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Cited by 38Muscle metabolism and nutritionSports Performance and TrainingCardiovascular and exercise physiology

Increased exogenous but unaltered endogenous carbohydrate oxidation with combined fructose-maltodextrin ingested at 120 g h−1 versus 90 g h−1 at different ratios

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Podlogar, Tim, Bokal, Špela, Cirnski, Simon, Wallis, Gareth A.·2022·European Journal of Applied Physiology
DOI 10.1007/s00421-022-05019-wPMC PMC9560939
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Abstract

Purpose: This study aimed to investigate whether carbohydrate ingestion during 3 h long endurance exercise in highly trained cyclists at a rate of 120 g h−1 in 0.8:1 ratio between fructose and glucose-based carbohydrates would result in higher exogenous and lower endogenous carbohydrate oxidation rates as compared to ingestion of 90 g h−1 in 1:2 ratio, which is the currently recommended approach for exercise of this duration. Methods: Eleven male participants (V̇O 2peak 62.6 ± 7 mL kg−1 min−1, gas exchange threshold (GET) 270 ± 17 W and Respiratory compensation point 328 ± 32 W) completed the study involving 4 experimental visits consisting of 3 h cycling commencing after an overnight fast at an intensity equivalent to 95% GET. During the trials they received carbohydrates at an average rate of 120 or 90 g h−1 in 0.8:1 or 1:2 fructose-maltodextrin ratio, respectively. Carbohydrates were naturally high or low in 13 C stable isotopes enabling subsequent calculations of exogenous and endogenous carbohydrate oxidation rates. Results: Exogenous carbohydrate oxidation rates were higher in the 120 g h−1 condition (120–180 min: 1.51 ± 0.22 g min−1) as compared to the 90 g h−1 condition (1.29 ± 0.16 g min−1; p = 0.026). Endogenous carbohydrate oxidation rates did not differ between conditions (2.15 ± 0.30 and 2.20 ± 0.33 g min−1 for 120 and 90 g h−1 conditions, respectively; p = 0.786). Conclusions: The results suggest that carbohydrate ingestion at 120 g h−1 in 0.8:1 fructose-maltodextrin ratio as compared with 90 g h−1 in 1:2 ratio offers higher exogenous carbohydrate oxidation rates but no additional sparing of endogenous carbohydrates. Further studies should investigate potential performance effects of such carbohydrate ingestion strategies.

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  • Glucose absorption occurs via SGLT1, which has been suggested to reach saturation at ~60 g h−1 with peak exogenous carbohydrate oxidation rates of ~1.0-1.1 g carbohydrate min−1, whereas fructose is absorbed independently through GLUT5, resulting in peak exogenous carbohydrate oxidation rates of ~1.3 g carbohydrate min−1.

    “Glucose absorption occurs via the sodium‐glucose cotransporter 1 (SGLT1), which has been suggested to reach saturation at ~60 g h−1 with peak exogenous carbohydrate oxidation rates of ~1.0–1.1 g carbohydrate min−1 [40], whereas fructose is absorbed independently through the glucose transporter 5 (GLUT5) [66], resulting in peak exogenous carbohydrate oxidation rates of ~1.3 g carbohydrate min−1 [67”

    From Carbohydrate Storage and Supplementation Strategies for Peak Performance in Cross-Country Skiing (2026) · cites this paper as [67]

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  • A recent study in trained males demonstrated greater exogenous carbohydrate oxidation rates during prolonged steady-state exercise when ingesting 120 g h−1 compared with 90 g h−1 (1:0.8 glucose-to-fructose ratio), corresponding to oxidation rates of 1.5 vs. 1.3 g min−1, respectively.

    “Supporting this notion, a recent study in trained males demonstrated greater exogenous carbohydrate oxidation rates during prolonged steady‐state exercise when ingesting 120 g h−1 compared with 90 g h−1 (1:0.8 glucose‐to‐fructose ratio), corresponding to oxidation rates of 1.5 vs. 1.3 g min−1, respectively [67].”

    From Carbohydrate Storage and Supplementation Strategies for Peak Performance in Cross-Country Skiing (2026) · cites this paper as [67]

    The Abstract Results report higher exogenous carbohydrate oxidation at 120 g h−1 than at 90 g h−1 (1.51 versus 1.29 g min−1), matching the rounded rates in the claim. However, the Abstract Methods specify different ratios: 1:0.8 glucose-based carbohydrate to fructose at 120 g h−1, but 2:1 at 90 g h−1. The parenthetical ratio therefore does not describe both conditions. (LLM, conf=0.88)

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  • Increased oxidation of exogenous carbohydrate has been reported with 120 g·h−1 compared with 90 g·h−1, but endogenous carbohydrate oxidation rates were not different.

    “Increased oxidation of exogenous carbohydrate has been reported with 120 g · h 1 compared with 90 g · h 1 , but endogenous carbohydrate oxidation rates were not different (73).”

    From Carbohydrate ingestion during prolonged exercise and net skeletal muscle glycogen utilization: A meta-analysis. (2026) · cites this paper as [73]

  • Exogenous carbohydrate oxidation can be augmented by doses beyond the current recommendations.

    “While these findings indicate that exogenous carbohydrate oxidation can be augmented by doses beyond the current recommendations, the performance implications for elite cross‐country skiers performing intermittent activities within the heavy and severe exercise domains remain uncertain.”

    From Carbohydrate Storage and Supplementation Strategies for Peak Performance in Cross-Country Skiing (2026) · cites this paper as [67]

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Authors
Podlogar, T., Bokal, Š., Cirnski, S., & Wallis, G. A.
Affiliations
  • University of Primorska (SI)
  • University of Birmingham (GB)
Corresponding author
Podlogar, Tim
ORCID
Venue
European Journal of Applied Physiology
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2022-08-11
Volume
122
Issue
11
Pages
2393-2401
ISSN
  • 0020-9376 (ISSN-L)
  • 1439-6319
  • 1439-6327
DOI
10.1007/s00421-022-05019-w
PMC
PMC9560939
OpenAlex
W4291021389
Cited by
38
References
43
Citations by year
2026: 16 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 1
FWCI
2.94
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • European Journal of Applied Physiology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • University of Birmingham Research Portal (University of Birmingham) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • University of Birmingham Research Portal (University of Birmingham) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
Funders
  • TrainerRoad
  • Sports Foundation of Republic of Slovenia
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
Keywords
carbohydrate intake, exogenous carbohydrate oxidation, fructose, maltodextrin, endurance exercise, cyclists, high-carbohydrate diet
MeSH terms
Blood Glucose, Dietary Carbohydrates, Fructose, Glucose, Humans, Male, Oxidation-Reduction, Physical Endurance, Polysaccharides

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