Executive functions in children with chronic tic disorders with/without ADHD: new insights
Open accessAbstract
Objective In Chronic Tic Disorders (CTD) associated Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is very common. Hence, it is important to clarify how both conditions are related to cognitive dysfunctions in patients with CTD+ADHD comorbidity. Recent studies on neuropsychology revealed equivocal results, mostly due to methodological shortcomings like problems in sample composition. Thus better and more detailed information on this topic is needed to improve diagnostic and treatment approaches.Method Three tasks related to different domains of executive functions (the Matching Familiar Figures Test, the Stroop color-word interference task, and a computerized version of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test) have been performed in two independent samples (altogether n = 138 children) both including four groups of children (CTD-only, CTD+ADHD, ADHD-only, healthy controls) matched for age and IQ. To specify the influence of either tics or ADHD-symptoms on executive functions and to answer the question of their interactive or additive relationship two-way analyses of variance (MANOVA) for the factors CTD (yes,-no) x ADHD (yes,no) were conducted. Eta squared was calculated to reveal the effect sizes for each factor. For a deeper understanding of group differences and to better enable the comparison with data in literature, additional analyses of variance (ANOVA) with posthoc testing were applied.Results In summary, there was a main effect only for the factor ADHD reflected by decreased performance, while no main effect of the factor CTD could be found. Admittedly, the effects were not uniform in both samples. However, in all three tasks and both samples, uniformly no interaction between the main factors has been observed.Conclusions In cases of coexisting CTD+ADHD the factor ADHD shows the main negative impact on neuropsychological performance and this impact seems to be independent of any feature of the coexisting tics (additive model). This supports the notion to primarily treat the ADHD-symptoms in order to increase cognitive self regulatory abilities of these children. Contrarily, tics seem to have little impact on cognitive performance in most cases.
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The psychosocial functioning of ADHD + TD children is usually not worsened significantly when tic exacerbation by drugs takes place, since ADHD is commonly the more impairing disorder.
“In terms of the impact of TD, the psychosocial functioning of ADHD + TD children is usually not worsened significantly when tic exacerbation by drugs takes place, since ADHD is commonly the more impairing disorder [117, 118].”
From European guidelines on managing adverse effects of medication for ADHD (2011) · cites this paper as [118]
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- Authors
- Roessner, V., Becker, A., Banaschewski, T., & Rothenberger, A.
- Affiliations
- University of Göttingen (DE)
- Central Institute of Mental Health (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Roessner, Veit
- Venue
- European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry
- Published
- 2007-05-15
- Volume
- 16
- Issue
- S1
- Pages
- 36-44
- ISSN
- 1018-8827 (ISSN-L)
- 1435-165X
- OpenAlex
- W2006624153
- Cited by
- 88
- References
- 78
- Citations by year
- 2025: 1 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 9.45
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- Licence
- Locations
- European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- GRO (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Obsessive-Compulsive Spectrum Disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Keywords
- chronic tic disorders, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, executive function, comorbidities, children, cognitive impairment, tics, neuropsychological performance, cognitive self-regulation, Matching Familiar Figures Test, Wisconsin Card Sorting Test
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Child, Chronic Disease, Cognition Disorders, Female, Humans, Male, Neuropsychological Tests, Thinking, Tic Disorders, Comorbidity, Case-Control Studies
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