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Gut microbiota functions: metabolism of nutrients and other food components
Open accessAbstract
The diverse microbial community that inhabits the human gut has an extensive metabolic repertoire that is distinct from, but complements the activity of mammalian enzymes in the liver and gut mucosa and includes functions essential for host digestion. As such, the gut microbiota is a key factor in shaping the biochemical profile of the diet and, therefore, its impact on host health and disease. The important role that the gut microbiota appears to play in human metabolism and health has stimulated research into the identification of specific microorganisms involved in different processes, and the elucidation of metabolic pathways, particularly those associated with metabolism of dietary components and some host-generated substances. In the first part of the review, we discuss the main gut microorganisms, particularly bacteria, and microbial pathways associated with the metabolism of dietary carbohydrates (to short chain fatty acids and gases), proteins, plant polyphenols, bile acids, and vitamins. The second part of the review focuses on the methodologies, existing and novel, that can be employed to explore gut microbial pathways of metabolism. These include mathematical models, omics techniques, isolated microbes, and enzyme assays.
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![Fig. 1 Pathways of carbohydrate metabolism [156]](/paper-figures/0789d3a4c19c4826a07200a7a76066fa/gut-microbiota-functions-metabolism-of-nutrients-and-other-food-components-figure-1.jpg)
![Fig. 2 Pathways of gut microbial protein degradation [46]](/paper-figures/cc1b510fc88248d78c4eeb15d54318eb/gut-microbiota-functions-metabolism-of-nutrients-and-other-food-components-figure-2.jpg)
![Fig. 3 Bile acid metabolism (adapted from [167])](/paper-figures/ba744a3c7e1f4717903bbb3e1936901d/gut-microbiota-functions-metabolism-of-nutrients-and-other-food-components-figure-3.jpg)
![Fig. 4 Scheme of gut microbial degradation of rutin [90]](/paper-figures/8a34bd7457774af6aff71c65303483d0/gut-microbiota-functions-metabolism-of-nutrients-and-other-food-components-figure-4.jpg)
![Fig. 5 Gut bacterial metabolism of the lignan secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (after Clavel et al. [92]). Abbreviations of bacterial genus names: B.—Bacteroides; Bu.—Butyribacterium; Bl—Blautia; C.—Clostridium; E.—Eubacterium; Eg.—Eggerthella; Lact.—Lactonifactor; P.—Peptostreptococcus](/paper-figures/b5fcfbb105914698aca541b8f73a9c65/gut-microbiota-functions-metabolism-of-nutrients-and-other-food-components-figure-5.jpg)
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“The intricate role of the gut microbiota in breaking down complex carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids enhances the digestive process, facilitating the absorption of essential nutrients.”
From Unveiling the therapeutic symphony of probiotics, prebiotics, and postbiotics in gut-immune harmony (2024) · cites this paper as [15]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“The gut microbiota is an important factor that shapes both energy harvest and storage through metabolism of proteins and production of several metabolites including SCFAs, ammonia, sulfur-containing metabolites such as hydrogen sulfide and methanethiol, and neuroactive compounds such as tryptamine, serotonin, phenethylamine, tryptophan, and histamine [137, 138].”
From The athletic gut microbiota (2020) · cites this paper as [138]
In the citing paper
“It is well appreciated that the gut microbiota can synthesize certain vitamins, most notably vitamin K and B-group vitamins [e.g., cobalamin (B 12 ), folate, and riboflavin (144, 145)], some of which might be directly absorbed.”
From Diet and the Microbiota–Gut–Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health (2021) · cites this paper as [145]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Rowland, I., Gibson, G., Heinken, A., Scott, K., Swann, J., Thiele, I., & Tuohy, K.
- Affiliations
- University of Reading (GB)
- University of Luxembourg (LU)
- University of Aberdeen (GB)
- Imperial College London (GB)
- Fondazione Edmund Mach (IT)
- Corresponding author
- Rowland, Ian
- Venue
- European Journal of Nutrition
- Published
- 2017-04-09
- Volume
- 57
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 1-24
- ISSN
- 1436-6207 (ISSN-L)
- 1436-6215
- PMC
- PMC5847071
- OpenAlex
- W2604323123
- Cited by
- 2,878
- References
- 166
- Citations by year
- 2026: 317 · 2025: 393 · 2024: 431 · 2023: 382 · 2022: 424 · 2021: 365 · 2020: 305 · 2019: 173 · 2018: 65 · 2017: 17
- FWCI
- 14.34
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- European Journal of Nutrition (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- CentAUR (University of Reading) (acceptedVersion, other-oa)
- ePrints Soton (University of Southampton) (acceptedVersion)
- Aberdeen University Research Archive (Aberdeen University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- CINECA IRIS Institutional Research Information System (Fondazione Edmund Mach) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Open Repository and Bibliography (University of Luxembourg) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- Spiral (Imperial College London) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- International Life Sciences Institute Europe
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Microbial Metabolites in Food Biotechnology
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Probiotics and Fermented Foods
- Keywords
- gut microbiota, host-microbe interactions, nutrient metabolism, dietary carbohydrates, short-chain fatty acids, protein metabolism, plant polyphenols, bile acids, vitamin metabolism, microbial metabolic pathways, enzyme activity assay
- MeSH terms
- Gastrointestinal Microbiome, Bacteria, Bile Acids and Salts, Diet, Dietary Carbohydrates, Dietary Proteins, Fatty Acids, Food, Health Promotion, Humans, Models, Theoretical, Plants, Edible, Vitamins, Proteomics, Metagenomics, Polyphenols, Phytochemicals
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