“I Feel It In My Heart When My Parents Fight”: Experiences of 7–9-Year-Old Children of Alcoholics
Open accessAbstract
Children are vulnerable when exposed to parental alcohol abuse. Although much is known about children of alcoholics (COA), research examining the experiences of younger COA is scarce. To gain knowledge of the consequences for these children, it is important to ask the children themselves. This study explored the consequences for a child of having an alcoholic parent, from the point of view of 7–9-year-old COA. Eighteen children were interviewed, whose alcoholic parent was undergoing treatment, using a vignette. In the analysis, using qualitative content analysis, the findings show that the children of this young age had much experiences and took a great responsibility for their alcoholic parent, and the family. The most significant feeling of the children was a feeling of sadness. They tried to control the situation in different ways. They wished for a change in the future, but despite problems in the family they described things they did together with a loving parent. Implications include the importance of listening to and supporting all COA, also children as young as 7–9 years old. Further studies should address the support that can and should be offered to COA.
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
This qualitative study explored how 7–9-year-old children of alcoholics describe the consequences of having an alcoholic parent, using vignette-based interviews with 18 Swedish children. The children described sadness, attempts to control parental fighting, bad experiences, wishes for change, and continued love for their parent despite problems.
Key findings
- Eighteen children aged 7–9 (eight girls and ten boys) participated; all had a parent who had undergone treatment for addiction.
- The analysis produced one theme, “Sadness and hope for change in a loving family,” and five categories: feeling sad when parents fight, trying to control the situation, having bad experiences, wishing for change, and despite problems doing things together with a loving parent.
- Children described sadness as bodily sensations, including in the heart, stomach, and throat; some showed sadness by crying or anger, while others hid it or protected their parents by not telling others.
- Children tried to control fighting by leaving or dissociating, telling parents to stop, seeking company, hiding money or car keys, or acting “mean”; the authors interpret this as responsibility-taking and possible parentification.
Methods
- Qualitative interview study with 18 children aged 7–9 from different areas of Sweden; all had one parent who had participated in treatment for addiction, and most lived with both parents, though some had an alcoholic parent living elsewhere.
- Interviews were conducted individually before a Children’s Program, using a short vignette about “Anna” or “Peter” who hears parents fighting and seeming drunk, followed by questions about feelings, actions, and a good adult life; interviews lasted 10–25 min and were audio-taped.
- Data were analyzed with qualitative content analysis following Graneheim and Lundman: meaning units, condensation, codes, subcategories, categories, and theme; the first 11 interviews were analyzed inductively by two researchers, and the remaining interviews deductively against established categories.
Limitations
- The paper states that the families cannot be generalized to every family with an alcohol- or drug-abusing parent because these parents had accepted treatment and wanted their child to join a support program; it also notes that more interviews including children whose parents have not acknowledged their addiction could have strengthened the study.
- The paper states that for some COA the rule of secrecy is very important, and they have not had the opportunity to join a program as the children in this study had.
- Evident from the text: the sample is small, treatment-seeking, and self-selected through parental consent; interviews were brief (10–25 min), and there was no follow-up or comparison group, so findings reflect these children’s accounts rather than all COA.
Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
12 of 64 cited sources checked · 8 supported · 1 flagged · accuracy not yet measured
- Premisecitation
Studies among COA have focused on toddlers, preschoolers and adolescents, but less on children in middle to late childhood.
“Studies among COA have focused on toddlers, preschoolers and adolescents, but less on children in middle to late childhood.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 3 sources checked- cites Eiden, Edwards, & Leonard, 2007 source
The Abstract (page unavailable) says most studies of alcoholic families begin in early adolescence and identifies a study beginning at ages 3–5; this paper itself begins in infancy. It does not explicitly say that research has focused on toddlers or that middle-to-late childhood has received less attention, so the full comparison is not established. (LLM, conf=0.78)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites Chassin et al., 1999 source
- cites Park & Schepp, 2015 source
- Premisecitation
A multitude of studies investigating adolescent children of problem-drinking parents report increasing problems when COA reach their adolescence.
“a multitude of studies investigating the adolescent children of problem-drinking parents report increasing problems when COA reach their adolescence (Chassin et al., 1999; Hussong et al., 2008; Park & Schepp, 2015).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 3 sources checked- cites Chassin et al., 1999 source
- cites Hussong et al., 2008 source
The Adolescent and Family Development Project Results report that adolescent children of alcoholic parents had greater risk of family and financial stressors than controls. The Discussion says this stress is evident from an early age and persists into adulthood; it does not establish that problems increase specifically when children reach adolescence. (LLM, conf=0.83)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites Park & Schepp, 2015 source
- Premisecitation
There is a lack of studies examining how children and adolescents themselves describe the experience of being a COA.
“There seems to be a lack of studies examining how children and adolescents themselves describe the experience of being a COA. Hill (2015) argues that little is known about the lives of COA from their own point of view.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites Hill, 2015 source
- Findingown data
The results show the consequences for a child of having an alcoholic parent from the point of view of 7-9-year-old COA.
“The results show the consequences for a child of having an alcoholic parent from the point of view of 7–9-year-old COA.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The experiences described by the children are consequences of parental alcohol abuse rather than other factors.
- Findingown data
The children suggested other solutions for how the fighting between the parents could stop; for example, if one of their parents left the house for a while, and came back later, or even stayed away for a longer time.
“The children suggested other solutions for how the fighting between the parents could stop; for example, if one of their parents left the house for a while, and came back later, or even stayed away for a longer time.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
- Findingown data
Most of the children said that they thought the child in the vignette felt sad, when they came home and found their parents fighting.
“Most of the children said that they thought the child in the vignette felt sad, when they came home and found their parents fighting.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
The results show that these children were accustomed to the idea that their parents would fight when one of the parents had used alcohol.
“Our results show that these children were accustomed to the idea that their parents would fight when one of the parents had used alcohol.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The children had vague ideas about what they wanted in terms of change for the better and for them to have a good life as adults themselves.
“The children had vague ideas about what they wanted in terms of change for the better and for them to have a good life as adults themselves.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
One way was watching television to give themselves something else to think about.
“One way was watching television to give themselves something else to think about.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Another strategy was to be 'mean', perhaps in an attempt to draw attention away from the quarrelling and fighting between the parents and from the problems within the family.
“Another strategy was to be “mean”, perhaps in an attempt to draw attention away from the quarrelling and fighting between the parents and from the problems within the family.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
They gave examples of how to dissociate oneself, by trying to think about something else, and trying not to hear or care what the fight was all about.
“They also gave examples how to dissociate oneself, by trying to think about something else, and trying not to hear or care what the fight was all about.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
The children were observant of the behavior of the abusive parent, which could be very different from when the parent was sober.
