challenges, as acknowledged in prior research by Bundy [16].”
From Opportunities, challenges, and benefits of AI innovation in government services: a review (2024) · cites this paper as Bundy [16]
In “Public Debate” (page unavailable), Bundy describes controversy over AI as sometimes over-excited and under-informed, and says informed debate requires public understanding of the difference between narrow and general AI. This supports a challenge concerning public discussion of AI, but the paper does not address the difficulty of predicting public reactions. (LLM, conf=0.74)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the public sector, algorithmic governance is most often considered in the context of mission-critical activities.
“In the public sector, algorithmic governance is most often considered in the context of mission-critical activities [16].”
From Opportunities, challenges, and benefits of AI innovation in government services: a review (2024) · cites this paper as [16]
In the Alan Bundy section (page unavailable), the paper says the report explores AI’s potential in governance and that public institutions should consider using AI. It does not say that public-sector algorithmic governance is most often considered in mission-critical activities; the frequency and context asserted in the claim are unsupported. (LLM, conf=0.78)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredWithin the organizational framework, AI is identified as a potential catalyst for growth, presenting an opportunity for underdeveloped countries to tackle persistent challenges through organizational transformation.
“Within the organizational framework, artificial intelligence (AI) is identified as a potential catalyst for growth, presenting an opportunity for underdeveloped countries to tackle persistent challenges through organizational transformation [16].”
From Opportunities, challenges, and benefits of AI innovation in government services: a review (2024) · cites this paper as [16]
In the Alan Bundy section (page unavailable), the paper says AI can increase productivity and that public and private institutions should consider how to use it. It does not connect those opportunities specifically to underdeveloped countries, persistent challenges, or organizational transformation. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredQuantifying the public impact of AI technology is challenging.
“Quantifying the public impact of AI technology proves challenging as it is more than the complexities acknowledged in earlier publications [16].”
From Opportunities, challenges, and benefits of AI innovation in government services: a review (2024) · cites this paper as [16]
The Public Debate and Collaboration sections discuss open questions and possible societal effects of AI, but neither addresses the difficulty of quantifying its public impact. Searches for measuring or assessing AI’s public, societal, and economic effects found no passage making that point. (LLM, conf=0.72)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredHigher salaries offered to top AI talent intensify the competitive landscape, making it challenging for sectors with limited recruiting budgets, such as the public sector, to attract the most qualified candidates.
“Higher salaries offered to top AI talent further intensify the competitive landscape, making it challenging for sectors with limited recruiting budgets, such as the public sector, to attract the most qualified candidates [16].”
From Opportunities, challenges, and benefits of AI innovation in government services: a review (2024) · cites this paper as [16]
The ‘Alan Bundy’ section says private and public institutions should hire staff to use AI, but does not discuss competition for AI talent. Searches for higher salaries, recruiting budgets, and public-sector hiring difficulties found no passage addressing the claimed salary-driven disadvantage. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Demand for AI talent has increased beginning salaries, creating hurdles for the public sector in attracting top talent.
“The demand for AI talent has increased beginning salaries, creating hurdles for sectors with limited recruiting budgets, such as the public sector, in attracting top talent [16].”
