High rates of exogenous carbohydrate oxidation from a mixture of glucose and fructose ingested during prolonged cycling exercise

Jentjens, Roy L. P. G.; Jeukendrup, Asker E.

doi:10.1079/bjn20041368

Cited by 171Muscle metabolism and nutritionSports Performance and TrainingCardiovascular and exercise physiology

High rates of exogenous carbohydrate oxidation from a mixture of glucose and fructose ingested during prolonged cycling exercise

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Jentjens, Roy L. P. G., Jeukendrup, Asker E.·2005·British Journal of Nutrition

DOI 10.1079/bjn20041368

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Abstract

A recent study from our laboratory has shown that a mixture of glucose and fructose ingested at a rate of 1·8 g/min leads to peak oxidation rates of approximately 1·3 g/min and results in approximately 55 % higher exogenous carbohydrate (CHO) oxidation rates compared with the ingestion of an isocaloric amount of glucose. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether a mixture of glucose and fructose when ingested at a high rate (2·4 g/min) would lead to even higher exogenous CHO oxidation rates (>1·3 g/min).Eight trained male cyclists (VO 2max: 68±1 ml/kg per min) cycled on three different occasions for 150 min at 50 % of maximal power output (60±1 % VO 2max) and consumed either water (WAT) or a CHO solution providing 1·2 g/min glucose (GLU) or 1.2 g/min glucose+1·2 g/min fructose (GLU+FRUC). Peak exogenous CHO oxidation rates were higher (P<0·01) in the GLU+FRUC trial compared with the GLU trial (1·75 (se 0·11) and 1·06 (se 0·05) g/min, respectively). Furthermore, exogenous CHO oxidation rates during the last 90 min of exercise were approximately 50 % higher (P<0·05) in GLU+FRUC compared with GLU (1·49 (se 0·08) and 0·99 (se 0·06) g/min, respectively). The results demonstrate that when a mixture of glucose and fructose is ingested at high rates (2·4 g/min) during 150 min of cycling exercise, exogenous CHO oxidation rates reach peak values of approximately 1·75 g/min.

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Combining the intake of glucose plus fructose can further increase total exogenous carbohydrate availability and allow higher exogenous carbohydrate oxidation rates.
“Combining the intake of glucose plus fructose can further increase total exogenous carbohydrate availability and, as such, allow higher exogenous carbohydrate oxidation rates.”
From Fructose co‐ingestion to increase carbohydrate availability in athletes (2019) · cites this paper as Jentjens & Jeukendrup, 2005
When fructose is co-ingested with glucose during exercise at 50% maximum power output, exogenous carbohydrate oxidation rates can increase up to 1.75 g/min.
“However, when fructose is co‐ingested with glucose during exercise (at 50% maximum power output (W max)), exogenous carbohydrate oxidation rates can increase up to 1.75 g/min (Jentjens & Jeukendrup, 2005), which is substantially higher than the rates reported following ingestion of glucose (polymers) or fructose only.”
From Fructose co‐ingestion to increase carbohydrate availability in athletes (2019) · cites this paper as Jentjens & Jeukendrup, 2005

