A review of acute effects of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine in healthy volunteers
Abstract
This review of the literature aims to identify the acute effects of MDMA (ecstasy) in healthy volunteers. The wide range of relevant but methodologically diverse tests was .rst grouped into clusters to allow an evaluation of tests that would otherwise have been excluded due to their low frequency of utilization. The following three types of tests were evaluated: (1) functional tests quantifying executive, attention, visual, motor, visuomotor and auditory functions, (2) phenomenological tests assessing personal, subjective experiences, and (3) physiological measures re.ecting neurophysiological, endocrine and physiological parameters. MDMA showed robust effects on most of the phenomenological and physiological tests. Functional tests were scarce, preventing any meaningful conclusions to be drawn from their evaluation other than that these tests should be incorporated into future acute-effect studies. A striking doseñresponse relationship appeared for cardiovascular effects. At doses below 1.0 mg/kg MDMA no change was observed relative to placebo while above this dose all studies reported signi.cant increases. Furthermore, pupil size, plasma cortisol and plasma prolactin levels proved responsive to MDMA administration. The reported subjective effects of MDMA matched the entactogenic profile. Although interest in the action of MDMA is considerable, the existing knowledge about the cognitive effects of MDMA in humans is still rather limited and further research into the drug's effects is recommended, also in view of potential therapeutic uses of the drug.
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MDMA doses were selected based on prior research showing they are safe and produce mood alterations.
“Drug doses were selected based on previous research; MDMA doses in this low-to-moderate range have been safely administered to humans previously, and produce modest to robust alterations in mood state [24].”
From Is Ecstasy an “Empathogen”? Effects of +/- 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine on Prosocial Feelings and Identification of Emotional States in Others (2010) · cites this paper as [24]
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Self-citation
- Authors
- Dumont, G. J. H., & Verkes, R. J.
- Affiliations
- Radboud University Medical Center (NL)
- Venue
- Journal of Psychopharmacology
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2006-03
- Volume
- 20
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 176-187
- ISSN
- 0269-8811 (ISSN-L)
- 1461-7285
- OpenAlex
- W2118539399
- Cited by
- 149
- References
- 58
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 1.58
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Psychopharmacology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Radboud Repository (Radboud University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychedelics and Drug Studies
- Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Toxicology › Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Keywords
- MDMA, ecstasy, acute drug effects, healthy volunteers, dose-response relationship, cardiovascular effects, pupil size, plasma cortisol, prolactin, subjective effects, cognitive effects, executive function, attention, motor function, visuomotor function, auditory function
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Affect, Arousal, Brain, Clinical Trials as Topic, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Female, Hallucinogens, Humans, Male, Neuropsychological Tests, Reference Values, Serotonin Agents, N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine
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