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Gut microbiota functions: metabolism of nutrients and other food components
Open accessAbstract
The diverse microbial community that inhabits the human gut has an extensive metabolic repertoire that is distinct from, but complements the activity of mammalian enzymes in the liver and gut mucosa and includes functions essential for host digestion. As such, the gut microbiota is a key factor in shaping the biochemical profile of the diet and, therefore, its impact on host health and disease. The important role that the gut microbiota appears to play in human metabolism and health has stimulated research into the identification of specific microorganisms involved in different processes, and the elucidation of metabolic pathways, particularly those associated with metabolism of dietary components and some host-generated substances. In the first part of the review, we discuss the main gut microorganisms, particularly bacteria, and microbial pathways associated with the metabolism of dietary carbohydrates (to short chain fatty acids and gases), proteins, plant polyphenols, bile acids, and vitamins. The second part of the review focuses on the methodologies, existing and novel, that can be employed to explore gut microbial pathways of metabolism. These include mathematical models, omics techniques, isolated microbes, and enzyme assays.
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![Fig. 1 Pathways of carbohydrate metabolism [156]](/paper-figures/0789d3a4c19c4826a07200a7a76066fa/gut-microbiota-functions-metabolism-of-nutrients-and-other-food-components-figure-1.jpg)
![Fig. 2 Pathways of gut microbial protein degradation [46]](/paper-figures/cc1b510fc88248d78c4eeb15d54318eb/gut-microbiota-functions-metabolism-of-nutrients-and-other-food-components-figure-2.jpg)
![Fig. 3 Bile acid metabolism (adapted from [167])](/paper-figures/ba744a3c7e1f4717903bbb3e1936901d/gut-microbiota-functions-metabolism-of-nutrients-and-other-food-components-figure-3.jpg)
![Fig. 4 Scheme of gut microbial degradation of rutin [90]](/paper-figures/8a34bd7457774af6aff71c65303483d0/gut-microbiota-functions-metabolism-of-nutrients-and-other-food-components-figure-4.jpg)
![Fig. 5 Gut bacterial metabolism of the lignan secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (after Clavel et al. [92]). Abbreviations of bacterial genus names: B.—Bacteroides; Bu.—Butyribacterium; Bl—Blautia; C.—Clostridium; E.—Eubacterium; Eg.—Eggerthella; Lact.—Lactonifactor; P.—Peptostreptococcus](/paper-figures/b5fcfbb105914698aca541b8f73a9c65/gut-microbiota-functions-metabolism-of-nutrients-and-other-food-components-figure-5.jpg)
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“The intricate role of the gut microbiota in breaking down complex carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids enhances the digestive process, facilitating the absorption of essential nutrients.”
From Unveiling the therapeutic symphony of probiotics, prebiotics, and postbiotics in gut-immune harmony (2024) · cites this paper as [15]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“The gut microbiota is an important factor that shapes both energy harvest and storage through metabolism of proteins and production of several metabolites including SCFAs, ammonia, sulfur-containing metabolites such as hydrogen sulfide and methanethiol, and neuroactive compounds such as tryptamine, serotonin, phenethylamine, tryptophan, and histamine [137, 138].”
From The athletic gut microbiota (2020) · cites this paper as [138]
In the citing paper
“It is well appreciated that the gut microbiota can synthesize certain vitamins, most notably vitamin K and B-group vitamins [e.g., cobalamin (B 12 ), folate, and riboflavin (144, 145)], some of which might be directly absorbed.”
From Diet and the Microbiota–Gut–Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health (2021) · cites this paper as [145]
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“Acetate helps in the growth of other bacteria as an essential co-factor; for example, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii will not grow in pure culture in the absence of acetate (Rowland et al., 2018).”
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BackgroundGut Microbiota as a Trigger for Metabolic Inflammation in Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes
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“Indeed, data shows that gut dysbiosis enhances bacteria production that can regulate KCs inflammatory activation, promotes short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) production, changes the enterohepatic circulation of bile acid, and can lead to inflammation and finally hepatic steatosis [98, 99].”
