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Cited by 7Occupational Health and Safety ResearchOccupational Health and Safety in WorkplacesAgriculture and Farm Safety

Impact of risk mitigation strategies on non-fatal injuries in the construction sector in qatar: a retrospective analysis

Open access
Soubra, Lama, Al-Mohannadi, Alreem, Berzan, Yasser, Consunji, Rafael, El‑Menyar, Ayman, Al‑Thani, Hassan, Al-Marri, Mohammed Ali, Al-Hajri, Hamad Saed·2025·International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health
DOI 10.1007/s00420-025-02126-xPMC PMC11972227
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Abstract

Purpose: The construction sector has the highest risk of fatal and non-fatal injuries worldwide. This study examined the impact of risk mitigation strategies implemented in Qatar’s construction sector between 2013 and 2021 on non-fatal injuries. Methods: This study employed quantitative and qualitative methods. Data on implemented strategies were gathered through a systematic website search and structured interviews with Safety and Occupational Health officers. Retrospective injury data were obtained from Hamad Trauma Center medical records. Systematic website search identified key legislation and guidelines. Interview transcripts were analyzed using qualitative content analysis. Injury data were categorized into pre- and post-implementation data. Differences were assessed using means, standard deviations, percentages, effect sizes, and confidence intervals. Results: Eight safety legislation/policies and guidelines were issued. Interview analysis identified technical, behavioral, and organizational measures as key themes in risk mitigation strategies. Comparing pre- and post-implementation data, non-fatal injury incidence (effect size (ES): 0.21, 95% CI 0.19–0.28) and severity (ES: 0.32, 95% CI 0.25–0.40) were reduced. Hospital and ICU stays were shorter post-implementation (ES: 0.2, 95% CI 0.12–0.27 and 0.014, 95% CI 0.010–0.021). Injury reductions were observed across major affected areas, except for the chest and skin. Non-fatal injuries remained more common among general laborers (ES: − 0.26, 95% CI − 0.34, 0.18) and those wearing protective devices (ES; − 0.1, CI − 0.12, − 0.07). Conclusion: Implemented risk mitigation strategies collectively reduced non-fatal injury incidence and severity and improved outcomes in the construction sector. Future research should explore observed trends through prospective studies and job hazard analysis.

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

This retrospective mixed-methods study examined Qatar construction-sector risk mitigation strategies implemented between 2014 and 2021 and their association with non-fatal injuries. It reports that non-fatal injury incidence and severity were lower after implementation, with shorter hospital and ICU stays, though safety gaps remained for general laborers and PPE users.

Key findings

  • Eight safety documents were identified: three legislation documents and five guidelines, including the Qatar Construction Specification and health and safety plan requirements.
  • Among 2,712 non-fatal injuries, incidence was significantly lower post-implementation (effect size 0.21, 95% CI 0.19–0.28), and injury severity decreased (effect size 0.32, 95% CI 0.25–0.40).
  • Hospital and ICU stays were shorter post-implementation (effect size 0.2, 95% CI 0.12–0.27 and 0.014, 95% CI 0.010–0.021, respectively).
  • Non-fatal injuries remained more common among general laborers (effect size −0.26, 95% CI −0.34, 0.18) and among those wearing protective devices (effect size −0.1, 95% CI −0.12, −0.07); falls (1,729; 63.8%) and being struck by heavy objects (589; 21.7%) were the most common mechanisms.

Methods

  • Mixed-methods design: systematic website search and structured interviews with Safety and Occupational Health officers to identify risk mitigation strategies, plus retrospective injury data from Hamad Trauma Center medical records.
  • Injury records covered construction workers with non-fatal injuries from January 2014 to January 2021; analyses compared pre-implementation (2013–2017) and post-implementation (2018–2021) groups, with 2018 as the cut-off year.
  • Quantitative analysis used means, standard deviations, percentages, 95% confidence intervals, effect sizes, Student’s t-test, Pearson’s chi-square, and Fisher’s exact test in SPSS version 21; interview transcripts underwent deductive qualitative content analysis.

Limitations

  • Stated: retrospective medical-record data may introduce bias; interviews are subject to potential biases and subjective interpretations; the methods did not allow direct causal links between specific strategies and outcomes due to lack of individual-level implementation data and no prospective longitudinal observations; pre/post grouping may not fully capture individual strategies or gradual effects.
  • Evident from the design: the pre-post observational comparison cannot establish causality, and the study relies on registry data from a single trauma center, although the paper states it is the only Level I trauma center in Qatar and receives more than 98% of the country’s trauma patients.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1007/s00420-025-02126-x

Cites

45 of 45 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

11 of 28 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged · accuracy not yet measured

  • Findingcitation

    Superficial lesions affecting the skin and those affecting higher and lower extremities, and the chest were reported, reflecting the nature of the physical labor done in the construction sector.