From Opportunities, challenges, and benefits of AI innovation in government services: a review (2024) · cites this paper as [16]
The Alan Bundy section says public and private institutions should consider hiring staff to use AI, but does not discuss competition for AI talent or recruiting budgets. The Collaboration/Employment section discusses potentially lower wages for low-skilled jobs, not rising starting salaries for AI specialists. Searches for starting salaries and public-sector recruitment found no passage addressing the claim. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
The Future of the Professions: How Technology Will Transform the Work of Human Experts
Susskind, R., & Susskind, D. (2015) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198713395.001.0001 · Cited by 936 · see citing works
The future of the professions: how technology will transform the work of human experts
(2016) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.196146 · Cited by 417 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- [1]1. B. Horvitz, E. Selman. AAAI presidential panel on long-term AI futures: 2008-2009 study. Technical report, The Associa- tion for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence, February 2009. http://www.aaai.org/Organization/presidential-panel.php.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The practical implementation of artificial intelligence technologies in medicine
He, J., Baxter, S. L., Xu, J., Xu, J., Zhou, X., & Zhang, K. (2019) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-018-0307-0 · Cited by 2,246 · see citing works
Artificial Intelligence and the Public Sector—Applications and Challenges
Wirtz, B. W., Weyerer, J. C., & Geyer, C. (2019) · International Journal of Public Administration · doi:10.1080/01900692.2018.1498103 · Cited by 1,341 · see citing works
Fairness in Criminal Justice Risk Assessments: The State of the Art
Berk, R., Heidari, H., Jabbari, S., Kearns, M., & Roth, A. (2021) · Sociological Methods & Research · doi:10.1177/0049124118782533 · Cited by 988 · see citing works
Collins, C., Dennehy, D., Conboy, K., & Mikalef, P. (2021) · International Journal of Information Management · doi:10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2021.102383 · Cited by 783 · see citing works
Artificial Intelligence and the ‘Good Society’: the US, EU, and UK approach
Cath, C., Wachter, S., Mittelstadt, B., Taddeo, M., & Floridi, L. (2017) · Science and Engineering Ethics · doi:10.1007/s11948-017-9901-7 · Cited by 733 · see citing works
Society-in-the-loop: programming the algorithmic social contract
Rahwan, I. (2018) · Ethics and Information Technology · doi:10.1007/s10676-017-9430-8 · Cited by 553 · see citing works
Exploring artificial intelligence adoption in public organizations: a comparative case study
Neumann, O., Guirguis, K., & Steiner, R. (2024) · Public Management Review · doi:10.1080/14719037.2022.2048685 · Cited by 451 · see citing works
“Others argue that AI will develop abilities that surpass human intelligence (Kaplan and Haenlein 2019) and ‘will [. . .] supplant us as the dominant species on the Earth’ (Bundy 2017, 285), which is known as AI singularity or ‘conscious/ self-aware AI’ (Kaplan and Haenlein 2019, 16).”
BackgroundA Layered Model for AI Governance
Gasser, U., & Almeida, V. A. F. (2017) · IEEE Internet Computing · doi:10.1109/mic.2017.4180835 · Cited by 431 · see citing works
Transparent, explainable, and accountable AI for robotics
Wachter, S., Mittelstadt, B., & Floridi, L. (2017) · Science Robotics · doi:10.1126/scirobotics.aan6080 · Cited by 413 · see citing works
Yigitcanlar, T., & Cugurullo, F. (2020) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su12208548 · Cited by 337 · see citing works
Tapeh, A. T. G., & Naser, M. Z. (2023) · Archives of Computational Methods in Engineering · doi:10.1007/s11831-022-09793-w · Cited by 320 · see citing works
Kinkel, S., Baumgartner, M., & Cherubini, E. (2022) · Technovation · doi:10.1016/j.technovation.2021.102375 · Cited by 316 · see citing works
Ryan, M., & Stahl, B. C. (2021) · Journal of Information, Communication and Ethics in Society · doi:10.1108/jices-12-2019-0138 · Cited by 310 · see citing works
“There have been numerous high-level policy reports that describe the current and expected effects of AI on society and economy (Executive Of fi ce of the President, 2016a, 2016b; HoL, 2018; House of Commons Science and Technology Committee, 2016; OECD, 2019).”
