Nanoparticle dermal absorption and toxicity: a review of the literature
Abstract
Introduction Nanotechnologies are among the fastest growing areas of scientific research and have important applications in a wide variety of fields. The data suggest that in the future workers and consumers exposed to nanoparticles will significantly increase. Dermal absorption and toxicity of nanoparticles At now there are gaps in understanding about the human and environmental risk that manufactured nanoparticles pose for occupational exposed people and for consumers. There is a need for assessing the health and environmental impacts, the nanoparticles life cycle, the human exposure routes, the behavior of nanoparticles in the body, and the risk for workers. Possible routes of entry into the body include inhalation, absorption through the skin or digestive tract, injection, and absorption or implantation for drugs delivery systems. In particular, dermal absorption and skin penetration of nanoparticles needs a better evaluation because few and contradictory data are present in the literature, mainly on titanium dioxide. Conclusions There are limited data on carbon-based nanoparticles and very few data on other metal nanoparticles increasingly used in industry. The article reviews the literature on the percutaneous absorption of nanoparticles and their effect on skin.
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Dermal absorption of nanoparticles depends on the properties of the specific nanoparticles.
“which are dependent on the properties of the specific nanoparticles in question [85].”
From Nanoparticles in Construction Materials and Other Applications, and Implications of Nanoparticle Use (2019) · cites this paper as [85]
The assessed risk of dermal absorption is low due to the perception of less permeability via the skin.
“the assessed risk is low due to the perception of less permeability via the skin [85].”
From Nanoparticles in Construction Materials and Other Applications, and Implications of Nanoparticle Use (2019) · cites this paper as [85]
Four modes of dermal absorption of nanoparticles have been identified: intercellular, transcellular, and trans-appendageal through hair follicles or sweat glands.
“Four modes—intercellular, transcellular, and trans-appendageal through either hair follicles or sweat glands—of dermal absorption have been identified”
From Nanoparticles in Construction Materials and Other Applications, and Implications of Nanoparticle Use (2019) · cites this paper as [85]
Absorption through the derma is often overlooked in favour of inhalation exposure studies.
“Absorption through the derma is often overlooked in favour of inhalation exposure studies”
From Nanoparticles in Construction Materials and Other Applications, and Implications of Nanoparticle Use (2019) · cites this paper as [85]
Nanoparticles may pass through the skin at sites of flexure, wounds, and lesions.
“evidence suggesting that nanoparticles may pass through the skin at sites of flexure, wounds, and lesions [85].”
From Nanoparticles in Construction Materials and Other Applications, and Implications of Nanoparticle Use (2019) · cites this paper as [85]
In porcine skin, surface imaging revealed accumulation of smaller polystyrene nanoparticles in follicular openings.
“Surface imaging revealed an accumulation of smaller nanoparticles in the follicular openings.”
From Nanoparticles in Construction Materials and Other Applications, and Implications of Nanoparticle Use (2019) · cites this paper as [85]
Nanoparticles may be absorbed through the skin, gaining entry to the body.
“Nanoparticles may be absorbed through the skin, thus gaining entry to the body.”
From Nanoparticles in Construction Materials and Other Applications, and Implications of Nanoparticle Use (2019) · cites this paper as [85]
Mechanical flexion enables transition of micrometre particles from the outer dermis into the lower dermal layers.
“Studies into the effects of mechanical flexion have demonstrated that movement enables the transition of micrometre particles from the outer dermis into the lower dermal layers [85].”
From Nanoparticles in Construction Materials and Other Applications, and Implications of Nanoparticle Use (2019) · cites this paper as [85]
In 2012, the European Commission deemed that regulations regarding chemical releases into the environment, in both commercial and household waste applications, can apply to nanomaterials.
“In 2012, the European Commission deemed that the regulations regarding chemical releases into the environment, in both commercial and household waste applications, can apply to nanomaterials [85].”
From Nanoparticles in Construction Materials and Other Applications, and Implications of Nanoparticle Use (2019) · cites this paper as [85]
This places the burden of responsibility for worker safety regarding nanomaterials in the hands of managers, who may have little to no knowledge of the potential risks of nanomaterials, exacerbated by recent growth in application and popularity.
“this places the burden of responsibility for worker safety regarding nanomaterials in the hands of managers, who may have little to no knowledge of the potential risks of nanomaterials, and which is exacerbated by the recent growth in the application and popularity of nanomaterials [85].”
From Nanoparticles in Construction Materials and Other Applications, and Implications of Nanoparticle Use (2019) · cites this paper as [85]
Safe Work Australia has identified that engineered nanoparticles fall under the same legislation governing technologies, chemicals, substances, and materials, and requires associated risks to be addressed via elimination, minimisation, or communication.
“The Australian body for workplace safety, Safe Work Australia, has identified that engineered nanoparticles fall under the same legislation governing technologies, chemicals, substances, and materials, and requires the associated risks to be addressed via elimination, minimisation, or communication.”
From Nanoparticles in Construction Materials and Other Applications, and Implications of Nanoparticle Use (2019) · cites this paper as [85]
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- Authors
- Crosera, M., Bovenzi, M., Maina, G., Adami, G., Zanette, C., Florio, C., & Filon Larese, F.
- Affiliations
- University of Trieste (IT)
- University of Turin (IT)
- Corresponding author
- Crosera, Matteo
- Venue
- International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health
- Published
- 2009-08-25
- Volume
- 82
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 1043-1055
- ISSN
- 0340-0131 (ISSN-L)
- 1432-1246
- OpenAlex
- W1993026774
- Cited by
- 297
- References
- 99
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 21 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 18 · 2018: 21 · 2017: 22 · 2016: 21 · 2015: 26 · 2014: 22 · 2013: 21 · 2012: 24
- FWCI
- 0.72
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- ArTS Archivio della ricerca di Trieste (University of Trieste https://www.units.it/) (submittedVersion)
- Institutional Research Information System University of Turin (University of Turin) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Materials Chemistry › Nanoparticles: synthesis and applications
- Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Pharmaceutical Science › Advancements in Transdermal Drug Delivery
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Dermatology › Contact Dermatitis and Allergies
- Keywords
- nanoparticles, percutaneous absorption, skin penetration, nanoparticle toxicity, titanium dioxide nanoparticles, carbon nanoparticles, metal nanoparticles, occupational exposure, human exposure pathways, skin effect, risk assessment
- MeSH terms
- Carbon, Humans, Skin, Skin Absorption, Occupational Exposure, Nanoparticles, Metal Nanoparticles
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