“The children were observant of the behavior of the abusive parent, which could be very different from when the parent was sober.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingnone given
The children all had bad experiences of the consequences of their parents' alcohol consumption.
“The children all had bad experiences of the consequences of their parents’ alcohol consumption.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The children had different ways of controlling the situation when they experienced quarrelling or fighting.
“The children had different ways of controlling the situation when they experienced quarrelling or fighting, here divided into five subcategories: dissociating or removing myself from the fight, telling my parents to stop, seeking company, acting to prevent quarrelling or fighting, and suggesting ways to end the fight.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Some of the children said that they clearly showed when they felt sad, which could be manifested as being angry or even 'awfully angry'.
“Some of the children said that they clearly showed when they felt sad, which could be manifested as being angry or even “awfully angry”.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Another way to handle the situation was to talk to somebody; that is, to seek company.
“Another way to handle the situation was to talk to somebody; that is, to seek company.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Some of the children had thought about the problematic situation and how to make the situation better.
“Some of the children had thought about the problematic situation and how to make the situation better.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Most of these COA had a feeling of sadness which they could feel in their body.
“Most of these COA had a feeling of sadness which they could feel in their body.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingnone given
They could also act 'grown-up' in other ways, for example when discussing the parent's friends with the researcher.
“They could also act “grown-up” in other ways, for example when discussing the parent’s friends with the researcher.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Even when they did not cry, it could be very difficult to think about good things.
“Even when they did not cry, it could be very difficult to think about good things.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
One way to show sadness was to slam their hands into things to make their parents understand that they were feeling bad.
“One way was to slam their hands into things to make their parents understand that they were feeling bad.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
These 7-9-year-old children, all of whom had a parent who abused alcohol, told about the consequences of having an alcoholic parent from their point of view.
“These 7–9-year-old children, all of whom had a parent who abused alcohol, have told about the consequences of having an alcoholic parent, from their point of view.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The main reason why the children feared that other people would know was that they did not want other people to know about their parent's alcoholism or drug addiction.
“The main reason why the children feared that other people would know was that they did not want other people to know about their parent’s alcoholism or drug addiction.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Some of the children knew who they could call or go to if their parents started to fight-perhaps a grandmother or siblings.
“Some of the children knew who they could call or go to if their parents started to fight—perhaps a grandmother or siblings.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
When the children heard the vignette about the child who came home together with a friend, found their parents having a fight, and wondered if their parent was drunk, they recognized the situation.
“When the children heard the vignette about the child who came home together with a friend, found their parents having a fight, and wondered if their parent was drunk, they recognized the situation.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
The children described a couple of strategies to prevent their parents from drinking alcohol or using drugs in ways that led to quarrelling and fighting.
“The children described a couple of strategies to prevent their parents from drinking alcohol or using drugs in ways that led to quarrelling and fighting.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Sometimes the children felt disappointed with their parent when the parent preferred to talk or play on their cell phone instead of spending time with the child.
“Sometimes the children felt disappointed with their parent, for example when the parent was supposed to spend time and do things together with the child, but preferred to talk or play on their cell phone.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
In spite of the bad consequences that these children experienced, they had happy memories of their alcohol or drug abusing parent.
“In spite of the bad consequences that these children experienced, they had happy memories of their alcohol or drug abusing parent.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
They might sometimes be ashamed of their parents.
“They might sometimes be ashamed of their parents.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
The current study shows that COA in middle childhood, only 7-9 years old, can express feelings and describe the consequences for them having an alcoholic parent.
“The current study shows that COA in middle childhood, only 7–9 years old, can express feelings and describe the consequences for them having an alcoholic parent.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The sadness that the children felt could also be expressed by a feeling of protecting or caring for their parents, for example by not admitting how sad they felt, or by avoiding telling anybody how things were at home.
“The sadness that the children felt could also be expressed by a feeling of protecting or caring for their parents, for example by not admitting how sad they felt, or by avoiding telling anybody how things were at home.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
The next most important thing to the children was having fun and a good life in the family.
“the next most important was having fun and a good life in the family.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
The present study indicates that the behavior typical of the "adjuster" or the "lost child" is also expressed by 7-9-year-old children from their own point of view.
“The present study indicates that the behavior typical of the “adjuster” (Black, 2001) or the “lost child” (Wegscheider-Cruse, 1989) is also expressed by 7–9-year-old children from their own point of view.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Black, 2001
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Wegscheider-Cruse, 1989
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Findingnone given
These parents had understood and taken responsibility for the consequences of their alcohol or drug abuse by accepting treatment at a treatment center.
“These parents had understood and taken responsibility for the consequences of their alcohol or drug abuse by accepting treatment at a treatment center.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Parentification can be seen in the current study, when the children took responsibility by hiding their parent's money or car keys to prevent them from buying alcohol.
“Parentification can also be seen in the current study, when the children took responsibility by hiding their parent’s money or car keys to prevent them from buying alcohol.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingcitation
Some of the children in the current study demonstrated the "acting-out child" when trying to draw attention to themselves by "being mean".
“Some of the children in the current study also demonstrated the “acting-out child” (Black, 2001), when trying to draw the attention to themselves by “being mean”.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Black, 2001
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Findingown data
Trying to think about nice things or watching television to shut the fighting out was one way to take responsibility for themselves during the fight.
“Trying to think about nice things or watching television to shut the fighting out was one way to take responsibility for themselves during the fight.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
They told how they took on a great responsibility for their parent's addiction by trying to control the situation.
“They told how they took on a great responsibility for their parent’s addiction by trying to control the situation.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The current study adds to this research, as it shows how the children planned to ask their parents to stop fighting.
“The current study adds to this research, as it shows how the children planned to ask their parents to stop fighting.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingnone given
Some of the children even take the role of an adult, so-called parentification.
“Some of them even take the role of an adult, so-called parentification.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The roles of the "responsible child" or the "family hero", also known as parentification, are supported in the current study.
“The roles of the “responsible child” (Black, 2001) or the “family hero” (Wegscheider-Cruse, 1989), also known as parentification, are supported in the current study.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Black, 2001
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Wegscheider-Cruse, 1989
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Findingown data
The children in the current study wanted to do ordinary things, mainly with their parents and family.
“The children in the current study wanted to do ordinary things, mainly with their parents and family.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
COA as young as 7-9 years old have in this study told about their experiences of having an alcoholic parent after listening to a short vignette about parents being drunk and having a fight.
“COA as young as 7–9 years old have in this study told about their experiences of having an alcoholic parent after listening to a short vignette about parents being drunk and having a fight.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The results suggest that children are willing to tell when they are asked about their family situation.