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Bach Knudsen, K. E., Lærke, H. N., Hedemann, M. S., Nielsen, T. S., Ingerslev, A. K., Gundelund Nielsen, D. S., Theil, P. K., Purup, S., Hald, S., Schioldan, A. G., et al. (2018) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu10101499 · Cited by 572
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BackgroundMycotoxin: Its Impact on Gut Health and Microbiota
Liew, W.-P.-P., & Sabran, M. R. (2018) · Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fcimb.2018.00060 · Cited by 472
“Similarly, metabolism pathways of proteins, bile, and phytochemicals, as well as vitamins synthesis by the microbiota, has been also elucidated (Rowland et al., 2017).”
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Yang, Q., Liang, Q., Balakrishnan, B., Belobrajdic, D. P., Feng, Q.-J., & Zhang, W. Y. (2020) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu12020381 · Cited by 487
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“Likewise, gut microbiota are essential for the synthesis of vitamins, such as vitamin K or many of those of the B complex, the degradation of polyphenols from the diet, xenobiotic elimination, and even the metabolism of bile acids (BA) [44,45].”
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“Among its major roles are: maintaining the structural integrity of the endothelial barrier, influencing the growth of the immune system, providing antimicrobial protection, impacting the metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins, and playing an important role in the synthesis of several vitamins such as vitami…”
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“At present, meta-omics approach is conducive to consideration of microbiota ecosystem as a holistic population structure, and the genes, transcripts, proteins, and metabolites of microorganisms can be integrated via high-throughput global analysis (Rowland et al. 2018).”
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Baker, J. M., Chase, D. M., & Herbst‐Kralovetz, M. M. (2018) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2018.00208 · Cited by 400
“An example of a mutually beneficial relationship is the production of vitamins and SCFAs that are produced by the gut microbiome and can act not only as nutrients for cells but may also elicit beneficial epigenetic changes in the host as well as (in the case of propionate and acetate) serving as important satiety sign…”
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“The gut microbiota is an important factor that shapes both energy harvest and storage through metabolism of proteins and production of several metabolites including SCFAs, ammonia, sulfur-containing metabolites such as hydrogen sulfide and methanethiol, and neuroactive compounds such as tryptamine, serotonin, phenethy…”
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“Under anaerobic conditions, species belonging to the Bacteroides genus, and to the Clostridiaceae and Lactobacillaceae families, in special, Citrobacter and Serratia strains, produce short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) which are volatile fat acids able to cross the blood-brain barrier via monocarboxylate transporters.”
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“vitamins, short-chain fatty acids and substrates, for host metabolism.(3) Additionally, microbial detoxification of potential toxicants may confer protection to the host.”
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“It is acknowledged that diet is a key determinant of composition of gut microbial populations and that it impacts on gut transit time and gut environmental conditions, and critically determines the supply of substrates for microbial growth [22, 23].”
BackgroundPlasma metabolites to profile pathways in noncommunicable disease multimorbidity
Pietzner, M., Stewart, I. D., Raffler, J., Khaw, K., Michelotti, G. A., Kastenmüller, G., Wareham, N. J., & Langenberg, C. (2021) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-021-01266-0 · Cited by 246
Possible Side Effects of Polyphenols and Their Interactions with Medicines
Duda‐Chodak, A., & Tarko, T. (2023) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules28062536 · Cited by 257
Impact of Fecal Microbiota Transplantation on Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome—A Systematic Review
Zhang, Z., Mocanu, V., Cai, C., Dang, J. T., Slater, L., Deehan, E. C., Walter, J., & Madsen, K. L. (2019) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu11102291 · Cited by 245
“In terms of short-term improvement in insulin sensitivity, subjects receiving FMT demonstrated increases in relative abundance of Ruminococcus bromii and Roseburia intestinalis [40], species that are well-known as dietary fiber degraders and butyrate producers, respectively [43,44], which may play a role in improving…”
BackgroundInfluentialWegierska, A. E., Charitos, I. A., Topi, S., Potenza, M. A., Montagnani, M., & Santacroce, L. (2022) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-022-01696-x · Cited by 250
“In addition, the microbiota participates in metabolic functions by processing nondigestible dietary residues that produce SCFAs (such as n-butyrate, acetate, and propionate), which subsequently contribute to the host energy balance by increasing the availability of nutrients [66].”