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Pfeiffer, B., Cotterill, A., Grathwohl, D., Stellingwerff, T., & Jeukendrup, A. E. (2009) · International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism · doi:10.1123/ijsnem.19.5.485 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
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Carbohydrate feeding during exercise
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Multiple transportable carbohydrates enhance gastric emptying and fluid delivery
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New Horizons in Carbohydrate Research and Application for Endurance Athletes
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Palm Sap—Quality Profiles, Fermentation Chemistry, and Preservation Methods
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Role of Functional Beverages on Sport Performance and Recovery
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Ingestion of glucose or sucrose prevents liver but not muscle glycogen depletion during prolonged endurance-type exercise in trained cyclists
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Fructose and Galactose Enhance Postexercise Human Liver Glycogen Synthesis
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Fructose and glucose co-ingestion during prolonged exercise increases lactate and glucose fluxes and oxidation compared with an equimolar intake of glucose
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Glucose Plus Fructose Ingestion for Post-Exercise Recovery—Greater than the Sum of Its Parts?
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Fructose–Glucose Composite Carbohydrates and Endurance Performance: Critical Review and Future Perspectives
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Carbohydrate Ingestion during Endurance Exercise Improves Performance in Adults1,2
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Oxidation of Solid versus Liquid CHO Sources during Exercise
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No Effect of Carbohydrate-Protein on Cycling Performance and Indices of Recovery
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Effect of graded fructose coingestion with maltodextrin on exogenous 14C-fructose and 13C-glucose oxidation efficiency and high-intensity cycling performance
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Composite versus single transportable carbohydrate solution enhances race and laboratory cycling performance
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Supplemental Feedings Increase Self-Selected Work Output during Wildfire Suppression
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Carbohydrate dose influences liver and muscle glycogen oxidation and performance during prolonged exercise
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Fructose co‐ingestion to increase carbohydrate availability in athletes
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“…is co-ingested with glucose during exercise (at 50% maximum power output (Wmax)), exogenous carbohydrate oxidation rates can increase up to 1.75 g/min (Jentjens & Jeukendrup, 2005), which is substantially higher than the rates reported following ingestion of glucose (polymers) or fructose only.”
BackgroundInfluential
Fuelling the athlete with type 1 diabetes
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A systematic review and meta-analysis of carbohydrate benefits associated with randomized controlled competition-based performance trials
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Fructose and Sucrose Intake Increase Exogenous Carbohydrate Oxidation during Exercise
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An Isocaloric Glucose-Fructose Beverage’s Effect on Simulated 100-km Cycling Performance Compared With a Glucose-Only Beverage
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Exogenous CHO Oxidation with Glucose Plus Fructose Intake during Exercise
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Nutrition and Gaelic Football: Review, Recommendations, and Future Considerations
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Postexercise Muscle Glycogen Synthesis with Combined Glucose and Fructose Ingestion
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Blinded and unblinded hypohydration similarly impair cycling time trial performance in the heat in trained cyclists
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Lactate, Fructose and Glucose Oxidation Profiles in Sports Drinks and the Effect on Exercise Performance
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Carbohydrate Ingestion during Exercise: Effects on Performance, Training Adaptations and Trainability of the Gut
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Nutritional Practices of Male Cyclists before and during an Ultraendurance Event
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Assessing a commercially available sports drink on exogenous carbohydrate oxidation, fluid delivery and sustained exercise performance
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The effects of Montmorency tart cherry juice supplementation and FATMAX exercise on fat oxidation rates and cardio-metabolic markers in healthy humans
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Nutritional needs of elite endurance athletes. Part I: Carbohydrate and fluid requirements
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Glucose–Fructose Enhances Performance versus Isocaloric, but Not Moderate, Glucose
Baur, D., Schroer, A. B., Luden, N. D., Womack, C. J., SMYTH, S. A., & Saunders, M. J. (2014) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000000284 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Increased exogenous but unaltered endogenous carbohydrate oxidation with combined fructose-maltodextrin ingested at 120 g h−1 versus 90 g h−1 at different ratios
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13C-glucose-fructose labeling reveals comparable exogenous CHO oxidation during exercise when consuming 120 g/h in fluid, gel, jelly chew, or coingestion
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Complex I is bypassed during high intensity exercise
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Nutrient Timing: A Garage Door of Opportunity?
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Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary Effects of Carbohydrate Ingestion During Exercise
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The Effect of a Low Carbohydrate Beverage with Added Protein on Cycling Endurance Performance in Trained Athletes
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Water and Solute Absorption From Carbohydrate-Electrolyte Solutions in the Human Proximal Small Intestine: A Review and Statistical Analysis
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Glucose Polymer Molecular Weight Does Not Affect Exogenous Carbohydrate Oxidation
ROWLANDS, D. S., WALLIS, G. A., SHAW, C., JENTJENS, R. L. P. G., & JEUKENDRUP, A. E. (2005) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/01.mss.0000177586.68399.f5 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
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A comparison of substrate oxidation during prolonged exercise in men at terrestrial altitude and normobaric normoxia following the coingestion of13C glucose and13C fructose
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Plasma deuterium oxide accumulation following ingestion of different carbohydrate beverages
Currell, K., Urch, J., Cerri, E., Jentjens, R. L. P. G., Blannin, A. K., & Jeukendrup, A. E. (2008) · Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism · doi:10.1139/h08-084 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
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Sports Drinks on the Edge of a New Era
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Liver and muscle glycogen oxidation and performance with dose variation of glucose–fructose ingestion during prolonged (3 h) exercise
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Forty years of sports performance research and little insight gained
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Feeding Tolerance, Glucose Availability, and Whole-Body Total Carbohydrate and Fat Oxidation in Male Endurance and Ultra-Endurance Runners in Response to Prolonged Exercise, Consuming a Habitual Mixed Macronutrient Diet and Carbohydrate Feeding During Exercise
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Fructose, Exercise, and Health
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Fat and carbohydrate for exercise
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Effects of supplementing with an 18% carbohydrate-hydrogel drink versus a placebo during whole-body exercise in −5 °C with elite cross-country ski athletes: a crossover study
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Carbohydrate supplementation: A critical review of recent innovations
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Effects of Post-Exercise Honey Drink Ingestion on Blood Glucose and Subsequent Running Performance in the Heat
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A scientific nutrition strategy improves time trial performance by ≈6% when compared with a self-chosen nutrition strategy in trained cyclists: a randomized cross-over study
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Multiple-Transportable Carbohydrate Effect on Long-Distance Triathlon Performance
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The Role of Salt and Glucose Replacement Drinks in the Marathon
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Exogenous carbohydrate and regulation of muscle carbohydrate utilisation during exercise
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Nutrition Update for the Ultraendurance Athlete
Getzin, A. R., Milner, C., & LaFace, K. M. (2011) · Current Sports Medicine Reports · doi:10.1249/jsr.0b013e318237fcdf · Cited by 21 · see citing works
The Effects of Sports Drink Osmolality on Fluid Intake and Immunoendocrine Responses to Cycling in Hot Conditions
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Natural versus commercial carbohydrate supplementation and endurance running performance
Too, B. W., Cicai, S., Hockett, K., Applegate, E., Davis, B. A., & Casazza, G. A. (2012) · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · doi:10.1186/1550-2783-9-27 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Pectin-Alginate Does Not Further Enhance Exogenous Carbohydrate Oxidation in Running
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Drinking Water and Weight Management
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Ecologically Valid Carbohydrate Intake during Soccer-Specific Exercise Does Not Affect Running Performance in a Fed State
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Nutritional Consideration in the Aging Athlete
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Ingesting a high-dose carbohydrate solution during the cycle section of a simulated Olympic-distance triathlon improves subsequent run performance
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Carbohydrate hydrogel beverage provides no additional cycling performance benefit versus carbohydrate alone
Baur, D., Toney, H. R., Saunders, M. J., Baur, K. G., Luden, N. D., & Womack, C. J. (2019) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-019-04240-4 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Sun-Dried Raisins are a Cost-Effective Alternative to Sports Jelly Beans in Prolonged Cycling
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Sports Drink Intake Pattern Affects Exogenous Carbohydrate Oxidation during Running
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Effects of two glucose ingestion rates on substrate utilization during moderate-intensity shivering
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Orange Juice Limits Postprandial Fat Oxidation after Breakfast in Normal-Weight Adolescents and Adults
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Postexercise Glucose–Fructose Coingestion Augments Cycling Capacity During Short-Term and Overnight Recovery From Exhaustive Exercise, Compared With Isocaloric Glucose
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The efficacy of a home-use metabolic device (Lumen) in response to a short-term low and high carbohydrate diet in healthy volunteers
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A Hydrogel Drink With High Fructose Content Generates Higher Exogenous Carbohydrate Oxidation and a Reduced Drop in Dental Biofilm pH Compared to Two Other, Commercially Available, Carbohydrate Sports Drinks
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Legal Nutritional Boosting for Cycling
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MULTIPLE TRANSPORTABLE CARBOHYDRATES AND THEIR BENEFITS
Jeukendrup, A. E. (2013) · Cited by 13 · see citing works
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l-Arginine but not l-glutamine likely increases exogenous carbohydrate oxidation during endurance exercise
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The glycaemic index and sports nutrition
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Effects of carbohydrate dose and frequency on metabolism, gastrointestinal discomfort, and cross‐country skiing performance
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Exercise-induced hypohydration impairs 3 km treadmill-running performance in temperate conditions
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Peak Week Carbohydrate Manipulation Practices in Physique Athletes: A Narrative Review
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Coingesting Glucose and Fructose in the Cold Potentiates Exogenous CHO Oxidation
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Assessing exogenous carbohydrate intake needed to optimize human endurance performance across sex: insights from modeling runners pursuing a sub-2-h marathon
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The ingestion of protein with a maltodextrin and fructose beverage on substrate utilisation and exercise performance
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Extreme Variation of Nutritional Composition and Osmolality of Commercially Available Carbohydrate Energy Gels
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Carbohydrate supplementation during a simulated 10‐km open water swimming race: effects on physiological, perceptual parameters and performance.
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Endurance Training with or without Glucose-Fructose Ingestion: Effects on Lactate Metabolism Assessed in a Randomized Clinical Trial on Sedentary Men
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The Effect of Sodium Alginate and Pectin Added to a Carbohydrate Beverage on Endurance Performance, Substrate Oxidation and Blood Glucose Concentration: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Sutehall, S., Muñiz-Pardos, B., Bosch, A. N., & Pitsiladis, Y. P. (2022) · Sports Medicine - Open · doi:10.1186/s40798-022-00472-5 · Cited by 8 · see citing works

