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Analyzing microglial phenotypes across neuropathologies: a practical guide
Open accessAbstract
As extremely sensitive immune cells, microglia act as versatile watchdogs of the central nervous system (CNS) that tightly control tissue homeostasis. Therefore, microglial activation is an early and easily detectable hallmark of virtually all neuropsychiatric, neuro-oncological, neurodevelopmental, neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory diseases. The recent introduction of novel high-throughput technologies and several single-cell methodologies as well as advances in epigenetic analyses helped to identify new microglia expression profiles, enhancer-landscapes and local signaling cues that defined diverse previously unappreciated microglia states in the healthy and diseased CNS. Here, we give an overview on the recent developments in the field of microglia biology and provide a practical guide to analyze disease-associated microglia phenotypes in both the murine and human CNS, on several morphological and molecular levels. Finally, technical limitations, potential pitfalls and data misinterpretations are discussed as well.
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“Histopathological examination of the hippocampal parenchyma revealed microgliosis17 in aged mice, which was reduced after STING inhibition (Fig. 2a).”
From cGAS–STING drives ageing-related inflammation and neurodegeneration (2023) · cites this paper as [17]
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“Homeostatic microglia present a ramified morphology with longer processes (Schwabenland et al., 2021), such as that observed in WT and CKO mice (Fig. 4, H, M, and N), while microglia from T mice display a hypertrophic morphology characterized by a significant reduction in process length and number of branches per cell (P < 0.0001).”
From Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase mediates neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration in a mouse model of tauopathy (2024) · cites this paper as Schwabenland et al., 2021
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Metadata
- Authors
- Schwabenland, M., Brück, W., Priller, J., Stadelmann, C., Lassmann, H., & Prinz, M.
- Affiliations
- University of Freiburg (DE)
- Universitätsmedizin Göttingen (DE)
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DE)
- Medical University of Vienna (AT)
- Corresponding author
- Lassmann, Hans
- Prinz, Marco
- ORCID
- Venue
- Acta Neuropathologica
- Published
- 2021-10-08
- Volume
- 142
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 923-936
- ISSN
- 0001-6322 (ISSN-L)
- 1432-0533
- PMC
- PMC8498770
- OpenAlex
- W3201995754
- Cited by
- 149
- References
- 80
- Citations by year
- 2026: 21 · 2025: 29 · 2024: 25 · 2023: 36 · 2022: 37 · 2021: 1
- FWCI
- 2.89
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- Acta Neuropathologica (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Informationszentrum Lebenswissenschaften (ZB MED) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- mediaTUM – the media and publications repository of the Technical University Munich (Technical University Munich) (submittedVersion)
- DZNE Pub (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- GoeScholar The Publication Server of the Georg-August-Universität Göttingen (Georg-August-Universität Göttingen) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Universitätsklinikum Freiburg
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Multiple Sclerosis Research Studies
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Single-cell and spatial transcriptomics
- Keywords
- microglia, microglial phenotype, microglial activation, neurodegenerative diseases, neuroinflammation, single-cell transcriptomics, enhancer landscape, epigenetics, microglial morphology, CNS homeostasis, mouse model
- MeSH terms
- Neuropathology, Animals, Central Nervous System Diseases, Humans, Phenotype, Microglia, Mice
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