“The results suggest that it is important to listen to children and their experiences, and that children are willing to tell when they are asked about their family situation.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The children in the current study showed that they wanted to control the situation when fighting occurred between their parents.
“The children in the current study showed that they wanted to control the situation when fighting occurred between their parents.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingnone given
These parents had also understood that their children needed help and support to allow them to handle the situation in the best possible way, by joining a program specially designed for children.
“They had also understood that their children needed help and support to allow them to handle the situation in the best possible way, by joining a program specially designed for children.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisecitation
The developmental period from 7 to 9 years is crucial for child development in terms of both self-regulation and external behavior.
“The developmental period from 7 to 9 years is crucial for child development in terms of both self-regulation and external behavior (Park & Schepp, 2015).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Park & Schepp, 2015 source
- Study design and conductnone given
Dependability was established by using the same story in the vignette for all the children.
“Dependability was established by using the same story in the vignette for all the children.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisereasoning
Information about children in middle to late childhood is less abundant.
“However, information about children in middle to late childhood is less abundant.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
It seems very difficult for parents to keep the drinking a secret.
“It seems very difficult for parents to keep the drinking a secret.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Study design and conductreasoning
The families in the current study cannot be generalized to every family with an alcohol or drug abusing parent.
“However, it should be remembered that the families in the current study cannot be generalized to every family with an alcohol or drug abusing parent.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationown data
The current study on 7-9 years old COA has confirmed the same sorts of COA behavior which adult COA have recalled that they have previously displayed.
“Thus the current study on 7–9 years old COA, has confirmed the same sorts of COA behavior which adult COA have recalled that they have previously displayed (Black, 2001; Wegscheider-Cruse, 1989; Vernig, 2011).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites Black, 2001
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Wegscheider-Cruse, 1989
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Vernig, 2011 source
- Interpretationnone given
The results may be transferred to other COA, who live under similar circumstances.
“Still, the results may be transferred to other COA, who live under similar circumstances.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: For some COA, the rule of secrecy is very important, and they have not had the opportunity to join a program like the children in this study.
- Interpretationown data
The children have taken on a responsibility that should have been taken by their parents.
“The children have taken on a responsibility that should have been taken by their parents.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Study design and conductown data
Another strength is that as many as 18 7-9-year-old children have participated in the study.
“Another strength is that as many as 18 7–9-year-old children have participated in the study.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
In this way, the parents had shown their children that they saw them as important and worthy of a good life.
“In this way, they had shown their children that they saw them as important and worthy of a good life.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationnone given
It seems that some of the children tried to protect their parents from understanding that they were hurting their children.
“It also seems that some of the children tried to protect their parents from understanding that they were hurting their children.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationown data
The current findings support the existing literature on how children find their parents and family very important.
“Thus the current findings support the existing literature on how children find their parents and family very important.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
- Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 60
- May combine two claims. 65
- The quote only partly states this claim. 1
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
PremisecitationThese children and adolescents were mostly concerned about the alcoholic parent, and not about the impact on the family or themselves.
“These children and adolescents were mostly concerned about the alcoholic parent, and not about the impact on the family or themselves (Hill, 2015).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites Hill, 2015 source
In “Choosing to talk indirectly” (page unavailable), Hill reports that participants discussed the impact on their own lives, including missing school to care for parents or siblings. The paper also describes their knowledge of alcohol’s impact on family life. This contradicts the claim that they were not concerned about effects on the family or themselves. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationCOA are exposed to biological (genetic) as well as environmental (caregiver-related) risk factors for several social, familial, and behavioral problems.
“The literature indicates that COA are exposed to biological (genetic) as well as environmental (caregiver-related) risk factors for several social, familial, and behavioral problems (Edwards, Eiden, & Leonard, 2006; Park & Schepp, 2015).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 2 sources checkedProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
PremisecitationHill (2015) found that although COA knew a lot about their parents' alcohol problems, they made their own decision about what to reveal, and it seemed easier to talk about a third person, distancing the situation from their parents.
“The results revealed that although the COA knew a lot about their parents’ alcohol problems, they made their own decision about what to reveal. It seemed easier to talk about a third person, distancing the situation from their parents.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites Hill, 2015 source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationCOA display lower self-control during their toddler and pre-school phases.
“COA display lower self-control during their toddler and pre-school phases (Eiden, Edwards, & Leonard, 2007)”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites Eiden, Edwards, & Leonard, 2007 source
The Discussion (page unavailable) links fathers’ alcoholism to poorer self-regulation in the preschool years, and the Results report lower self-regulation at age 3 along a pathway involving maternal warmth. The paper assesses parenting at age 2, not lower self-control among children of alcoholics during the toddler phase, so the claim extends beyond the reported finding. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
PremisecitationVignettes can be suitable to use when asking children to talk about sensitive topics.
“Vignettes can be suitable to use when asking children to talk about sensitive topics (Barter & Renold, 2000; Hill, 2015).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 2 sources checkedProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationThese adolescents had experiences of moving around a lot.
“These adolescents had experiences of moving around a lot (Hill, 2015).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites Hill, 2015 source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationMostly the adolescents shared experiences of the parent's treatment, which did not involve the rest of the family.
“Mostly they shared experiences of the parent’s treatment, which did not involve the rest of the family.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 3 sources checkedProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
PremisecitationThe adolescents showed that they had a lot of knowledge about their parent's addiction, but they were very cautious of what to tell an outsider.
“The adolescents showed that they had a lot of knowledge about their parent’s addiction, but they were very cautious of what to tell an outsider.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 3 sources checkedProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationAdolescent COA have described their experiences in previous research.
“Adolescent COA have described their experiences in previous research (Hill, 2015; Murray, 1998; Templeton et al., 2009).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 3 sources checkedProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Findingown dataThey also suggested talking to a teacher at school, or the school counselor.
“They also suggested talking to a teacher at school, or the school counselor.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataThe children wanted to spend time with their parents, and they thought they had a good time with their parents at home and elsewhere.
“They wanted to spend time with their parents, and they thought they had a good time with their parents at home and elsewhere.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataThe children could talk about their feelings, their strategies for handling the situation, and their hopes for the future.
“They could talk about their feelings, their strategies for handling the situation, and their hopes for the future.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataThe children wanted to be together with their parents, and that was what was important; it was less important exactly what they did, as long as they did it together.
“The children wanted to be together with their parents, and that was what was important; it was less important exactly what they did, as long as they did it together.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Findingown dataThe children believed that if the parent would forget about alcohol, everything would be fine.
“If the parent would forget about alcohol, everything would be fine.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataThe children expressed that they had a good time and were content being with their parents when they had not been drinking alcohol.