BackgroundMachine learning and human capital complementarities: Experimental evidence on bias mitigation
Choudhury, P., Starr, E., & Agarwal, R. (2020) · Strategic Management Journal · doi:10.1002/smj.3152 · Cited by 293 · see citing works
Ethical and Legal Challenges of Artificial Intelligence-Driven Healthcare
Gerke, S., Minssen, T., & Cohen, I. G. (2020) · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3570129 · Cited by 177 · see citing works
Ethics of AI: a systematic literature review of principles and challenges
Khan, A. A., Badshah, S., Liang, P., Waseem, M., Khan, B., Ahmad, A., Fahmideh, M., Niazi, M., & Akbar, M. A. (2022) · The International Conference on Evaluation and Assessment in Software Engineering 2022 · doi:10.1145/3530019.3531329 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
General Practitioners’ Attitudes Toward Artificial Intelligence–Enabled Systems: Interview Study
Buck, C., Doctor, E., Hennrich, J., Jöhnk, J., & Eymann, T. (2022) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/28916 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Shinners, L., Aggar, C., Grace, S., & Smith, S. (2020) · Health Informatics Journal · doi:10.1177/1460458219874641 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
PAIP 2019: Liver cancer segmentation challenge
Kim, Y. J., Jang, H., Lee, K., Park, S., Min, S.-G., Hong, C., Park, J. H., Lee, K., Kim, J., Hong, W., et al. (2021) · Medical Image Analysis · doi:10.1016/j.media.2020.101854 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Opportunities, challenges, and benefits of AI innovation in government services: a review
Alhosani, K., & Alhashmi, S. M. (2024) · Discover Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1007/s44163-024-00111-w · Cited by 132 · see citing works
“In the public sector, algorithmic governance is most often considered in the context of mission-critical activities [16].”
InfluentialDesign implications of generative AI systems for visual storytelling for young learners
Han, A., & Cai, Z. (2023) · Proceedings of the 22nd Annual ACM Interaction Design and Children Conference · doi:10.1145/3585088.3593867 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Focusing on Teacher Education to Introduce AI in Schools: Perspectives and Illustrative Findings
Vazhayil, A., Shetty, R., Bhavani, R. R., & Akshay, N. (2019) · 2019 IEEE Tenth International Conference on Technology for Education (T4E) · doi:10.1109/t4e.2019.00021 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Artificial intelligence and clinical anatomical education: Promises and perils
Lazarus, M. D., Truong, M., Douglas, P., & Selwyn, N. (2024) · Anatomical Sciences Education · doi:10.1002/ase.2221 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Encrypted Network Traffic Analysis and Classification Utilizing Machine Learning
Alwhbi, I. A., Zou, C. C., & Alharbi, R. N. (2024) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s24113509 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Explainable goal-driven agents and robots-a comprehensive review
Sado, F., Loo, C. K., Liew, W. S., Kerzel, M., & Wermter, S. (2023) · ACM Computing Surveys · doi:10.1145/3564240 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
“Although the need for explainability in AI systems has been long established during the MYCIN era, also known as the era of the expert systems [167, 168], the current drive for explainability has been motivated by recent governmental efforts from the European Union, United States (USA) [29], and China [150], which hav…”
BackgroundEstablishing organizational AI governance in healthcare: a case study in Canada
Kim, J. Y., Hasan, A., Kueper, J., Tang, T., Hayes, C., Fine, B., Balu, S., & Sendak, M. (2025) · npj Digital Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41746-025-01909-3 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Attitude of Nursing Students towards Artificial Intelligence
J., S. (2022) · International Journal of Science and Healthcare Research · doi:10.52403/ijshr.20220447 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
- Authors
- Bundy, A.
- Affiliations
- University of Edinburgh (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Bundy, Alan
- ORCID
- Bundy, Alan
- Venue
- AI & SOCIETY
- Published
- 2016-11-29
- Volume
- 32
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 285-287
- ISSN
- 0951-5666 (ISSN-L)
- 1435-5655
- OpenAlex
- W2559010931
- Cited by
- 425
- References
- 2
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 28 · 2024: 45 · 2023: 52 · 2022: 65 · 2021: 63 · 2020: 59 · 2019: 50 · 2018: 35 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 4 · 2012: 1
- Type
- book review
- Language
- en
- Open access
- Licence
- Locations
- AI & Society (publishedVersion)
- Edinburgh Research Explorer (University of Edinburgh) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EP/N014758/1)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Safety Research › Ethics and Social Impacts of AI
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Artificial Intelligence Applications
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Information Systems and Management › Research, Science, and Academia
- Keywords
- AI policy, National Science and Technology Council, AI governance, future of AI
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review