Subjective and hormonal effects of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) in humans
Abstract
Rationale 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) is a widely used phenethylamine. Reports have described the effects of MDMA in a controlled laboratory setting, but the full range of effects of MDMA in humans is still not completely characterized.Objectives To describe the physiological, subjective, and hormonal changes after single doses of MDMA in a laboratory setting and examine relationships between these effects.Methods Eight MDMA-experienced volunteers each received placebo, 0.5 mg/kg, and 1.5 mg/kg oral doses of MDMA in a double-blind crossover study.Results The 1.5 mg/kg dose (comparable to that typically used by most participants) produced significant subjective effects, peaking at about 2 h after dosing, including some effects commonly associated with stimulant drugs, hallucinogens, and entactogens. MDMA significantly increased plasma cortisol, prolactin, and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) levels. Increase in plasma cortisol after the 1.5 mg/kg dose correlated with increased heart rate, rate-pressure product, and drug liking. Rise in DHEA correlated with euphoria.Conclusions A typically used dose of MDMA produced effects commonly associated with stimulants and hallucinogens. Subjects liked MDMA. Correlations between cortisol and DHEA levels and some physiological and psychological effects are consistent with animal data suggesting that hormones modulate some responses to drugs of abuse.
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Earlier controlled lab work suggests MDMA raises self-reported states tied to empathy and social ease, but findings are mixed.
“These studies indicate that MDMA increases feelings related to empathy and sociability, including self-rated friendliness [7–8], extroversion [9–10], closeness to others [11], sociability [7, 12], talkativeness [7–8], amicability, and gregariousness [13], although some of these effects are inconsistent [14–16].”
From Is Ecstasy an “Empathogen”? Effects of +/- 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine on Prosocial Feelings and Identification of Emotional States in Others (2010) · cites this paper as [16]
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Pharmacogenetic studies of change in cortisol on ecstasy (MDMA) consumption
Wolff, K., Tsapakis, E.-M., Pariante, C. M., Kerwin, R. W., Forsling, M. L., & Aitchison, K. J. (2011) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881111415737 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Baker, K. E., Herbert, A. A., & Broadley, K. J. (2007) · Vascular Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.vph.2007.03.001 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Hoshi, R., Pratt, H., Mehta, S., Bond, A. J., & Curran, H. V. (2006) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881106060505 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
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- Authors
- Harris, D. S., Baggott, M., Mendelson, J. H., Mendelson, J. E., & Jones, R. T.
- Affiliations
- University of California, San Francisco (US)
- Harvard University (US)
- Venue
- Psychopharmacology
- Published
- 2002-06-27
- Volume
- 162
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 396-405
- ISSN
- 0033-3158 (ISSN-L)
- 1432-2072
- OpenAlex
- W2085124531
- Cited by
- 229
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 26 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 14
- FWCI
- 8.39
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Psychopharmacology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Purdue University
- National Institutes of Health (5p50da001696-18, 5m01rr000079-42)
- University of California, San Francisco
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (P01DA014528, DA-14528, DA-01696, DA 12393, P30DA012393, DA00053, DA 00064)
- National Center for Research Resources (5-MO1-RR00079)
- NIH Clinical Center
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychedelics and Drug Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Toxicology › Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis
- Keywords
- MDMA, ecstasy, subjective effects, plasma cortisol, prolactin, dehydroepiandrosterone, heart rate, rate-pressure product, drug liking, euphoria, entactogens, stimulants, hallucinogens, dose-response relationship
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Analysis of Variance, Cardiovascular Physiological Phenomena, Dehydroepiandrosterone, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Double-Blind Method, Female, Hallucinogens, Hormones, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Male, Prolactin, Psychometrics, Surveys and Questionnaires, Time Factors, Cross-Over Studies, N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine
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