BackgroundUpdate of probiotics in human world: A nonstop source of benefactions till the end of time
Zommiti, M., Feuilloley, M. G. J., & Connil, N. (2020) · Microorganisms · doi:10.3390/microorganisms8121907 · Cited by 225
Bosi, A., Banfi, D., Bistoletti, M., Giaroni, C., & Baj, A. (2020) · International Journal of Tryptophan Research · doi:10.1177/1178646920928984 · Cited by 221
“The epithelium of the gastrointestinal tract contains different types of single sensory/secretory EECs, which represent the largest endocrine system of the human body.151 At least 15 types of EECs have been described, releasing more than 20 peptide hormones involved in the regulation of gut motility, gastric acid secr…”
BackgroundVaiserman, A. M., Romanenko, M., Півень, Л. В., Moseiko, V., Lushchak, O. V., Kryzhanovska, N., Gurianov, V. G., & Koliada, A. K. (2020) · BMC Microbiology · doi:10.1186/s12866-020-01903-7 · Cited by 220
Effects of Polyphenol Intake on Metabolic Syndrome: Current Evidences from Human Trials
Chiva‐Blanch, G., & Badimón, L. (2017) · Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity · doi:10.1155/2017/5812401 · Cited by 229
“In total, over 1000 bacterial species have been identified, of which many remain uncultured, with about 160 species being found in the gut of any individual, making an important contribution to human metabolism and health by contributing enzymes that are not encoded by the human genome [121].”
BackgroundDey, P. (2019) · Pharmacological Research · doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2019.104367 · Cited by 216
Microbial-derived metabolites as a risk factor of age-related cognitive decline and dementia
Connell, E., Le Gall, G., Pontifex, M. G., Sami, S., Cryan, J. F., Clarke, G., Müller, M., & Vauzour, D. (2022) · Molecular Neurodegeneration · doi:10.1186/s13024-022-00548-6 · Cited by 208
“Initially, these microorganisms were considered to be solely responsible for intestinal processes (fermentation of carbohydrates, synthesis of vitamins and xenobiotic metabolism) [50].”
BackgroundBioactive compounds produced by probiotics in food products
Chugh, B., & Kamal‐Eldin, A. (2020) · Current Opinion in Food Science · doi:10.1016/j.cofs.2020.02.003 · Cited by 234
Engevik, M. A., Morra, C. N., Röth, D., Engevik, K. A., Spinler, J. K., Devaraj, S., Crawford, S. E., Estes, M. K., Kalkum, M., & Versalovic, J. A. (2019) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2019.02305 · Cited by 206
Williams, B. A., Mikkelsen, D., Flanagan, B. M., & Gidley, M. J. (2019) · Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology/Journal of animal science and biotechnology · doi:10.1186/s40104-019-0350-9 · Cited by 221
“Protein fermentation refers to the bacterial breakdown of proteins to amino acids, as well as their further breakdown to ammonia and other potentially toxic compounds such as indoles, phenols, and amines [97].”
BackgroundDietary Factors Modulating Colorectal Carcinogenesis
Vernia, F., Longo, S. A., Stefanelli, G., Viscido, A., & Latella, G. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13010143 · Cited by 211
“The role of gut microbiota in the development of CRC through specific biochemical pathways is becoming increasingly evident [86,87].”
BackgroundArias, N., Arboleya, S., Allison, J., Kaliszewska, A., Higarza, S. G., Gueimonde, M., & Arias, J. L. (2020) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu12082340 · Cited by 210
“Moreover, it participates in the development of a host’s immune system, brain, and behavior; protects against pathogens; and is a factory of bioactive compounds [29,30].”
BackgroundMacrofungi: A review of cultivation strategies, bioactivity, and application of mushrooms
Lu, H., Lou, H., Hu, J., Liu, Z., & Chen, Q. (2020) · Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety · doi:10.1111/1541-4337.12602 · Cited by 210
Stevia Leaf to Stevia Sweetener: Exploring Its Science, Benefits, and Future Potential
Samuel, P., Ayoob, K. T., Magnuson, B. A., Wölwer‐Rieck, U., Jeppesen, P. B., Rogers, P. J., Rowland, I. R., & Mathews, R. (2018) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/nxy102 · Cited by 202
Microbiota and Lifestyle: A Special Focus on Diet
Redondo-Useros, N., Nova, E., González-Zancada, N., Díaz, L. E., Gómez-Martínez, S., & Marcos, A. (2020) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu12061776 · Cited by 189
Role of Physiology, Immunity, Microbiota, and Infectious Diseases in the Gut Health of Poultry
Wickramasuriya, S. S., Park, I., Lee, K.-W., Lee, Y., Kim, W. H., Nam, H., & Lillehoj, H. S. (2022) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines10020172 · Cited by 215
“One of the key functions of the gut microbiota is extracting essential nutrients from the diet and making them available to the chicken [78].”
