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The contribution of astrocytes to the neuroinflammatory response in multiple sclerosis and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
Open accessAbstract
Neuroinflammation is the coordinated response of the central nervous system (CNS) to threats to its integrity posed by a variety of conditions, including autoimmunity, pathogens and trauma. Activated astrocytes, in concert with other cellular elements of the CNS and immune system, are important players in the modulation of the neuroinflammatory response. During neurological disease, they produce and respond to cellular signals that often lead to dichotomous processes, which can promote further damage or contribute to repair. This occurs also in multiple sclerosis (MS), where astrocytes are now recognized as key components of its immunopathology. Evidence supporting this role has emerged not only from studies in MS patients, but also from animal models, among which the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model has proved especially instrumental. Based on this premise, the purpose of the present review is to summarize the current knowledge of astrocyte behavior in MS and EAE. Following a brief description of the pathological characteristics of the two diseases and the main functional roles of astrocytes in CNS physiology, we will delve into the specific responses of this cell population, analyzing MS and EAE in parallel. We will define the temporal and anatomical profile of astroglial activation, then focus on key processes they participate in. These include: (1) production and response to soluble mediators (e.g., cytokines and chemokines), (2) regulation of oxidative stress, and (3) maintenance of BBB integrity and function. Finally, we will review the state of the art on the available methods to measure astroglial activation in vivo in MS patients, and how this could be exploited to optimize diagnosis, prognosis and treatment decisions. Ultimately, we believe that integrating the knowledge obtained from studies in MS and EAE may help not only better understand the pathophysiology of MS, but also uncover new signals to be targeted for therapeutic intervention.
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“MS-associated genes were highly expressed in glioblastoma, consistent with the emerging view that astrocyte-mediated neuroinflammation is a key contributor to the MS pathogenesis39.”
From A computational tool (H-MAGMA) for improved prediction of brain-disorder risk genes by incorporating brain chromatin interaction profiles (2020) · cites this paper as [39]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Brambilla, R.
- Affiliations
- University of Miami (US)
- Corresponding author
- Brambilla, Roberta
- ORCID
- Brambilla, Roberta
- Venue
- Acta Neuropathologica
- Published
- 2019-03-07
- Volume
- 137
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 757-783
- ISSN
- 0001-6322 (ISSN-L)
- 1432-0533
- PMC
- PMC6483860
- OpenAlex
- W2921019730
- Cited by
- 246
- References
- 205
- Citations by year
- 2026: 26 · 2025: 22 · 2024: 34 · 2023: 30 · 2022: 32 · 2021: 50 · 2020: 34 · 2019: 17
- FWCI
- 4.95
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- Locations
- Acta Neuropathologica (publishedVersion)
- University of Southern Denmark Research Portal (University of Southern Denmark) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (1R01NS094522-01)
- National Multiple Sclerosis Society (NMSS PP-1804-30716)
- Fondazione Italiana Sclerosi Multipla (FISM 2015/R/7)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Multiple Sclerosis Research Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Spinal Cord Injury Research
- Keywords
- astrocytes, neuroinflammation, multiple sclerosis, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, astroglial activation, cytokines, chemokines, oxidative stress, blood-brain barrier integrity, autoimmunity
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Astrocytes, Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental, Humans, Inflammation, Multiple Sclerosis
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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