High Oxidation Rates from Combined Carbohydrates Ingested during Exercise
JENTJENS, R. L. P. G., ACHTEN, J., & JEUKENDRUP, A. E. (2004) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/01.mss.0000139796.07843.1d · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Self-citation
Oxidation of combined ingestion of glucose and fructose during exercise
Jentjens, R. L. P. G., Moseley, L., Waring, R. H., Harding, L. K., & Jeukendrup, A. E. (2004) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00974.2003 · Cited by 310 · see citing works
Self-citation
High Oxidation Rates from a Mixture of Glucose, Sucrose and Fructose Ingested During Prolonged Exercise
Jentjens, R. L. P. G., Achten, J., & Jeukendrup, A. E. (2004) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1097/00005768-200405001-00091 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Self-citation
Fructose and Sucrose Intake Increase Exogenous Carbohydrate Oxidation during Exercise
Trommelen, J., Fuchs, C., Beelen, M., Lenaerts, K., Jeukendrup, A., Cermak, N., & Van Loon, L. (2017) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu9020167 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Self-citation
Fructose and Sucrose Ingestion Increase Exogenous Carbohydrate Oxidation Rates During Exercise in Trained Cyclists
Trommelen, J., Fuchs, C. J., Beelen, M., Lenaerts, K., Jeukendrup, A. E., Cermak, N. M., & van Loon, L. J. C. (2017) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/01.mss.0000517350.52485.1c
Self-citation