BackgroundUnveiling the therapeutic symphony of probiotics, prebiotics, and postbiotics in gut-immune harmony
Zhou, P., Chen, C., Patil, S., & Dong, S. (2024) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2024.1355542 · Cited by 193
“This microbial activity optimizes the utilization of vitamins, minerals, and nutrients by the body (15).”
BackgroundKabir, M. T., Rahman, M. H., Shah, M., Jamiruddin, M. R., Basak, D., Al‐Harrasi, A., Bhatia, S., Ashraf, G. M., Najda, A., El-kott, A. F., et al. (2022) · Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112610 · Cited by 191
Chavda, V. P., Patel, A., Mistry, K. J., Suthar, S. F., Wu, Z., Chen, Z., & Hou, K. (2022) · Frontiers in Oncology · doi:10.3389/fonc.2022.867655 · Cited by 199
Kong, H. G., Kim, H. H., Chung, J.-H., Jun, J., Lee, S., Kim, H., Jeon, S., Park, S. G., Bhak, J., & Ryu, C. (2019) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2019.02.018 · Cited by 178
“Many studies have been conducted to investigate the metabolism of bacteria, especially intestinal microbiota and interactions in host organisms (El Aidy et al., 2013; Hillman et al., 2017; Hsiao et al., 2008; Rowland et al., 2018).”
BackgroundPostbiotics: From emerging concept to application
Aggarwal, S., Sabharwal, V., Kaushik, P., Joshi, A., Aayushi, A., & Suri, M. (2022) · Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems · doi:10.3389/fsufs.2022.887642 · Cited by 199
Nutraceutical Value of Citrus Flavanones and Their Implications in Cardiovascular Disease
Testai, L., & Calderone, V. (2017) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu9050502 · Cited by 179
“Indeed, it has been demonstrated that the intestinal microbiota controls the bio-activation of flavonoids and regulates their catabolism [78].”
BackgroundCowan, C. S. M., Dinan, T. G., & Cryan, J. F. (2020) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.13156 · Cited by 176
Liu, C., Du, P., Cheng, Y., Guo, Y., Hu, B., Yao, W., Zhu, X., & Qian, H. (2021) · Carbohydrate Polymers · doi:10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.117571 · Cited by 178
Postbiotics as potential new therapeutic agents for metabolic disorders management
Bourebaba, Y., Marycz, K., Mularczyk, M., & Bourebaba, L. (2022) · Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113138 · Cited by 191
Felizardo, R. J. F., Watanabe, I. K. M., Dardi, P., Rossoni, L. V., & Câmara, N. O. S. (2019) · Pharmacological Research · doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2019.01.019 · Cited by 181
Nutritional Status and the Influence of the Vegan Diet on the Gut Microbiota and Human Health
Sakkas, H., Bozidis, P., Touzios, C., Kolios, D., Αθανασίου, Γ., Athanasopoulou, E., Gerou, I., & Gartzonika, C. (2020) · Medicina · doi:10.3390/medicina56020088 · Cited by 175
“Although there is a variety of functional competencies among different intestinal microbial communities, the normal gut microbiota, which is considered the largest organ and the most complex system of microorganisms [74], plays a crucial role in most of the human health aspects and well-being, including digestion of f…”
BackgroundDisturbances of the Gut Microbiota and Microbiota-Derived Metabolites in Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Hu, Y., Chen, Z., Xu, C., Kan, S., & Chen, D. (2022) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu14235140 · Cited by 180
“Furthermore, gut microbiota helps to promote the biosynthesis of vitamin B and vitamin K in a host, showing a protective effect for the host [62].”