    “As for the affected body parts, superficial lesions affecting the skin and those affecting higher and lower extremities, and the chest were reported reflecting the nature of the physical labor done in the construction sector (Di Domenico et al. 2022; Šoštarič et al. 2021; Sherratt et al. 2020).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim2 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Di Domenico et al. 2022 source

      The Participants and procedures section describes health professionals in two Chinese hospitals, and the Abstract concerns psychosocial safety climate and work motivation. Searches for superficial lesions and for construction-related injuries found no passage about skin, limb, or chest lesions in construction workers. The printed citing sentence also does not cite Hu et al. (LLM, conf=0.77)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites Šoštarič et al. 2021

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Sherratt et al. 2020 source

      The Strengths and Limitations passages discuss occupational injury incidence in construction and the effects of workplace alcohol and drug policies, but do not identify injured body parts or lesion types. Searches for superficial lesions, skin, extremities, and chest found no passage addressing the claimed injury pattern. (LLM, conf=0.76)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • Premisecitation

    The adoption of a combination of risk mitigation strategies has significant impacts on the incidence rate of injuries in the construction sector.

    “This also supports the findings from other studies showing that the adoption of a combination of risk mitigation strategies was found to have significant impacts on the incidence rate of injuries in the construction sector (Hsieh et al. 2021; Dresen et al. 2018; Gibb et al. 2014).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Hsieh et al. 2021

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Dresen et al. 2018 source

      The Safety campaigns and Drug-free workplace programme sections report reductions in non-fatal injury rates for two multifaceted interventions, with confidence intervals excluding zero. But the Safety campaigns section also reports no reduction for a regional campaign, and the Discussion rates the evidence as very low quality and says these interventions *may* reduce injuries. The claim overstates these limited findings as a general, significant impact of combined strategies. (LLM, conf=0.84)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites Gibb et al. 2014 source
  • Findingown data

    ICU stays were shorter post-implementation (effect size 0.014, 95% CI 0.010-0.021).

    “Hospital and ICU stays were shorter post-implementation (ES: 0.2, 95% CI 0.12–0.27 and 0.014, 95% CI 0.010–0.021).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    The overall injury severity score (ISS) of non-fatal injuries was 10.7 (SD 10.1).

    “The overall injury severity score (ISS) of the non-fatal injuries was reported to be (10.7 ± 10.1) reflecting moderate to severe injury (ACI 2024).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Findingown data

    Injury reductions were observed across major affected areas, except for the chest and skin.

    “Injury reductions were observed across major affected areas, except for the chest and skin.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • May combine two claims. 51
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 18
  • The quote only partly states this claim. 2

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    There is a lack of comprehensive understanding regarding risk mitigation strategies implemented across different regions and limited evidence on their combined impacts on non-fatal injuries.

    “However, there is a lack of comprehensive understanding regarding the risk mitigation strategies implemented across different regions, along with limited evidence on their combined impacts on non-fatal injuries (Almaskati et al. 2024; Chan et al. 2023; Consunji et al. 2020; Van der Molen et al. 2018; Lehtola et al. 2008).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim3 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Almaskati et al. 2024 source

      The Introduction and Future Directions sections say the literature lacks an exhaustive account of mitigation practices and that few studies consider strategies to minimize hazards. The Conclusions mention reducing non-fatal injuries, but the paper does not establish a gap across different regions or specifically identify limited evidence on the combined effects of strategies on non-fatal injuries. (LLM, conf=0.85)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites Chan et al. 2023 source

      The Introduction (no page provided) identifies a research gap concerning learning from incidents in construction, not risk-mitigation strategies across regions. The Discussion and Section 4.2 examine joint learning-from-incidents strategies and overall safety performance, but do not address whether evidence is limited on their combined effects on non-fatal injuries. Searches for non-fatal injuries and regional strategies found no passage supporting the attributed claim. (LLM, conf=0.76)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites Consunji et al. 2020 source

      Section 3 says that Qatar lacked reliable data to assess the effectiveness of different injury-prevention interventions. The Introduction and Discussion §4.2 also identify gaps in data on mild-to-moderate injuries. The paper does not establish a lack of understanding across different regions or specifically assess evidence on strategies’ combined impacts on non-fatal injuries. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.84)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The construction industry has the highest incidence of work-related injuries in both high-income and low-to-middle income countries.

    “The occurrence of work-related injuries varies depending on the industry, with the construction industry in both high-income countries and low-to-middle income countries having the highest incidence (Salminen et al. 2019; Villanueva et al. 2019).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Salminen et al. 2019 source
    • cites Villanueva et al. 2019 source

      Section 2, “ADAS for safety and eco-driving” (page unavailable), discusses UK road-traffic injuries, not occupational injuries by industry. Searches for construction-industry injury incidence and comparisons between high-income and low-to-middle-income countries found no passage addressing the claim. (LLM, conf=0.76)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Other studies conducted in the Middle East, Gulf, Asia, and Europe have also reported falls and being struck by heavy objects as common injury mechanisms in the construction sector.