“The children expressed that they had a good time and were content being with their parents when they had not been drinking alcohol.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataThe children could feel embarrassed, or even be ashamed of one or both of their parents.
“The children could feel embarrassed, or even be ashamed of one or both of their parents.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataThe children often kept their experiences a secret and could experience disappointment towards their parents.
“They often kept it a secret, and they could experience disappointment towards their parents.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataThe children expressed that they felt really bad, and that it could be very embarrassing hearing their parents fighting, especially in front of friends.
“They expressed that they felt really bad, and that it also could be very embarrassing hearing their parents fighting, especially in front of friends.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Findingown dataAnother suggestion was trying to think about positive things, not bad things, and avoiding listening to the fight.
“Another suggestion was trying to think about positive things, not bad things, and avoiding listening to the fight.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataThe alcoholic parent was sometimes in a good mood and sometimes in a bad mood.
“Sometimes the alcoholic parent was in a good mood and sometimes in a bad mood.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Findingown dataOne example was to hide their parent's money or car keys so that they could not go to the liquor store.
“One example was to hide their parent’s money or car keys so that they could not go to the liquor store.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.
Findingown dataThe children had hope for the future if their parent stopped drinking alcohol, and wished for a future free of alcohol and no fighting.
“They had hope for the future if their parent stopped drinking alcohol.”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
“The children wished for a future free of alcohol, both for themselves and for their parents, and for a future with no fighting.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
FindingreasoningThese five categories together formed a theme: 'Feelings of sadness and hope for change in a loving family'.
“These five categories together formed a theme: “Feelings of sadness and hope for change in a loving family” (Table 1).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Findingown dataMost of the interviewees very quickly said 'I felt...' or 'When my parents...', thus connecting the story with their own experiences.
“Most of the interviewees very quickly said “I felt…” or “When my parents…”, thus connecting the story with their own experiences.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataThe children expressed different consequences of having an alcoholic parent, leading to five categories: 'Feeling sad when my parents are fighting', 'Trying to control the situation', 'Having bad experiences', 'Wishing for change', and 'Despite problems, doing things together with a loving parent'.
“The children expressed different consequences of having an alcoholic parent, leading to five categories: “Feeling sad when my parents are fighting”, “Trying to control the situation”, “Having bad experiences”, “Wishing for change”, and “Despite problems, doing things together with a loving parent”.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataThe children wished that they could all live together and have fun together.
“The children wished that they could all live together and have fun together.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataThe children's feelings were expressed in different words, but consisted of almost the same emotions.
“Their feelings were expressed in different words, but consisted of almost the same emotions.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataThe children spoke about fun things they often did with their parents, and at these times everyone was happy and in a good mood.
“The children spoke about the fun things they often did with their parents. At these times, everyone was happy and in a good mood.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataSome of the children clearly dissociated and sometimes removed themselves from the situation by leaving the house, or by walking into their own room and shutting the door.
“Some of the children clearly dissociated and sometimes removed themselves from the situation by leaving the house, or by walking into their own room and shutting the door.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Findingown dataAnother possibility could be that their friend might ask why their parents were fighting, which could lead to rumors at school, which the children wanted to avoid.
“Another possibility could be that their friend might ask why their parents were fighting. This could lead to rumors at school, which the children wanted to avoid.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataA friend might tell their classmates that their parent had been drinking, which the children felt was not good at all.
“A friend might tell their classmates that their parent had been drinking, which the children felt was not good at all.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataThe children felt that it was possible to tell their parents to stop quarrelling and fighting, though it might be important to wait to tell them this until they were alone and their friends could not hear.
“The children felt that it was possible to tell their parents to stop quarrelling and fighting, though it might be important to wait to tell them this until they were alone and their friends could not hear.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataNo alcohol and no quarrelling/fighting was the most important thing to the children; they said it would be much better if their parent did not drink alcohol and did not fight.
“No alcohol, no quarrelling/fighting was the most important thing”
- Also stated in: § Wishing for Change · plain
“According to the children, it would be much better if their parent did not drink alcohol; they should not do that, and they should not fight.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Also stated in: § Wishing for Change · plain
May combine two claims.
Findingown dataOther suggestions the children made for controlling the situation were to become very angry when their parents fought, which could influence their parents to stop the fight, or to show their parents that they felt sad.
“Other suggestions the children made for controlling the situation were to become very angry when their parents fought, which could influence their parents to stop the fight, or to show their parents that they felt sad.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataAlthough the children had not actually seen the parents drink at all times, they knew when they did.
“Although these children haven’t actually seen the parents drink at all times, they know when they do.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataThe children wished they would not hear of any more fighting, and hopefully be able to forget all about it.
“The children wished they would not hear of any more fighting, and hopefully be able to forget all about it.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataThe children who seldom saw their parent wished to see their parent more often and expressed sadness over this.
“The children who seldom saw their parent wished to see their parent more often.”
- Also stated in: § Wishing for Change · boosted
“The children who seldom saw their parent clearly expressed their sadness over this, and wished for more contact.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Also stated in: § Wishing for Change · boosted
May combine two claims.
Findingown dataSome of the children cried and showed their feelings, but others hid their feelings and did not show them to their parents.
“Some of the children cried and showed their feelings, but others hid their feelings and did not show them to their parents.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Findingown dataIn their experience, things also got better after their parents had separated from each other, and they thought it was a good thing for the alcoholic parent to start treatment.
“In their experience, things also got better after their parents had separated from each other, and they thought it was a good thing for the alcoholic parent to start treatment.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Findingown dataCrying was another way of showing sadness.
“Crying was another way of showing sadness: “You get sad and you cry, and tears come out.” (Frederic).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Findingnone givenOne parent might start a fight with the other.
“One parent might start a fight with the other.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataThe children had experienced the drinking at home, or they heard about it from the other parent.
“The children had experienced the drinking at home, or they heard about it from the other parent.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataThe children wished that their parents would be friendly towards each other, for the sake of their family; they were happy when their parents were friends.
“The children wished that their parents would be friendly towards each other, for the sake of their family; they were happy when their parents were friends.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataIt was particularly the children who seldom saw their parent who expressed that the parent was very nice and kind, but this overall view was expressed by all of the children when describing their parent.
“It was particularly the children who seldom saw their parent who expressed that the parent was very nice and kind. However, this overall view was expressed by all of the children when describing their parent.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataThe children acted in different ways when trying to control the quarrelling and fighting between their parents, sometimes by preventing or interfering in the situation, and sometimes by physically removing themselves from the situation.