BackgroundThe Preterm Gut Microbiota: An Inconspicuous Challenge in Nutritional Neonatal Care
Henderickx, J. G. E., Zwittink, R. D., van Lingen, R. A., Knol, J., & Belzer, C. (2019) · Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fcimb.2019.00085 · Cited by 173
Mapping Interactions of Microbial Metabolites with Human G-Protein-Coupled Receptors
Colosimo, D. A., Kohn, J. A., Luo, P. M., Piscotta, F. J., Han, S. M., Pickard, A. J., Rao, A., Cross, J. R., Cohen, L. J., & Brady, S. F. (2019) · Cell Host & Microbe · doi:10.1016/j.chom.2019.07.002 · Cited by 176
“Its presence in human fecal and sera samples has been attributed to either de novo biosynthesis by bacteria or microbial transformation of dietary compounds, most notably by species ofClostridium (Gao et al., 2009; Loke et al., 2009;Muñoz-González et al., 2013; Rowland et al., 2018).”
BackgroundThe Impact of Plant Phytochemicals on the Gut Microbiota of Humans for a Balanced Life
Santhiravel, S., Bekhit, A. E. A., Mendis, E., Jacobs, J. L., Dunshea, F. R., Rajapakse, N., & Ponnampalam, E. N. (2022) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms23158124 · Cited by 183
“This includes the generation of vitamins and the breakdown of polyphenols and polysaccharides [59].”
BackgroundInfluentialPlant Prebiotics and Their Role in the Amelioration of Diseases
Kaur, A. P., Bhardwaj, S., Dhanjal, D. S., Nepovimová, E., Martins, N. A., Kuča, K., Chopra, C., Singh, R., Kumar, H., Şen, F., et al. (2021) · Biomolecules · doi:10.3390/biom11030440 · Cited by 174
“Microbes present in the gut synthesize SCFAs via fermentation of carbohydrates, amino acids, and other nutrients that are not absorbed in the small intestine [200].”
BackgroundHow Diet and Physical Activity Modulate Gut Microbiota: Evidence, and Perspectives
Campaniello, D., Corbo, M. R., Sinigaglia, M., Speranza, B., Racioppo, A., Altieri, C., & Bevilacqua, A. (2022) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu14122456 · Cited by 178
Promising bioactivities of postbiotics: A comprehensive review
Rafique, N., Jan, S. Y., Dar, A. H., Dash, K. K., Sarkar, A., Shams, R., Pandey, V. K., Khan, S. A., Amin, Q. A., & Hussain, S. Z. (2023) · Journal of Agriculture and Food Research · doi:10.1016/j.jafr.2023.100708 · Cited by 176
Hydrogen cross-feeders of the human gastrointestinal tract
Smith, N. W., Shorten, P. R., Altermann, E., Roy, N. C., & McNabb, W. C. (2018) · Gut Microbes · doi:10.1080/19490976.2018.1546522 · Cited by 176
Health promoting microbial metabolites produced by gut microbiota after prebiotics metabolism
Peredo-Lovillo, A. G., Romero‐Luna, H. E., & Jiménez‐Fernández, M. (2020) · Food Research International · doi:10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109473 · Cited by 170
Postbiotic production: harnessing the power of microbial metabolites for health applications
Prajapati, N., Patel, J., Singh, S., Yadav, V. K., Joshi, C., Patani, A., Prajapati, D., Sahoo, D. K., & Patel, A. (2023) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2023.1306192 · Cited by 186
Association between gut microbiota and bone health: Potential mechanisms and prospective
Chen, Y.-C., Greenbaum, J., Shen, H., & Deng, H.-W. (2017) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2017-00513 · Cited by 165
Influence of Maternal Milk on the Neonatal Intestinal Microbiome
Gopalakrishna, K. P., & Hand, T. W. (2020) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu12030823 · Cited by 170
“Germ-free mice, which are bred to completely lack a microbiome, also have deficits in vitamin B and K synthesis, which can affect prothrombin levels [24].”
BackgroundLucas, L. N., Barrett, K., Kerby, R. L., Zhang, Q., Cattaneo, L. E., Stevenson, D., Rey, F. E., & Amador-Noguez, D. (2021) · mSystems · doi:10.1128/msystems.00805-21 · Cited by 168
“A fundamental way by which the gut microbiota affects human physiology is via a wide variety of microbially encoded biochemical activities such as vitamin synthesis, production of small organic acids, and modification of bile acids (1).”