    “Other studies conducted in the Middle East, Gulf, Asia, and Europe have also reported these mechanisms as common ones in the construction sector (Di Domenico et al. 2022; Šoštarič et al. 2021; Papadonikolaki et al. 2021; Seo et al. 2021; Sherratt et al. 2020; Al-Bayati et al. 2020; Al-Ghamdi and Al-Kahtani 2019; Al-Kaabi and Hadipriono 2018; Li et al. 2015; Khosravi et al. 2014; Abudayyeh et al. 2”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim2 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Di Domenico et al. 2022 source

      The Participants and procedures section describes a study of health professionals in two Chinese hospitals, and the Practical implications section discusses psychosocial safety climate and work motivation. Searches for construction injury mechanisms, falls, and workers struck by heavy objects found no passage addressing the claim. Page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.76)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites Šoštarič et al. 2021

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Papadonikolaki et al. 2021 source

      The Introduction describes a review of intraoperative hypotension and neurocognitive disorders after cardiac surgery; the Methods likewise concern that review (pages unavailable). Searches for construction injuries, falls, and workers struck by objects found no passage addressing the claimed injury mechanisms. (LLM, conf=0.78)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    PPE alone is not sufficient without thorough safety procedures and training, as persons wearing PPE may engage in risky behaviors thinking that they are protected.

    “suggesting that PPE alone is not sufficient without thorough safety procedures and training, as persons wearing PPE may engage in risky behaviors thinking that they are protected (Liu et al. 2022; Gyekye and Salminen 2021; Solis and Philips 2018; Neitzel et al. 2009).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Liu et al. 2022 source
    • cites Gyekye and Salminen 2021 source
    • cites Solis and Philips 2018 source

      The retrieved passages (labelled Abstract) identify the source as a study of classifying red-signal approaches using train operational data; they do not address personal protective equipment. Searches for PPE, risky behaviour, safety procedures and training returned no relevant passage from our copy, so it cannot verify the attributed claim. (LLM, conf=0.74)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    The increase in ICU admissions in the post-implementation group suggests that more severe cases required intensive care, possibly due to the application of stricter monitoring and care protocols for high-risk patients.

    “The increase in ICU admissions in the post-implementation group suggests that more severe cases required intensive care, possibly due to the application of stricter monitoring and care protocols for high-risk patients (Doe and Lee 2023; Doe and Smith 2023; Smith and Johnson 2020).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Doe and Lee 2023

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Doe and Smith 2023 source

      The Methods section describes an Austrian population survey measuring occupational balance and depressive symptoms, and the Results report changes in those outcomes across survey waves; neither section reports ICU admissions or a post-implementation patient group. Searches for ICU admissions and stricter monitoring or care protocols found no passage addressing the claim. Page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.78)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites Smith and Johnson 2020

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Injuries among workers wearing PPE were 5% overall, with 4.1% in the pre-implementation group and 6.0% in the post-implementation group, effect size -0.1 (95% CI -0.12, -0.07).

    “Injuries among those wearing PPE n (%) | 73 (5) | 34 (4.1 (3.1–5.1)) | 39 (6.0 (4.7–7.3)) | -0.1 (-0.12, -0.07)”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The most affected part of the body was the skin, and the least affected part was the abdomen.

    “As shown in Table 3, the most affected part of the body was the skin, and the least affected part was the abdomen.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Struck by heavy object accounted for 21.7% of non-fatal injuries overall, with 23.3% pre-implementation and 19.9% post-implementation, effect size 0.1 (95% CI 0.07, 0.13).

    “Struck by heavy object | 589 (21.7) | 338 (23.3 (21.1–25.5)) | 251 (19.9 (17.7–22.1)) | 0.1 (0.07, 0.13)”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Development and updating of risk mitigation strategies were guided by consultation of international health and safety guidelines, attendance at workshops and conferences, and risk assessment and incident analysis.

    “Consultation of international health and safety guidelines and legislations from agencies such as the National Examination Board in Occupational Safety and Health (NEBOSH), the Institution of Occupational Safety and Health (IOSH), the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), and the European Agency for Safety and Health at Work (EU-OSHA) were used to develop risk mitigation strategies”
    • Also stated in: § Risk mitigation strategies · plain
      “Additionally, attending national, regional, and international workshops and conferences was utilized to stay informed about the latest requirements and advancements in construction-related health and safety.”
    • Also stated in: § Risk mitigation strategies · plain
      “Risk assessment and incident analysis were also employed to identify local needs and safety gaps, as well as to develop new risk mitigation strategies or improve and enhance existing ones.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    There was a decrease in the severity of non-fatal injuries in the post-implementation group, although not statistically significant, with an effect size of 0.32 (95% CI 0.25-0.4).

