Anatomical variability of the arcuate fasciculus: a systematical review
Abstract
Purpose The arcuate fasciculus (AF) is a white matter fibers tract that links the lateral temporal with the frontal cortex. The AF can be divided into three components: two superficial indirect short tracts (anterior and posterior) and one deep direct long tract. Both DTI and white matter dissections studies find differences regarding the anatomy of the AF, especially its cortical connections. This paper aims at providing a comprehensive anatomical classification of the AF, using the terminologia anatomica.Methods Articles (n = 478) were obtained from a systematical PRISMA review. Studies which focused on primates, unhealthy subjects, as well as studies without cortical termination description and review articles were excluded from the analysis. One hundred and ten articles were retained for full-text examination, of which 19 finally fulfilled our criteria to be included in this review.Results We classified main descriptions and variations of each segment of the AF according to fiber orientation and cortical connections. Three types of connections were depicted for each segment of the AF. Concerning the anterior segment, most of the frontal fibers (59.35%) ran from the ventral portion of the precentral gyrus and the posterior part of the pars opercularis, to the supramarginal gyrus (85.0%). Main fibers of the posterior segment of the AF ran from the posterior portion of the middle temporal gyrus (100%) to the angular gyrus (92.0%). In main descriptions of the long segment of the AF, fibers ran from both the ventral portion of the precentral gyrus and posterior part of the pars opercularis (63.9%) to the middle and inferior temporal gyrus (60.3%). Minor subtypes were described in detail in the article.Conclusion We provide a comprehensive classification of the anatomy of the AF, regarding the orientation and cortical connections of its fibers. Although fiber orientation is very consistent, cortical endings of the AF may be different from one study to another, or from one individual to another which is a key element to understand the anatomical basis of current models of language or to guide intraoperative stimulation during awake surgery.
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The anterior segment of the arcuate fasciculus connects the posterior inferior frontal cortex with the parieto-temporal cortex.
“the anterior segment of the arcuate fasciculus (also referred to as the third branch of the superior longitudinal fasciculus or SLF III) that connects the posterior inferior frontal cortex with the parieto-temporal cortex”
From Damage to Broca’s area does not contribute to long-term speech production outcome after stroke (2021) · cites this paper as Bernard et al., 2019
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“Considering the variability of white matter structures (Bernard et al., 2019), it was not possible to target the same cortical area for every participant (e.g., see 3.3 for temporal lobe terminations).”
BackgroundInfluentialMathur, A., Zheng, H., Wang, Y., Muès, M., & Booth, J. R. (2025) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2025.101662 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
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“The arcuate fasciculus (AF) is commonly described as a curved white matter bundle that connects the inferior frontal gyrus, extending caudally to the temporo-parietal junction, to the inferior temporal cortex ( Bernard et al., 2019).”
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“…longitudinal fasciculus (SLF) and their frontal and temporal connections to the lower parietal cortex (Axer et al., 2013; Barbeau et al., 2020; Bernard et al., 2019; Fujii et al., 2016; Yagmurlu et al., 2016), which are associated with phonological processing, high-level syntactic information…”
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“…jectory of the left arcuate fasciculus, likely involving its more extended segment of fibers, which runs from both the ventral portion of the precentral gyrus and the posterior part of the pars opercularis to the middle and inferior temporal gyrus (see Bernard et al. 2019 for a systematic review).”
Yildirim, M. S., Nenning, K., Schmidbauer, V. U., Stepponat, R., Berger, M., Koren, J. P., Baumgartner, C., Pataraia, E., Dorfer, C., Rössler, K., et al. (2025) · Epilepsy & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yebeh.2025.110629 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
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The anatomical foundations of language dominance
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Structural Development of Speech Networks in Young ChildrenPreprint
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“The structural connectivity of these regions has been established via several invasive and non-invasive methods (Bernard et al., 2019; Willems et al., 2009).”
MethodStructural Development of Speech Networks in Young Children: A Cross-Sectional Study
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Connectivity-based localization and mapping of central epilepsy semiology
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“Notably, the AF shows marked interindividual variability in its anatomical structure (e.g., presence/robustness of the long segment, lateralization, fiber capacity) (49–52), raising the question of whether this structural variability contributes to individual differences in susceptibility to DAF.”
Curtis, M., Alfano, A. R., Murphy, D., Pruden, S. M., Bayat, M., Graziano, P. A., & Dick, A. S. (2025) · Developmental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/87565641.2025.2581699
“While traditionally considered part of the dorsal stream, some researchers argue that the direct AF segment may also play a role in semantic processing associated with the ventral stream due to its connectivity of the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex and middle temporal lobe (Bernard et al., 2019).”
Wardana, N. D., Enriquez‐Geppert, S., Deyn, P. P. D., Marsman, J.-B. C., Reesink, F. E., Aleman, A., & Ćurĉić‐Blake, B. (2026) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.1177/13872877251411478
“59 As cortical thinning and cognitive decline are expected in old age, 60,61 the current evidence implies that higher cortical thickness is important for performance in the n-back tasks.”
- Authors
- Bernard, F., Zemmoura, I., Ter Minassian, A., Lemée, J.-M., & Menei, P.
- Affiliations
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire d'Angers (FR)
- Université de Tours (FR)
- Corresponding author
- Bernard, Florian
- Venue
- Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy
- Published
- 2019-04-26
- Volume
- 41
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 889-900
- ISSN
- 0930-1038 (ISSN-L)
- 1279-8517
- OpenAlex
- W2941559924
- Cited by
- 55
- References
- 53
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 1
- FWCI
- 1.20
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- HAL (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Advanced Neuroimaging Techniques and Applications
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Anatomy › Medical and Biological Sciences
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism
- Keywords
- arcuate fasciculus, anatomical variation, white matter tracts, cortical connectivity, fiber orientation, precentral gyrus, supramarginal gyrus, angular gyrus, middle temporal gyrus, inferior temporal gyrus, language models, awake craniotomy, intraoperative stimulation
- MeSH terms
- Frontal Lobe, Humans, Neural Pathways, Speech, Temporal Lobe, Wakefulness, Neurosurgical Procedures, Diffusion Tensor Imaging, Anatomic Variation, Intraoperative Neurophysiological Monitoring, White Matter
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