“The children acted in different ways when trying to control the quarrelling and fighting between their parents, sometimes by preventing or interfering in the situation, and sometimes by physically removing themselves from the situation.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Findingown dataThe children said that no adults should drink, including themselves when they got older, in order to have a good life as an adult.
“The children also said that no adults should drink, including themselves when they got older, in order to have a good life as an adult.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataThe children described everyday life as being all together in a cozy home; they had no extraordinary wishes, but could have a good time just doing ordinary things.
“The children described everyday life as being all together in a cozy home. They had no extraordinary wishes, but could have a good time just doing ordinary things”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Findingown dataFor some of the children, another possibility was to go to a friend, and maybe to talk with a friend's mother.
“For some of the children, another possibility was to go to a friend, and maybe to talk with a friend’s mother.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataThe children were strongly affected by their parents' quarrelling and fighting, and they used different strategies to deal with the sadness they felt.
“The children were strongly affected by their parents’ quarrelling and fighting, and they used different strategies to deal with the sadness they felt.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataThe children knew a great deal about their situation and were very aware of what this meant for the family.
“They knew a great deal about their situation and were very aware of what this meant for the family.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataNot all children wanted to show how sad they felt, and some hid their feelings.
“However, not all children wanted to show how sad they felt, and some hid their feelings for other reasons.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataThe quarrelling and fighting between parents led to bad experiences, described in three subcategories: the children experienced fear that other people would know, they had seen their parents drinking alcohol, and they had a feeling of being disappointed.
“The quarrelling and fighting between parents led to bad experiences, which are described here in three subcategories: the children experienced fear that other people would know, for example when bringing a friend home, they had seen their parents drinking alcohol, and they had a feeling of being disappointed.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
FindingreasoningThe children felt sadness over the current situation in their families, but still had hope for change.
“The children felt sadness over the current situation in their families, but still had hope for change.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataThe children had ideas about asking their parents to stop fighting, and planned to talk about the matter when they found their parent alone.
“The children had ideas about asking their parents to stop fighting, and planned to talk about the matter when they found their parent alone.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataThey connected the story with their own experiences, and could tell about sadness but also hope for the future.
“They connected the story with their own experiences, and could tell about sadness but also hope for the future.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
FindingreasoningThe children had both suggestions and experiences of nice and fun things happening in the family.
“They had both suggestions and experiences of nice and fun things happening in the family.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingnone givenThe children understand a lot of what is happening in the family, and take responsibility for themselves and for their family.
“They understand a lot of what is happening in the family, and take responsibility for themselves and for their family.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataThe results indicate how the COA wanted to have fun and a good family life, and they wanted to play with their parents and friends.
“The results indicate how the COA wanted to have fun and a good family life. They wanted to play with their parents and friends.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingnone givenThese children were well aware of the connection between the parent's alcohol abuse and the child's feelings of sadness, leading to feelings of disappointment towards parents.
“These children were well aware of the connection between the parent’s alcohol abuse and the child’s feelings of sadness, leading to feelings of disappointment towards parents.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
Findingown dataIn this study we have learnt how children as young as 7-9 years perceive or experience the situation.
“In this study we have learnt how children as young as 7–9 years perceive or experience the situation.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataSome of the children dissociated and sometimes removed themselves from the fight by leaving the room or the house.
“Some of the children dissociated and sometimes removed themselves from the fight by leaving the room or the house.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
PremisecitationChildren who grow up in families with parental alcohol problems are at risk of several psychological, behavioral, cognitive, and social problems.
“Decades of research have revealed that children who grow up in families with parental alcohol problems are at risk of several psychological, behavioral, cognitive, and social problems (Brunnberg, Eriksson, & Tinnfält, 2007; Christensen & Bilenberg, 2000; Park & Schepp, 2015).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checkedProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
PremisecitationIn a study from England, eight young people aged 12-18 from five families reported that their lives were uncertain and inconsistent, and that verbal and sometimes physical aggression occurred in the families.
“the results showed that their lives were uncertain and inconsistent, and that verbal and sometimes physical aggression occurred in the families (Templeton et al., 2009).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Templeton et al., 2009 source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
PremisecitationChildren of alcoholics are more likely to themselves become alcoholics in later life, and inter-generational transmission of alcohol addiction is well documented among COA.
“Research also indicates that children of alcoholics (COA) are more likely to themselves become alcoholics in later life, and inter-generational transmission of alcohol addiction is well documented among COA (Johnson & Leff, 1999).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Johnson & Leff, 1999 source
Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.
PremisecitationIn middle childhood the child can more easily describe experiences and become more concerned about others.
“In middle childhood the child can more easily describe experiences and become more concerned about others (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2017).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2017
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationFemale adolescents revealed that their role in the family changed from being a child to taking the parental role, a process called parentification.
“Female adolescents revealed that their role in the family changed from being a child to taking the parental role, a process called parentification (Hedges, 2012).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Hedges, 2012 source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
PremisecitationIn another study, children aged 7-13 interviewed after participating in a program to support COA were clear that adults should not drink, and that tangible assets were not important.
“The authors reported that the children were clear that adults should not drink, and that tangible assets were not important (Moe, Johnson, & Wade, 2007).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Moe, Johnson, & Wade, 2007 source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.
Study design and conductown dataThe children in the current study told us about the consequences in their lives, and this might be possible to transfer to children in similar situations.
“The children in the current study told us about the consequences in their lives, and this might be possible to transfer to children in similar situations.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Study design and conductown dataThe rest of the interviews were analyzed deductively in accordance with the categories previously established; the two researchers found no additional categories and made no changes.
“The rest of the interviews were analyzed deductively in accordance with the categories previously established; the two researchers found no additional categories and made no changes.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationA great fear of adolescent COA is that they will not be allowed to continue living with their parents if the family situation is not good.
“A great fear of adolescent COA is that they will not be allowed to continue living with their parents if the family situation is not good (Barnard & Barlow, 2003; Kroll, 2004; Tinnfält, Eriksson, & Brunnberg, 2011).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checkedMay combine two claims.
Study design and conductcitationConfirmability was established by using peer checking, by having the whole research group participate in the discussions of the analyses.
“Confirmability was established by using peer checking (Patton, 2015), by having the whole research group participate in the discussions of the analyses.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Patton, 2015
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
PremisecitationAdolescent COA described that they questioned their own worth as a result of shame and guilt, felt impossible to love, and not accepted for the person they were.
“The adolescents questioned their own worth, as a result of shame and guilt. They felt as though they were impossible to love, and that they were not accepted for the person they were (Murray, 1998).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Murray, 1998 source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationAdolescent COA are reluctant to disclose their parents' alcoholism to adult outsiders, unless these adults ask them explicitly about their home situation and listen carefully to their answers.