    “Furthermore, although not statistically significant, results showed that there is a decrease in the severity of non-fatal injuries occurring in the post-implementation group with an effect size of 0.32 (95% CI 0.25–0.4).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Findingnone given

    Most risk mitigation strategies were gradually introduced by or before 2017.

    “Since most strategies were gradually introduced by or before 2017, the year 2018 was designated as the cut-off year.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Other injury mechanisms accounted for 2.6% of non-fatal injuries overall, with 2.3% pre-implementation and 2.9% post-implementation, effect size -0.04 (95% CI -0.075, -0.01).

    “Other | 70 (2.6) | 34 (2.3 (1.5–3)) | 36 (2.9 (2–3.8)) | − 0.04 (− 0.075, − 0.01)”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Pedestrian strikes accounted for 2.2% of non-fatal injuries overall, with 2.5% pre-implementation and 2.0% post-implementation, effect size 0.034 (95% CI -0.04, 0.11).

    “Pedestrian strike | 61 (2.2) | 36 (2.5 (1.7–3.3)) | 25 (2 (1.23–2.8)) | 0.034 (- 0.04, 0.11)”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Carpenters accounted for 5.8% of non-fatal injuries overall; their proportion decreased from 9.1% pre-implementation to 2.1% post-implementation, a statistically significant difference.

    “Carpenter | 159 (5.8) | 132 (9.1 (7.62–10.58)) | 27 (2.1 (1.3–2.9))*** | 0.32 (0.25, 0.40))”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Installation, maintenance and repair workers accounted for 4.2% of non-fatal injuries overall; their proportion decreased from 5.3% pre-implementation to 2.9% post-implementation, a statistically significant difference.

    “Installation, maintenance & repair | 114 (4.2) | 77 (5.3 (4.15–6.45)) | 37 (2.9 (1.97–3.83))*** | 0.14 (0.09, 0.21)”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Falls were the most common injury mechanism, accounting for 63.8% of non-fatal injuries overall, with 65.1% pre-implementation and 65.4% post-implementation.

    “Fall | 1729 (63.8) | 944 (65.1 (60.8–70.3)) | 825 (65.4 (59.8–71.2)) | –”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    Measures of success and measures of failure were identified as key themes for the key performance indicators (KPIs) used in the SWOT analysis.

    “were identified as key themes for the key performance indicators (KPIs) used in the SWOT analysis.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.

    Findingown data

    General laborers accounted for 85.8% of non-fatal injuries overall; their proportion increased from 81.7% in the pre-implementation group to 90.6% in the post-implementation group, a statistically significant difference.

    “General laborer | 2328 (85.8) | 1185 (81.7 (79.7–83.7)) | 1143 (90.6 (89–92.2))*** | - 0.26 (- 0.34, 0.18)”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    During the study period, 1626 (60%) workers were admitted to a regular floor, while 1012 (37%) required admission to the operating room (502; 18.5%) or to the ICU (510; 18.8%).

    “In total, during the study period, 1626 (60%) workers were admitted to a regular floor after receiving initial evaluation and treatment in the emergency department, while 1012 (37%) workers required admission to the operating room (502; 18.5%) or to the ICU (510; 18.8%) department.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Abdomen injuries decreased from 16.4% pre-implementation to 13.6% post-implementation, a statistically significant difference.

    “Abdomen | 410 (15.1) | 238 (16.4 (14.5–18.3)) | 172 (13.6 (11.7–15.5)) *** | 0.1 (0.06, − 0.15)”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Injured workers were significantly less admitted to the floor and to the operating room, but more admitted to the ICU, or discharged home in the post-implementation group compared with the pre-implementation group (p-value < 0.05).

    “When comparing the pre- and post- intervention implementation groups, results showed that injured workers were significantly less admitted to the floor and to the operating room respectively, but more admitted to the ICU, or discharged home (p-value < 0.05).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The mean injury severity score was 12.5 (SD 11.9) in the pre-implementation group and 8.7 (SD 7.9) in the post-implementation group.

    “Injury severity score (ISS) (mean (SD)) | 10.7 (10.1) | 12.5 (11.9) **** | 8.7 (7.9) ***** | 0.32 (0.25–0.4)”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingnone given

    Organizational and behavioral measures included training, education, and certification programs.

    “Organizational and behavioral measures included the training, education, and certification programs.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Superficial injuries (abrasions, cuts or bruises) increased from 63.5% pre-implementation to 80.1% post-implementation, a statistically significant difference.

    “Superficial injuries (abrasions, cuts or bruises) | 1931 (71.2) | 921 (63.5 (61.2–66)) | 1010 (80.1(77.9–82.3)) *** | − 0.37 (0.45, − 0.3)”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The most common mechanisms of injuries were falls (1729, 63.8%), followed by being struck by heavy objects (589, 21.7%).

    “the most common mechanisms of injuries were falls 1729 (63.8%), followed by being stuck by heavy objects 589 (21.7%).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Chest injuries increased from 28.9% in the pre-implementation group to 34.3% in the post-implementation group, a statistically significant difference.

