Formation of propionate and butyrate by the human colonic microbiota
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Summary: The human gut microbiota ferments dietary non‐digestible carbohydrates into short‐chain fatty acids (SCFA). These microbial products are utilized by the host and propionate and butyrate in particular exert a range of health‐promoting functions. Here an overview of the metabolic pathways utilized by gut microbes to produce these two SCFA from dietary carbohydrates and from amino acids resulting from protein breakdown is provided. This overview emphasizes the important role played by cross‐feeding of intermediary metabolites (in particular lactate, succinate and 1,2‐propanediol) between different gut bacteria. The ecophysiology, including growth requirements and responses to environmental factors, of major propionate and butyrate producing bacteria are discussed in relation to dietary modulation of these metabolites. A detailed understanding of SCFA metabolism by the gut microbiota is necessary to underpin effective strategies to optimize SCFA supply to the host.
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Propionate is a short chain fatty acid that has been shown to have an anticancer effect.
“Like butyrate, propionate is also a short chain fatty acid that has been shown to have an anticancer effect: previous in vivo studies assessing CBM588 have demonstrated upregulation of this metabolite27,28.”
From Nivolumab plus ipilimumab with or without live bacterial supplementation in metastatic renal cell carcinoma: a randomized phase 1 trial (2022) · cites this paper as [27]
Previous in vivo studies assessing CBM588 have demonstrated upregulation of propionate.
“previous in vivo studies assessing CBM588 have demonstrated upregulation of this metabolite27,28.”
From Nivolumab plus ipilimumab with or without live bacterial supplementation in metastatic renal cell carcinoma: a randomized phase 1 trial (2022) · cites this paper as [27]
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- Authors
- Louis, P., & Flint, H. J.
- Affiliations
- University of Aberdeen (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Louis, Petra
- Venue
- Environmental Microbiology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2016-12-08
- Volume
- 19
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 29-41
- ISSN
- 1462-2912 (ISSN-L)
- 1462-2920
- OpenAlex
- W2550084345
- Cited by
- 3,028
- References
- 75
- Citations by year
- 2026: 553 · 2025: 494 · 2024: 394 · 2023: 368 · 2022: 424 · 2021: 330 · 2020: 221 · 2019: 123 · 2018: 96 · 2017: 22
- FWCI
- 7.25
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- hdl.handle.net
- Locations
- Environmental Microbiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Aberdeen University Research Archive (Aberdeen University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Rural and Environment Science and Analytical Services Division
- Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (1227957)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Microbial Metabolites in Food Biotechnology
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Probiotics and Fermented Foods
- Keywords
- propionate, butyrate, short-chain fatty acids, human gut microbiome, colonic fermentation, non-digestible carbohydrates, amino acid fermentation, cross-feeding, lactate, succinic acid, propylene glycol, butyrate-producing bacteria, dietary modulation
- MeSH terms
- Eubacteriales, Gastrointestinal Microbiome, Butyrates, Colon, Diet, Fermentation, Humans, Propionates, Ruminococcus, Lipid Metabolism
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