“Adolescent COA are reluctant to disclose their parents’ alcoholism to adult outsiders, unless these adults ask them explicitly about their home situation and listen carefully to their answers (Tinnfält et al., 2011).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Tinnfält et al., 2011 source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Study design and conductnone givenThe whole research team discussed the subcategories, categories and theme, and consensus was reached without any changes.
“The whole research team discussed the subcategories, categories and theme, and consensus was reached without any changes.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).
PremisereasoningWe need more information on how children, especially younger children, describe their situation being COA, and the consequences that they experience.
“We need more information on how children, especially younger children, describe their situation being COA, and the consequences that they experience.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductnone givenBy asking children with adequate experiences of the consequences for children with an alcoholic parent, credibility has been achieved.
“By asking children with adequate experiences of the consequences for children with an alcoholic parent, we believe that credibility has been achieved.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationAccording to Bronfenbrenner's ecological system, the dyad between the parents and the child is most important for the development of the child.
“According to the ecological system suggested by Bronfenbrenner (1979, 2000), the dyad between the parents and the child is most important for the development of the child.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Bronfenbrenner (1979, 2000)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.
Study design and conductown dataInformed consent was obtained from both parents in writing, and from the child in writing and verbally.
“Informed consent was obtained from both parents of the child in writing, and from the child in writing and verbally.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductnone givenThe Ethics Committee in Uppsala (ref: 2015/193) approved the study.
“The Ethics Committee in Uppsala (ref: 2015/193) approved the study.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Study design and conductnone givenThree researchers interviewed the children individually, and these researchers were all used to talking to small children.
“Three researchers interviewed the children individually. These researchers were all used to talking to small children.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.
Study design and conductown dataTwo members of the research team analyzed the first 11 interviews inductively, each analyzing all 11 interviews, then compared subcategories and categories from the two separate analyses and reached consensus after adjustments.
“Two members of the research team (AT and KD) analyzed inductively the first 11 interviews in this way, each of whom analyzed all of the 11 interviews. After that, the two researchers compared the subcategories and categories based on similarities and differences from the two separate analyses. They discussed the subcategories and categories, and made some adjustments before consensus was reached.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationOther adolescents questioned their own worth, due to shame and guilt.
“Other adolescents questioned their own worth, due to shame and guilt (Murray, 1998)”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Murray, 1998 source
Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.
PremisecitationMiddle childhood is a period when children need to understand what is happening around them, and they have a need to understand themselves.
“Middle childhood is a period when children need to understand what is happening around them, and they have a need to understand themselves (Schofield, 2006).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Schofield, 2006
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
InterpretationreasoningThe children are very sensitive.
“The children are very sensitive.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Interpretationown dataDespite the bad consequences of their parents' drinking, and the fact that some of them seldom saw their parents, the children viewed their parents with love and affection.
“Despite the bad consequences of their parents’ drinking, and the fact that some of them seldom saw their parents, the children viewed their parents with love and affection.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationIn a study by Templeton et al. (2009) adolescents told about their lives as being inconsistent and uncertain.
“in a study by Templeton et al. (2009) adolescents told about their lives as being inconsistent and uncertain.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Templeton et al. (2009) source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationParents and family are very important for COA, as for any other child or adolescent.
“Parents and family are very important for COA, as for any other child or adolescent (Bronfenbrenner, 1979, 2000; Johansson et al., 2007; Tinnfält et al., 2015; United Nations, 1989).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites Bronfenbrenner, 1979, 2000
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Johansson et al., 2007 source
- cites Tinnfält et al., 2015; United Nations, 1989
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationWells and Jones (2000) note that COA who take on an adult's role in the family have a higher risk of feeling ashamed of themselves as adults.
“Wells and Jones (2000) discuss the relationship between shame and parentification, and note that COA who take on an adult’s role in the family have a higher risk of feeling ashamed of themselves as adults.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Wells and Jones (2000) source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationThese roles have been criticized for being too strict.
“These roles have been criticized for being too strict (Vernig, 2011).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Vernig, 2011 source
May combine two claims.
Interpretationown dataThese 7-9-year-old COA tried to control the situation in their alcoholic families, and took on a responsibility that should have been taken by their parents.
“These 7–9-year-old COA tried to control the situation in their alcoholic families, and took on a responsibility that should have been taken by their parents.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningThis might be a way that children act like adults and take too great a responsibility for the family.
“This is an important aspect to pay attention to, as it might be a way that children act like adults and take too great a responsibility for the family.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Study design and conductreasoningThese children were not afraid of telling their stories, because they felt confident that their parent agreed to and wanted their participation in the study.
“These children were not afraid of telling their stories, because they felt confident that their parent agreed to and wanted their participation in the study.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationIt is possible that COA who do not take on this role are more resilient than those who take too much responsibility.
“It is possible that COA who do not take on this role are more resilient than those who take too much responsibility (Godsall, Jurkovic, Emshoff, Anderson, & Stanwyck, 2004).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Godsall, Jurkovic, Emshoff, Anderson, & Stanwyck, 2004 source
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
PremisecitationWhen developing a conscience during middle childhood, feelings of shame and guilt may occur.
“When developing a conscience during middle childhood, feelings of shame and guilt may occur (Schofield, 2006).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Schofield, 2006
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.
PremisecitationIt has been suggested that COA play different roles in the family, and adult COA have described how they acted as children.
“It has been suggested that COA play different roles in the family. Adult COA have described how they acted as children (Black, 2001; Wegscheider-Cruse, 1989).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Black, 2001
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Wegscheider-Cruse, 1989
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductreasoningIt might be a limitation that these parents obviously wanted the best for their child, as they themselves were undergoing treatment and wanted their child to join a special program.
“On the other hand it might be a limitation, as these parents obviously wanted the best for their child, as they themselves were undergoing treatment and wanted their child to join a special program.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: Not all COA have parents who have acknowledged their addiction and joined a treatment program.
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
InterpretationreasoningThis might be one of the reasons why the children had such a positive view of their abusing parent.
“This might be one of the reasons why the children had such a positive view of their abusing parent.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
Study design and conductreasoningThis might have made the children reveal situations at home that they usually do not speak of.
“This might have made the children reveal situations at home that they usually do not speak of.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.
Interpretationown dataThis is one of the important findings of the current study, indicating the need for early support to COA.
“This is one of the important findings of the current study, indicating the need for early support to COA.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
Study design and conductown dataA strength in this study is that COA as young as 7-9 years old have told about their experiences.
“A strength in this study is that COA as young as 7–9 years old have told about their experiences.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: To the authors’ knowledge, not much is known about COA as young as 7–9 describing their situation.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationEarlier studies have indicated that witnessing parental violence has a strongly negative impact on children which continues into their later lives.