    “Chest | 842 (31.8) | 419 (28.9 (26.6–31.2)) | 433 (34.3 (31.7–36.9)) *** | − 0.12 (− 0.19, − 0.04)”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The ICU length of stay and length of hospital stay were 4 and 5.5 days respectively.

    “The ICU length of stay and length of hospital stay were 4 and 5.5 days respectively.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Burns accounted for 0.3% of non-fatal injuries overall, with 0.3% in both pre- and post-implementation groups.

    “Burn | 8 (0.3) | 4 (0.3) | 4 (0.3) | –”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Explosions accounted for 0.5% of non-fatal injuries overall, with 0.3% pre-implementation and 0.9% post-implementation, effect size 0.08 (95% CI -0.118, -0.0426).

    “Explosion | 15 (0.5) | 4 (0.3 (0.02–0.6)) | 11 (0.9 (0.4–1.4)) | 0.08 (− 0.118, − 0.0426)”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Among injured workers, the proportion wearing PPE increased from 36.5% in the pre-implementation group to 75% in the post-implementation group, a statistically significant difference.

    “Total of workers wearing PPE | 1476 (54.5) | 529 (36.5) | 947 (75)*** | –”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Falls, being struck by a heavy object, and pedestrian strike decreased by more than 30% in the post-implementation group, but the decrease was not statistically significant.

    “falls, being struck by a heavy object, and pedestrian strike were decreased (by more than 30%) in the post-implementation of the risk mitigation strategies group. However, the effect size of this decrease is small and this decrease is not statistically significant between the two groups.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingnone given

    Conducting a Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats (SWOT) analysis was emphasized as a central theme for evaluating risk mitigation strategies effectiveness and implementation barriers.

    “conducting a Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats (SWOT) analysis was emphasized as a central theme for evaluating risk mitigation strategies effectiveness and implementation barriers.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Motor vehicle collisions accounted for 0.4% of non-fatal injuries overall, with 0.1% pre-implementation and 0.8% post-implementation, effect size -0.12 (95% CI -0.19, -0.04).

    “Motor vehicle collision (MVC) | 12 (0.4) | 2 (0.1 (-0.06–0.26)) | 10 (0.8 (0.31–1.3)) | − 0.12 (− 0.19, − 0.04)”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Machinery injuries accounted for 6.9% of non-fatal injuries overall, with 6.1% pre-implementation and 7.9% post-implementation, effect size -0.072 (95% CI -0.110, -0.034).

    “Machinery | 188 (6.9) | 89 (6.1 (4.9–7.3)) | 99 (7.9 (6.4–9.4)) | − 0.072 (− 0.110, − 0.034)”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Site organization measures included traffic management, waste management, proper material storage, posting signs, access prohibition, and provision of welfare and first aid/medical facilities.

    “These included traffic management, waste management, proper material storage, posting signs, access prohibition, and the provision of welfare and first aid/medical facilities to ensure workers’ health, safety, and well-being (Table 1).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    In the construction sector in Qatar, there were 2712 non-fatal work-related injuries during the study period, with 1451 (53.3%) in the pre-implementation group and 1261 (46.7%) in the post-implementation group, a statistically significant difference.

    “Non- fatal injuries n (%) | 2712 (100) | 1451 (53.3 (50.8–56)) | 1261 (46.7 (43.9–49.5))*** | 0.21 (0.19, 0.28)”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.

    Findingown data

    Eight safety legislation/policies and guidelines were issued/retrieved in Qatar's construction sector during 2014-2021, comprising three legislation documents and five guidelines.

    “Eight safety legislation/policies and guidelines were issued.”
    • Also stated in: § Risk mitigation strategies · plain
      “A total of eight documents were retrieved and analyzed, including three legislation documents and five guidelines.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The difference of disposition at discharge between the two groups was very small and statistically insignificant.

    “The difference of disposition at discharge between the two groups was very small and statistically insignificant.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Home disposition on admission increased from 0.6% pre-implementation to 4.8% post-implementation, a statistically significant difference.

    “Home | 70 (2.5) | 9 (0.6 (0.2–1)) | 61 (4.8 (3.6–6)) *** | − 0.29 (− 0.36, − 0.21)”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    Among construction workers, general laborers had a higher incidence of non-fatal injuries, which increased in the post-implementation phase.

    “Among construction workers, general laborers had a higher incidence of non-fatal injuries, which increased in the post-implementation phase.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The ICU length of stay and the length of hospital stay were significantly decreased in the post-implementation group (p-value < 0.05) with an effect size of 0.2 (95% CI 0.12, 0.27) and 0.014 (95% CI 0.010, 0.021) respectively.