Authors: Jentjens, R. L. P. G., & Jeukendrup, A. E.
Affiliations: University of Birmingham (GB)
Corresponding author: Jeukendrup, Asker E.
Venue: British Journal of Nutrition
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Published: 2005-04
Volume: 93
Issue: 4
Pages: 485-492
ISSN: 0007-1145 (ISSN-L)
1475-2662
DOI: 10.1079/bjn20041368
OpenAlex: W2142308193
Cited by: 171
References: 71
Citations by year: 2026: 8 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 15
FWCI: 3.65
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Licence: www.cambridge.org/core/terms (unspecified, 706 d)
Locations: British Journal Of Nutrition (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
University of Birmingham Research Portal (University of Birmingham) (submittedVersion)
Funders: GlaxoSmithKline
Topics: Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
Keywords: exogenous carbohydrate oxidation, glucose, fructose, endurance exercise, cycling exercise, carbohydrate supplementation, trained cyclists
MeSH terms: Adult, Analysis of Variance, Bicycling, Dietary Carbohydrates, Fructose, Glucose, Humans, Isotope Labeling, Male, Oxidation-Reduction, Oxygen Consumption, Physical Endurance

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High rates of exogenous carbohydrate oxidation from a mixture of glucose and fructose ingested during prolonged cycling exercise

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