“Earlier studies have indicated that witnessing parental violence has a strongly negative impact on children which continues into their later lives (Zhu & Dalal, 2010; WHO, 2002).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Zhu & Dalal, 2010 source
- cites WHO, 2002
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationCOA are at higher risk of becoming alcoholics themselves.
“COA are at higher risk of becoming alcoholics themselves (Johnson & Leff, 1999).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Johnson & Leff, 1999 source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationMurray (1998) reported on adolescent COA's feelings of shame and guilt, which led to the adolescents questioning their own worth.
“Murray (1998) reported on adolescent COA’s feelings of shame and guilt, which led to the adolescents questioning their own worth.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Murray (1998) source
The paper relies on this without support.
Children aged 7–9 can accurately report their own feelings and experiences in an interview.
“The children in the current study told us about the consequences in their lives, and this might be possible to transfer to children in similar situations.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The children's responses to the vignette reflect their own experiences, even when they talk about the vignette character rather than themselves.
“Some of the children stuck to the story, but others referred to their own situation.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The experiences described by the children are consequences of parental alcohol abuse rather than other factors.
“The results show the consequences for a child of having an alcoholic parent from the point of view of 7–9-year-old COA.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The children's accounts are not significantly influenced by social desirability or the presence of researchers.
“The children were informed verbally as well as in the information letter that nobody except the researchers would know about their answers, and that they could end the conversation and refuse to answer questions without any consequences.”
The paper relies on this without support.
To the authors’ knowledge, not much is known about COA as young as 7–9 describing their situation.
“To the authors’ knowledge there is not much known about as young COA describing their situation.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Not all COA have parents who have acknowledged their addiction and joined a treatment program.
“This is not the case for all COA.”
The paper relies on this without support.
For some COA, the rule of secrecy is very important, and they have not had the opportunity to join a program like the children in this study.
“For some COA the rule of secrecy is very important, and they have not had the opportunity to join a program, as the children have in this study.”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Theme wording differs between the Results and Table 1
MinorThe Results say the five categories formed a theme beginning "Feelings of sadness," but Table 1 names the theme "Sadness."
“These five categories together formed a theme: “Feelings of sadness and hope for change in a loving family” (Table 1).”
“| Sadness and hope for change in a loving family | Feeling sad when my parents are fighting | Sensations in my body |”
Cites
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The Ecology of Human Development: Experiments by Nature and Design
Bronfenbrenner, U. (1979) · Harvard University Press eBooks · doi:10.4159/9780674028845 · Cited by 26,084 · see citing works
Graneheim, U. H., & Lundman, B. (2004) · Nurse Education Today · doi:10.1016/j.nedt.2003.10.001 · Cited by 20,772 · cited 2× · see citing works
“This qualitative study used individual interviews, and qualitative content analysis (Graneheim & Lundman, 2004) was used in the analysis.”
MethodThe ecology of human development : experiments by nature and design
Bronfenbrenner, U. (1979) · Cited by 12,580 · see citing works
The world report on violence and health
Krug, E. G., Mercy, J. A., Dahlberg, L. L., & Zwi, A. B. (2002) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(02)11133-0 · Cited by 9,110 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Earlier studies have indicated that witnessing parental violence has a strongly negative impact on children which continues into their later lives (Zhu & Dalal, 2010; WHO, 2002).”
Background(2014) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 6,828 · see citing works
Bronfenbrenner, U. (2000) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1037/10518-046 · Cited by 3,109 · see citing works
World Report on Violence and Health.
Hoffman, J. S. (2003) · Injury Prevention · doi:10.1136/ip.9.1.93 · Cited by 1,749 · see citing works
Exposure to domestic violence: A meta-analysis of child and adolescent outcomes
Evans, S. E., Davies, C., & DiLillo, D. (2008) · Aggression and Violent Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.avb.2008.02.005 · Cited by 1,001 · see citing works
Barter, C., & Renold, E. (2000) · International Journal of Social Research Methodology · doi:10.1080/13645570050178594 · Cited by 543 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Vignettes can be suitable to use when asking children to talk about sensitive topics (Barter & Renold, 2000; Hill, 2015).”
BackgroundChassin, L., Pitts, S. C., DeLucia, C., & Todd, M. (1999) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.108.1.106 · Cited by 442 · cited 1× · see citing works
“COA display lower self-control during their toddler and pre-school phases (Eiden, Edwards, & Leonard, 2007), and a multitude of studies investigating the adolescent children of problem-drinking parents report increasing problems when COA reach their adolescence (Chassin et al., 1999; Hussong et al., 2008; Park & Schep…”
BackgroundChildren of Substance Abusers: Overview of Research Findings
Johnson, J. L., & Leff, M. (1999) · Pediatrics · doi:10.1542/peds.103.s2.1085 · Cited by 433 · cited 2× · see citing works
“This is interesting in itself, as COA are at higher risk of becoming alcoholics themselves (Johnson & Leff, 1999).”
BackgroundAnother Chance: Hope and Health for the Alcoholic Family
Wegscheider-Cruse, S. (1981) · Cited by 246 · see citing works
Eiden, R. D., Edwards, E. P., & Leonard, K. E. (2007) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.43.5.1187 · Cited by 229 · see citing works
Melton, A. W., & Harriman, P. L. (1947) · The American Journal of Psychology · doi:10.2307/1417883 · Cited by 208 · see citing works
Wong, M. M.-H., Nigg, J. T., Zucker, R. A., Puttler, L. I., Fitzgerald, H. E., Jester, J. M., Glass, J. M., & Adams, K. M. (2006) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2006.00916.x · Cited by 166 · cited 1× · see citing works
“These risks include early onset of alcohol problems and substance abuse, and drinking more alcohol than other young people (Chalder, Elgar, & Bennett, 2005; Chassin, Pitts, DeLucia, & Todd, 1999; Hussong et al., 2008; Wong et al., 2006).”
BackgroundPark, S., & Schepp, K. G. (2015) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-014-9930-7 · Cited by 162 · cited 4× · see citing works
“Decades of research have revealed that children who grow up in families with parental alcohol problems are at risk of several psychological, behavioral, cognitive, and social problems (Brunnberg, Eriksson, & Tinnfält, 2007; Christensen & Bilenberg, 2000; Park & Schepp, 2015).”
BackgroundInfluentialManning, V., Best, D. W., Faulkner, N., & Titherington, E. (2009) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-9-377 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
Living with an elephant: Growing up with parental substance misuse
Kroll, B. (2004) · Child & Family Social Work · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2206.2004.00325.x · Cited by 149 · cited 1× · see citing works
“A great fear of adolescent COA is that they will not be allowed to continue living with their parents if the family situation is not good (Barnard & Barlow, 2003; Kroll, 2004; Tinnfält, Eriksson, & Brunnberg, 2011).”