    “Moreover, the ICU length of stay and the length of hospital stay were significantly decreased in the post-implementation group (p-value < 0.05) with an effect size of 0.2, (95% CI 0.12, 0.27)) and 0.014 (95% CI 0.010, 0.021) respectively.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    ICU admissions increased from 15.9% pre-implementation to 22.2% post-implementation, a statistically significant difference.

    “ICU | 510 (18.8) | 230 (15.9 (13.8–17.4)) | 280 (22.2 (19.4–25.6)) *** | − 0.13 (− 0.23, − 0.12)”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Operating room admissions decreased from 20.4% pre-implementation to 16.3% post-implementation, a statistically significant difference.

    “Operating room | 502 (18.5) | 296 (20.4 (18.4–22.5)) | 206 (16.3 (14.3–18.4)) *** | 0.11 (0.03, 0.18)”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Floor admissions decreased from 63.0% pre-implementation to 56.5% post-implementation, a statistically significant difference.

    “Floor | 1626 (59.9) | 914 (63.0 (60.5–65.5)) | 712 (56.5 (53.8–59.2)) *** | 0.23 (0.13, 0.32)”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Discharge home was 88.1% in the pre-implementation group and 88.4% in the post-implementation group, not statistically significant.

    “Home | 2,393 (88.3) | 1278 (88.1 (86.4–89.8)) | 1115 (88.4 (86.6–90.2)) | − 0.01 (− 0.06, 0.04)”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    A Glasgow coma score of 15 on admission indicates mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI).

    “Glasgow coma score on admission was on average 15 indicating mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) (ACI 2024).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites ACI 2024

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    Implemented risk mitigation strategies collectively reduced non-fatal injury incidence and severity and improved outcomes in Qatar's construction sector.

    “Implemented risk mitigation strategies collectively reduced non-fatal injury incidence and severity and improved outcomes in the construction sector.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The observed reductions in non-fatal injuries between the pre- and post-implementation periods are attributable to the risk mitigation strategies rather than other concurrent factors.
    • Rests on an assumption: The Hamad Trauma Center registry captures nearly all work-related non-fatal injuries among construction workers in Qatar.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    The trauma registry at Hamad Trauma Center follows the standards set by the National Trauma Data Bank (NTDB) and the Trauma Quality Improvement Program (TQIP) of the American College of Surgeons-Committee on Trauma.

    “The trauma registry at HTC follows the standards set by the National Trauma Data Bank (NTDB) and the Trauma Quality Improvement Program (TQIP) of the American College of Surgeons-Committee on Trauma.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductnone given

    The study was approved by the IRB committee of the Medical Research Center (IRB number MRC-01-23-158) at Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar and Ashghal.

    “The study was approved by the IRB committee of the Medical Research Center (IRB number MRC-01-23-158) at Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar and Ashghal.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    Data entries were randomly double-checked for entry errors.

    “To ensure accuracy, data entries were randomly double-checked for entry errors.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductreasoning

    This center collects injury data systematically and rigorously which ensures that the study sample is representative and that robust and reliable dataset on injury patterns, management, and outcomes are obtained.

    “This center collects injury data systematically and rigorously which ensures that the study sample is representative and that robust and reliable dataset on injury patterns, management, and outcomes are obtained.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    General laborers often perform complex tasks and have a higher turn-over, which can make it challenging to implement regular safety measures and training.

    “Furthermore, general laborers often perform complex tasks and have a higher turn-over, which can make it challenging to implement regular safety measures and training (Liu et al. 2022).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Liu et al. 2022 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The decrease in regular floor and operating room admissions, combined with an increase in home discharges, could imply better initial treatment and quicker recovery, resulting in fewer extended hospital stays.

    “Additionally, the decrease in regular floor and operating room admissions, combined with an increase in home discharges, could imply better initial treatment and quicker recovery, resulting in fewer extended hospital stays.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductnone given

    This study used interviews to collect the nature and types of risk mitigation strategies that have been implemented in the construction sector; interviews are well known to be subject to potential biases and subjective interpretations.

    “Besides, this study used interviews to collect the nature and types of risk mitigation strategies that have been implemented in the construction sector. Interviews are well known to be subject to potential biases and subjective interpretations.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductown data

    Quantitative data from the injury registry allowed inferences about the potential impact of these implemented risk mitigation strategies on non-fatal injuries.

    “Additionally, quantitative data from the injury registry allowed inferences about the potential impact of these implemented risk mitigation strategies on non-fatal injuries.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductreasoning

    By integrating qualitative and quantitative data, the study inferred relationships between policy-driven risk mitigation strategies and injury patterns, acknowledging the limitations of the study design.

    “By integrating qualitative and quantitative data, the study inferred relationships between policy-driven risk mitigation strategies and injury patterns, acknowledging the limitations of the study design.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    The risk mitigation strategies seemed to significantly reduce injuries from falls, heavy object strikes, and pedestrian strikes.

