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Cited by 87Muscle metabolism and nutritionSports Performance and TrainingThermoregulation and physiological responses

Curvilinear Dose–Response Relationship of Carbohydrate (0–120 g·h−1) and Performance

SMITH, JOHNERIC W., PASCOE, DAVID D., PASSE, DENNIS H., RUBY, BRENT C., STEWART, LAURA K., BAKER, LINDSAY B., ZACHWIEJA, JEFFREY J.·2013·Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise
DOI 10.1249/mss.0b013e31827205d1
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Abstract

BACKGROUND: There is a lack of consensus regarding the optimal range of carbohydrate (CHO) ingestion rates recommended for endurance athletes. PURPOSE: This study investigated the relationship between CHO dose and cycling time trial performance to identify an optimal range of CHO ingestion rates for endurance performance. METHODS: Fifty-one cyclists and triathletes (28 ± 7 yr, mean ± SD) across four research sites completed four trials. Each trial consisted of a 2-h constant load ride at 95% of the workload that elicited a 4-mmol·L(-1) blood lactate concentration immediately followed by a computer-simulated 20-km time trial, which subjects were asked to complete as quickly as possible. Twelve CHO electrolyte (18 mmol·L(-1) Na, 3 mmol·L(-1) K, and 11 mmol·L(-1) Cl) beverages (three at each site) were tested in a double-blind manner, providing subjects 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, and 120 g CHO (1:1:1 glucose-fructose-maltodextrin) per hour during the 2-h constant load ride at a fluid intake rate of 1 L·h(-1). All subjects also consumed a noncaloric placebo on one counterbalanced test occasion. Data were natural log transformed, subjected to a mixed-model analysis, and are reported as adjusted treatment means. RESULTS: We estimate incremental performance improvements of 1.0%, 2.0%, 3.0%, 4.0%, and 4.7% at 9, 19, 31, 48, and 78 g·h, respectively, with diminishing performance enhancement seen at CHO levels >78 g·h(-1). CONCLUSIONS: CHO beverage ingestion and endurance (∼160 min) performance appear to be related in a curvilinear dose-response manner, with the best performance occurring with a CHO (1:1:1 glucose-fructose-maltodextrin) ingestion rate of 78 g·h(-1).

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Crossref · 10.1249/mss.0b013e31827205d1

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  • A high exogenous CHO availability during exercise (78-90 g/h, approximately) facilitates performance through the sparing of hepatic glycogen, avoiding potential hypoglycemia, and through the maintenance of a high CHO oxidation rate, which enables a higher exercise intensity.

    “A high exogenous CHO availability during exercise (78–90 g/h, approximately) [4,5] facilitates performance through the sparing of hepatic glycogen, avoiding potential hypoglycemia, as well as through the maintenance of a high CHO oxidation rate, which enables a higher exercise intensity [6].”

    From Carbohydrate Availability and Physical Performance: Physiological Overview and Practical Recommendations (2019) · cites this paper as [5]

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Authors
SMITH, J. W., PASCOE, D. D., PASSE, D. H., RUBY, B. C., STEWART, L. K., BAKER, L. B., & ZACHWIEJA, J. J.
Affiliations
  • Gatorade Sports Science Institute (US)
  • Auburn University (US)
  • University of Montana (US)
  • Louisiana State University (US)
  • Dairy Management (US)
ORCID
Venue
Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise
Publisher
Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Published
2013-02
Volume
45
Issue
2
Pages
336-341
ISSN
0195-9131 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1249/mss.0b013e31827205d1
OpenAlex
W2328524218
Cited by
87
References
29
Citations by year
2026: 7 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 8
FWCI
5.42
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
  • Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Thermoregulation and physiological responses
Keywords
carbohydrate intake, dose-response relationship, endurance performance, cycling time trial, carbohydrate-electrolyte beverage, cyclists, triathletes, blood lactate
MeSH terms
Adult, Beverages, Bicycling, Dietary Carbohydrates, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Humans, Lactates, Male, Physical Endurance, Regression Analysis, Running, Swimming, Athletic Performance

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