Co-existence of tic disorders and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder-recent advances in understanding and treatment
Abstract
In daily clinical practice of child psychiatry tic disorders (TD) and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) as well as their co-existence are common and need careful evidence-based approaches in differential diagnostics and treatment choice. Hence, their relationship at different levels (e.g., psychopathology, neuropsychology, neurobiology, treatment) needs to be elucidated in more detail. The articles of this supplement deal with this subject. It is unclear if TD + ADHD represents an own clinical entity and which component (TD vs. ADHD) is most important in case of co-existence with respect to accompanying problems like emotional or cognitive disturbances. This editorial gives a short overview of the essential research topics concerning TD + ADHD and shows where (in this ECAP supplement and other literature) empirically based answers can be found. Probably, the identification of separate or common "endophenotypes" for TD-only, ADHD-only and for TD + ADHD would help to sort out the complexities and this supplement may nurture such a perspective of future research for a better understanding and treatment of youths with TD + ADHD and their families.
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In tic disorders, co-existence with ADHD can be found in about 50% of patients, while in ADHD patients a tic disorder is seen in about 20%; both figures are above the chance rate of combination.
“In tic disorders (TD), co-existence with ADHD can be found in about 50% of patients, while in ADHD patients a TD is seen in about 20%: Both figures are above the chance rate of combination [121].”
From European guidelines on managing adverse effects of medication for ADHD (2011) · cites this paper as [121]
ADHD and TD can be considered within the framework of an additive model.
“ADHD and TD can be considered within the framework of an additive model [14, 121].”
From European guidelines on managing adverse effects of medication for ADHD (2011) · cites this paper as [121]
Several physician's desk references and drug administration mandates still note a contraindication for the use of stimulants in patients with tic disorders, and even in those with only a family history of tics.
“Several physician’s desk references and drug administration mandates still note a contraindication for the use of stimulants in patients with TD [110, 121]; and even in those with only a family history of tics.”
From European guidelines on managing adverse effects of medication for ADHD (2011) · cites this paper as [121]
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Manuel d'enseignement de psychomotricité
Chaix, Y., & Albaret, J. (2018) · De Boeck Supérieur eBooks · doi:10.3917/dbu.albar.2017.01.0291
Guidelines Based on Systematic Literature Review and Meta-analysis
Cavanna, A. E. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108186599.008
Second-Generation Anti-dopaminergic Medications
Cavanna, A. E. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108186599.005
First-Generation Anti-dopaminergic Medications
Cavanna, A. E. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108186599.004
Other Tic-Suppressing Medications
Cavanna, A. E. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108186599.007
Cavanna, A. E. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108186599.003
Alpha-2 Adrenergic Medications
Cavanna, A. E. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108186599.006
Guidelines Based on Expert Survey and Consensus
Cavanna, A. E. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108186599.009
(2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108186599.010
Rothenberger, A. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-54671-6_285-1
Self-citationCavanna, A. E. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108186599.011
Onat, M., Haliloğlu, İ., Gümüş, A. E. Ö., Avcı, H., Parlakay, A. N. Ö., Ekici, G. İ., Dinç, G. S., & Çöp, E. (2026) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-026-04410-y
- Authors
- Rothenberger, A., Roessner, V., Banaschewski, T., & Leckman, J. F.
- Affiliations
- University of Göttingen (DE)
- Heidelberg University (DE)
- Yale University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Rothenberger, Aribert
- Venue
- European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry
- Published
- 2007-05-15
- Volume
- 16
- Issue
- S1
- Pages
- 1-4
- ISSN
- 1018-8827 (ISSN-L)
- 1435-165X
- OpenAlex
- W2046625538
- Cited by
- 69
- References
- 43
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 2 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 6
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- GRO (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Obsessive-Compulsive Spectrum Disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Stuttering Research and Treatment
- Keywords
- tic disorders, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, comorbidities, differential diagnosis, endophenotypes, treatment, children and adolescents
- MeSH terms
- Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Child, Humans, Learning, Phenotype, Tic Disorders, Comorbidity
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