    “Additionally, the risk mitigation strategies seemed to significantly reduce injuries from falls, heavy object strikes, and pedestrian strikes, indicating a positive trend towards safer work environments.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    Findings related to PPE adherence, increased injury risks among workers wearing PPE, and some observed trends in injury mechanisms, affected body parts, occupations, and hospital admissions highlighted the persistence of significant safety gaps.

    “Moreover, findings related to PPE adherence, increased injury risks among workers wearing PPE, and some observed trends in injury mechanisms, affected body parts, occupations, and hospital admissions highlighted the persistence of significant safety gaps.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The pre-implementation (2013–2017) and post-implementation (2018–2021) periods validly represent absence and presence of the risk mitigation strategies under study.
    • Rests on an assumption: The observed differences in injury incidence and severity between the pre- and post-implementation periods are attributable to the risk mitigation strategies rather than other secular trends or confounders.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    The implemented risk mitigation strategies were effective in reducing the incidence and severity of non-fatal injuries among construction workers.

    “Inferences drawn from the results of this study suggest that the implemented risk mitigation strategies were effective in reducing the incidence and severity of non-fatal injuries among construction workers.”
    • Also stated in: § Conclusion · hedged
      “The findings of this study suggested that these strategies collectively appeared to reduce the incidence and severity of non-fatal injuries, highlighting their potential to inform safety standards and policy decisions in other rapidly growing construction sectors in countries facing similar socio-economic and environmental challenges.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Consunji et al. 2022, 2017

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • Rests on an assumption: The pre-implementation (2013–2017) and post-implementation (2018–2021) periods validly represent absence and presence of the risk mitigation strategies under study.
    • Rests on an assumption: The observed differences in injury incidence and severity between the pre- and post-implementation periods are attributable to the risk mitigation strategies rather than other secular trends or confounders.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The diverse nature of general laborers' work may lead to situations where PPE is not suitable for all tasks or where risk mitigation strategies are not effectively tailored to their specific needs.

    “Moreover, the diverse nature of their work may lead to situations where PPE is not suitable for all tasks or where risk mitigation strategies are not effectively tailored to their specific needs (Liu et al. 2022).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Liu et al. 2022 source

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductreasoning

    This study used a combination of research methods allowing for a comprehensive analysis of risk mitigation strategies and injury data.

    “Besides, this study used a combination of research methods allowing for a comprehensive analysis of risk mitigation strategies and injury data.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductreasoning

    This study used retrospective data collection from existing medical records, which would have introduced some bias and impeded the understanding of certain observed phenomenon.

    “This study used retrospective data collection from existing medical records, which would have introduced some bias and impeded the understanding of certain observed phenomenon.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductown data

    Qualitative data from the website search and the structured interviews with HSE officers provided valuable insights into the risk mitigation strategies mandated and systematically applied across the sector.

    “Qualitative data from the website search and the structured interviews with HSE officers provided valuable insights into the risk mitigation strategies mandated and systematically applied across the sector.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
63 of 63

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The observed reductions in non-fatal injuries between the pre- and post-implementation periods are attributable to the risk mitigation strategies rather than other concurrent factors.

    “Implemented risk mitigation strategies collectively reduced non-fatal injury incidence and severity and improved outcomes in the construction sector.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The Hamad Trauma Center registry captures nearly all work-related non-fatal injuries among construction workers in Qatar.

    “The HTC is the only Level I trauma center in Qatar, receiving more than 98% of the country’s trauma patients.”
    “HTC operates under a legal mandate and serves as the centralized center for managing and documenting all work-related injuries, regardless of their severity.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The pre-implementation (2013–2017) and post-implementation (2018–2021) periods validly represent absence and presence of the risk mitigation strategies under study.

    “Pre-implementation group (2013–2017) n (% (95%CI*))”
    “Post-implementation group (2018–2021) n (% (95%CI*))”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The observed differences in injury incidence and severity between the pre- and post-implementation periods are attributable to the risk mitigation strategies rather than other secular trends or confounders.

    “Inferences drawn from the results of this study suggest that the implemented risk mitigation strategies were effective in reducing the incidence and severity of non-fatal injuries among construction workers.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The risk mitigation strategies identified through website search and interviews were actually implemented and consistently applied across the construction sector.

    “Qualitative data from the website search and the structured interviews with HSE officers provided valuable insights into the risk mitigation strategies mandated and systematically applied across the sector.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The injury registry data from the single center capture all work-related injuries in the Qatar construction sector.

    “The study was conducted in the only center in the country that treats all work-related injuries.”
6 of 6

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

  • Pre-implementation PPE injury percentage uses the wrong denominator

    Major

    Among the 529 pre-implementation workers reported as wearing PPE, 34 injuries represent 6.4%, not 4.1%. This affects the stated comparison of injuries among PPE wearers.

    Reported 4.1 · recomputed 6.427221

  • Post-implementation PPE injury percentage is overstated

    Major

    Among the 947 post-implementation workers reported as wearing PPE, 39 injuries represent 4.1%, not 6.0%. The corrected percentages reverse the paper's stated pre/post trend for this measure.

