Human dirofilariosis in Hungary: an emerging zoonosis in central Europe
Abstract
Introduction In the temperate regions of Europe, mainly Italy, France, Greece, and in recent years Hungary, a specific filarioid worm, Dirofilaria (Nochtiella) repens, a parasite of dogs, cats and some other carnivores, transmitted by mosquitoes, has occasionally been contracted, causing dirofilariosis in humans. We report a case of dirofilariosis and review all previously observed cases in Hungary.Materials, methods and results The authors present a case of human subconjunctival dirofilariosis in a 56-year-old man with mild itching and a burning sensation in his right eye. A slow-moving, whitish, thread-like worm was detected by slit-lamp examination. The worm was surgically removed and parasitological examination identified it as an immature male Dirofilaria repens. A review of Hungarian cases from 1880 to 2000 is presented, with updates of earlier reports. In addition, 16 new cases (8 men; 8 women) diagnosed between 2001 and 2006 are reviewed. The mean age of these 16 patients was 60 years; eight cases had ocular localization, seven were subcutaneous and one was diagnosed in a histopathological section of removed axillary lymph node in a patient with lymphoid leukemia. Twelve of the 16 identified Dirofilariae were females, four were males. According to their recorded histories the patients had not traveled internationally.Conclusion Most of the above cases of dirofilariosis are certainly autochthonous infections. The increasing number of diagnosed cases suggests that this zoonosis is becoming more important in central Europe and that the incidence may increase with the improvement of clinical diagnosis.
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Thirteen cases of human dirofilariasis were reported in the literature between 1879 and 2000 from different parts of Hungary.
“According to data of the Department of Parasitology, National Center for Epidemiology (NCE; Budapest), 13 cases of human dirofilariasis were reported in the literature between 1879 and 2000 from different parts of the country [13].”
From Description of five dirofilariasis cases in South Hungary and review epidemiology of this disease for the country (2015) · cites this paper as [13]
Based on data from 1879-2013, the most frequent form of human dirofilariasis in Hungary is subcutaneous infection (59 out of 101 episodes), with eyes involved in 39 cases and other body sites in 3 patients.
“Based on these data, the most frequent form of human dirofilariasis in Hungary is subcutaneous infection (59 out of 101 episodes). The eyes were involved in 39 cases, and the worms were eliminated from other body sites (ligamentum gastrosplenicum, spermatic cord and excised lymph node) in the case 3 patients [13,14].”
From Description of five dirofilariasis cases in South Hungary and review epidemiology of this disease for the country (2015) · cites this paper as [13]
Reviewing national reports, the ratio of subcutaneous infections was higher than that of ocular ones (66 and 45, respectively).
“Reviewing national reports, the ratio of subcutaneous infections was higher than that of the ocular ones (66 and 45, respectively).”
From Description of five dirofilariasis cases in South Hungary and review epidemiology of this disease for the country (2015) · cites this paper as [13]
Most of the Hungarian dirofilariasis cases were autochthonous infections.
“Most of the Hungarian dirofilariasis cases were autochthonous infections.”
From Description of five dirofilariasis cases in South Hungary and review epidemiology of this disease for the country (2015) · cites this paper as [13]
Between 2001 and 2006, Szenasi et al. diagnosed dirofilariasis in 8 men and 8 women.
“Between 2001 and 2006, Szenasi et al. diagnosed dirofilariasis in 8 men and 8 women [13].”
From Description of five dirofilariasis cases in South Hungary and review epidemiology of this disease for the country (2015) · cites this paper as [13]
The rate of positivity of the Knott concentration method remained low in humans: 1 positive result was achieved from 49 tested samples at NCE.
“However, the rate of positivity of the Knott concentration method still remained low in humans: 1 positive result was achieved from 49 tested samples at NCE [13,30].”
From Description of five dirofilariasis cases in South Hungary and review epidemiology of this disease for the country (2015) · cites this paper as [13]
Equal or nearly equal rates of infected men and women were reported in other Hungarian studies.
“Equal or nearly equal rates of infected men and women were reported in other Hungarian studies.”
From Description of five dirofilariasis cases in South Hungary and review epidemiology of this disease for the country (2015) · cites this paper as [13]
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- Authors
- Szénási, Z., Kovács, A. H., Pampiglione, S., Fioravanti, M. L., Kucsera, I., Tánczos, B., & Tiszlavicz, L.
- Affiliations
- National Center for Epidemiology (HU)
- University of Szeged (HU)
- University of Bologna (IT)
- Corresponding author
- Szénási, Zsuzsanna
- Venue
- Wiener klinische Wochenschrift
- Published
- 2008-02
- Volume
- 120
- Issue
- 3-4
- Pages
- 96-102
- ISSN
- 0043-5325 (ISSN-L)
- 1613-7671
- OpenAlex
- W80124946
- Cited by
- 74
- References
- 15
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 2 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 4.31
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Wiener klinische Wochenschrift (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Archivio istituzionale della ricerca (Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Parasitic Diseases Research and Treatment
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Research on Leishmaniasis Studies
- Health Sciences › Veterinary › Small Animals › Helminth infection and control
- Keywords
- dirofilariasis, Dirofilaria repens, ocular filariasis, zoonoses, emerging infectious diseases, autochthonous infection, Hungary, lymphoid leukemia, mosquito-borne transmission
- MeSH terms
- Agricultural Workers' Diseases, Animals, Cats, Conjunctiva, Conjunctival Diseases, Diagnosis, Differential, Dirofilariasis, Dogs, Humans, Hungary, Male, Middle Aged, Culicidae, Ophthalmoscopy, Swine, Zoonoses
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