BackgroundCross-Domain and Viral Interactions in the Microbiome
Rowan-Nash, A. D., Korry, B. J., Mylonakis, E. E., & Belenky, P. A. (2019) · Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews · doi:10.1128/mmbr.00044-18 · Cited by 173
Dual role of microbiota-derived short-chain fatty acids on host and pathogen
Mirzaei, R., Dehkhodaie, E., Bouzari, B., Rahimi, M., Gholestani, A., Hosseini‐Fard, S. R., Keyvani, H., Teimoori, A., & Karampoor, S. (2021) · Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112352 · Cited by 167
Kandpal, M., Indari, O., Baral, B., Jakhmola, S., Tiwari, D., Bhandari, V., Pandey, R. K., Bala, K., Sonawane, A., & Jha, H. C. (2022) · Metabolites · doi:10.3390/metabo12111064 · Cited by 177
“The gut microbiota aids in a wide range of functions in human health; due to its prominent role in the neuroendocrine functions [17], metabolism [18], and immunity of an individual [19], the gastrointestinal microbiome has piqued the scientific community’s curiosity in recent years [20].”
BackgroundRole of dietary fiber in promoting immune health—An EAACI position paper
Venter, C., Meyer, R. W., Greenhawt, M., Pali‐Schöll, I., Nwaru, B. I., Roduit, C., Untersmayr, E., Adel‐Patient, K., Agache, I. O., Agostoni, C. V., et al. (2022) · Allergy · doi:10.1111/all.15430 · Cited by 166
Barone, M., D’Amico, F., Brigidi, P., & Turroni, S. (2022) · BioFactors · doi:10.1002/biof.1835 · Cited by 161
“Some bacterial genera normally adapted to the human gastrointestinal tract niche, including, Bifidobacterium, Bacteroides, and Enterococcus, are well-known to biosynthesize vitamin K and those of group B, more precisely the water-soluble forms of the latter.(23,65,66) Furthermore, as reported for minerals, the gut mic…”
BackgroundKim, I.-S., Kim, C., & Yang, W. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms22084054 · Cited by 175
Metadata
- Authors
- Rowland, I., Gibson, G., Heinken, A., Scott, K., Swann, J., Thiele, I., & Tuohy, K.
- Affiliations
- University of Reading (GB)
- University of Luxembourg (LU)
- University of Aberdeen (GB)
- Imperial College London (GB)
- Fondazione Edmund Mach (IT)
- Corresponding author
- Rowland, Ian
- Venue
- European Journal of Nutrition
- Published
- 2017-04-09
- Volume
- 57
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 1-24
- ISSN
- 1436-6207 (ISSN-L)
- 1436-6215
- PMC
- PMC5847071
- OpenAlex
- W2604323123
- Cited by
- 2,878
- References
- 166
- Citations by year
- 2026: 317 · 2025: 393 · 2024: 431 · 2023: 382 · 2022: 424 · 2021: 365 · 2020: 305 · 2019: 173 · 2018: 65 · 2017: 17
- FWCI
- 14.34
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- European Journal of Nutrition (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- CentAUR (University of Reading) (acceptedVersion, other-oa)
- ePrints Soton (University of Southampton) (acceptedVersion)
- Aberdeen University Research Archive (Aberdeen University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- CINECA IRIS Institutional Research Information System (Fondazione Edmund Mach) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Open Repository and Bibliography (University of Luxembourg) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- Spiral (Imperial College London) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- International Life Sciences Institute Europe
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Microbial Metabolites in Food Biotechnology
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Probiotics and Fermented Foods
- Keywords
- gut microbiota, host-microbe interactions, nutrient metabolism, dietary carbohydrates, short-chain fatty acids, protein metabolism, plant polyphenols, bile acids, vitamin metabolism, microbial metabolic pathways, enzyme activity assay
- MeSH terms
- Gastrointestinal Microbiome, Bacteria, Bile Acids and Salts, Diet, Dietary Carbohydrates, Dietary Proteins, Fatty Acids, Food, Health Promotion, Humans, Models, Theoretical, Plants, Edible, Vitamins, Proteomics, Metagenomics, Polyphenols, Phytochemicals
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