    Reported 6 · recomputed 4.118268

  • Injury severity is called nonsignificant despite its reported confidence interval

    Major

    The text calls the decrease statistically nonsignificant, but its reported 95% confidence interval for the effect size, 0.25-0.4, excludes zero.

  • Post-implementation period extends beyond the stated medical-record collection period

    Major

    The methods say records were collected for patients admitted through January 2021, but define the post-implementation group as including injuries through December 2021.

  • Fall counts do not sum to the reported total

    Minor

    The pre- and post-implementation fall counts sum to 1,769, not 1,729.

    Reported 1729 · recomputed 1769

5 of 5

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 11

  1. Alizadeh SS, Mortazavi SB, Farhadian M, Arghami S, Mokhtari M (2021) A systematic review of the factors contributing to occupational accidents in the construction industry. Saf Sci 134:105073. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2020.105073 · DOI
  2. Al-Kaabi AA, Hadipriono FC (2018) Critical review of construction safety in the GCC region. Constr Manag Econ 36(10):559–574. https://doi.org/10.1080/01446193.2018.1483513 · DOI
  3. Al-Ghamdi AS, Al-Kahtani M (2019) Analysis of occupational injuries in construction industry in Saudi Arabia. J Safety Res 71:203–210. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsr.2019.10.011 · DOI
  4. Doe J, Lee M (2023) Effects of enhanced ICU monitoring protocols on patient outcomes and admission rates. J Crit Care Med 45(2):123–130. https://doi.org/10.5678/jccm.2023.00123 · DOI
  5. Hsieh Y, Wang C, Li C (2021) The impact of safety management systems on construction workers’ safety performance: a case study in Taiwan. Saf Sci 140:105308. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2021.105308 · DOI
  6. Kong L, Goh YM, Tan A, Memon A (2022) The impact of safety climate on safety compliance and safety participation: a study of construction workers in Singapore. Saf Sci 147:105658. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2021.105658 · DOI
  7. Manu PA, Ankrah NA, Proverbs DG (2017) A review of construction accidents in the Ghanaian construction industry. Int J Constr Manag 17(3):214–226. https://doi.org/10.1080/15623599.2017.1320858 · DOI
  8. Ren G, Ren S (2020) Integrated analysis of safety investments and workplace accidents: a multi-agent approach. Reliab Eng Syst Saf 197:106890. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ress.2019.106890 · DOI
  9. Smith J, Johnson L (2020) Impact of enhanced monitoring protocols on ICU admissions and patient outcomes. J Occup Health 12(3):45–56. https://doi.org/10.1234/joh.2020.01234 · DOI
  10. Šoštarič M, Krstić H, Žmavc K (2021) Analysis of non-fatal occupational injuries in the construction industry in Slovenia from 2008 to 2019. Saf Sci 140:105282. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2021.105282 · DOI
  11. Schneider SP, Joumard R, Barrero JM, Cook S (2019) How does occupational disease policy affect productivity? The impact of the recognition, recording, and compensation of occupational diseases on productivity growth in OECD countries. Ind Labor Relat Rev 72(5):1233–1260. https://doi.org/10.1177/0019793919832060 · DOI

Cited by

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Related

Authors
Soubra, L., Al-Mohannadi, A., Berzan, Y., Consunji, R., El‑Menyar, A., Al‑Thani, H., Al-Marri, M. A., & Al-Hajri, H. S.
Affiliations
  • Qatar University (QA)
  • Ashghal (QA)
  • Hamad Medical Corporation (QA)
Corresponding author
Soubra, Lama
ORCID
Venue
International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2025-02-28
Volume
98
Issue
3
Pages
283-296
ISSN
  • 0340-0131 (ISSN-L)
  • 1432-1246
DOI
10.1007/s00420-025-02126-x
PMC
PMC11972227
OpenAlex
W4408070115
Semantic Scholar
af05a9011b72cf57c733d5b047b8816eac425dfb
Cited by
7
References
44
Citations by year
2026: 4 · 2025: 3
FWCI
6.17
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (submittedVersion, other-oa)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Funders
Qatar University
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Health Professions › Radiological and Ultrasound Technology › Occupational Health and Safety Research
  • Health Sciences › Health Professions › Occupational Therapy › Occupational Health and Safety in Workplaces
  • Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Agriculture and Farm Safety
Keywords
construction safety, nonfatal injuries, risk mitigation strategies, occupational injury prevention, safety legislation, injury incidence, injury severity, length of hospital stay, personal protective equipment, construction workers, Qatar
MeSH terms
Accidents, Occupational, Adult, Humans, Male, Qatar, Retrospective Studies, Wounds and Injuries, Occupational Health, Safety Management, Occupational Injuries, Construction Industry

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-10-12.

Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-10-12.

Cited sources are checked by gpt-6-sol.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

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