BackgroundChildhood Parentification and Shame-Proneness: A Preliminary Study
Wells, M., & Jones, R. (2000) · The American Journal of Family Therapy · doi:10.1080/019261800261789 · Cited by 120 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Wells and Jones (2000) discuss the relationship between shame and parentification, and note that COA who take on an adult’s role in the family have a higher risk of feeling ashamed of themselves as adults.”
BackgroundBehavioural and emotional problems in children of alcoholic mothers and fathers
Christensen, H. B., & Bilenberg, N. (2000) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s007870070046 · Cited by 108 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Decades of research have revealed that children who grow up in families with parental alcohol problems are at risk of several psychological, behavioral, cognitive, and social problems (Brunnberg, Eriksson, & Tinnfält, 2007; Christensen & Bilenberg, 2000; Park & Schepp, 2015).”
BackgroundDRINKING AND MOTIVATIONS TO DRINK AMONG ADOLESCENT CHILDREN OF PARENTS WITH ALCOHOL PROBLEMS
Chalder, M., Elgar, F. J., & Bennett, P. D. (2005) · Alcohol and Alcoholism · doi:10.1093/alcalc/agh215 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Adolescent Girls’ and Boys’ Perceptions of Mental Health
Johansson, A., Brunnberg, E., & Eriksson, C. (2007) · Journal of Youth Studies · doi:10.1080/13676260601055409 · Cited by 87 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Parents and family are very important for COA, as for any other child or adolescent (Bronfenbrenner, 1979, 2000; Johansson et al., 2007; Tinnfält et al., 2015; United Nations, 1989).”
BackgroundEDWARDS, E. P., EIDEN, R. D., & LEONARD, K. E. (2006) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579406060214 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
The Developing World of the Child
Aldgate, J. (2006) · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Godsall, R. E., Jurkovic, G. J., Emshoff, J., Anderson, L., & Stanwyck, D. (2004) · Substance Use & Misuse · doi:10.1081/ja-120034016 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Characterizing the life stressors of children of alcoholic parents.
Hussong, A. M., Bauer, D. J., Huang, W., Chassin, L., Sher, K. J., & Zucker, R. A. (2008) · Journal of Family Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0013704 · Cited by 81 · cited 2× · see citing works
“These risks include early onset of alcohol problems and substance abuse, and drinking more alcohol than other young people (Chalder, Elgar, & Bennett, 2005; Chassin, Pitts, DeLucia, & Todd, 1999; Hussong et al., 2008; Wong et al., 2006).”
BackgroundBlair, M. E., Stewart-Brown, P. S., Waterston, T., & Crowther, R. (2010) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199547500.001.0001 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Social demography of alcohol‐related harm to children in Australia
Laslett, A., Ferris, J., Dietze, P., et al. (2012) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2012.03789.x · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Discovering parental drug dependence: silence and disclosure<sup>1</sup>
Barnard, M., & Barlow, J. (2003) · Children & Society · doi:10.1002/chi.727 · Cited by 67 · cited 1× · see citing works
“A great fear of adolescent COA is that they will not be allowed to continue living with their parents if the family situation is not good (Barnard & Barlow, 2003; Kroll, 2004; Tinnfält, Eriksson, & Brunnberg, 2011).”
BackgroundKassis, W., Artz, S. T.-G., Scambor, C., Scambor, E., & Moldenhauer, S. (2012) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2012.11.001 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
ZHU, Y., & DALAL, K. (2010) · Journal of Biosocial Science · doi:10.1017/s0021932009990423 · Cited by 48 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Worldwide, up to 40% of children are affected by domestic violence (Evans, Davies, & DiLillo, 2008; Kassis, Artz, Scambor, Scambor, & Moldenhauer, 2013; Zhu & Dalal, 2010), including violence where parental alcohol problems are the cause.”
BackgroundSelf-citationPrevention programmes for children of problem drinkers: A review
Cuijpers, P. J. (2005) · Drugs Education Prevention and Policy · doi:10.1080/09687630500337162 · Cited by 48 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Parental alcohol problems affect significant numbers of children; up to 30% of young people grow up with at least one parent with a drinking problem (Cuijpers, 2005; Laslett, Ferris, Dietze, & Room, 2012; Manning, Best, Faulkner, & Titherington, 2009).”
BackgroundResilience in Children of Substance Users: In Their Own Words
Moe, J., Johnson, J. L., & Wade, W. (2007) · Substance Use & Misuse · doi:10.1080/10826080601142147 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Templeton, L., Velleman, R., Hardy, E., & Boon, S. (2009) · Journal of Substance Use · doi:10.1080/14659890802624287 · Cited by 42 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Adolescent COA have described their experiences in previous research (Hill, 2015; Murray, 1998; Templeton et al., 2009).”
BackgroundMethodFamily Roles in Homes With Alcohol-Dependent Parents: An Evidence-Based Review
Vernig, P. M. (2011) · Substance Use & Misuse · doi:10.3109/10826084.2010.501676 · Cited by 40 · cited 4× · see citing works
“This is sometimes called parentification (Hedges, 2012; Vernig, 2011).”
BackgroundInfluentialHill, L. (2015) · Children & Society · doi:10.1111/chso.12064 · Cited by 32 · cited 6× · see citing works
“Hill (2015) argues that little is known about the lives of COA from their own point of view.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialAdolescent Children of Alcoholics on Disclosure, Support, and Assessment of Trustworthy Adults
Tinnfält, A., Eriksson, C., & Brunnberg, E. (2011) · Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal · doi:10.1007/s10560-011-0225-1 · Cited by 29 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Adolescent COA are reluctant to disclose their parents’ alcoholism to adult outsiders, unless these adults ask them explicitly about their home situation and listen carefully to their answers (Tinnfält et al., 2011).”
BackgroundSelf-citationElgán, T. H., & Leifman, H. (2013) · Scandinavian Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1177/1403494813491859 · Cited by 27 · cited 1× · see citing works
“In Sweden, approximately one-fifth of children have parents with alcohol problems (Elgan & Leifman, 2013; Ljungdahl, 2008).”
Background(2002) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 26 · see citing works
A family affair: contextual accounts from addicted youth growing up in substance using families
Hedges, K. E. (2012) · Journal of Youth Studies · doi:10.1080/13676261.2011.635194 · Cited by 24 · cited 2× · see citing works
“This is sometimes called parentification (Hedges, 2012; Vernig, 2011).”
BackgroundPerceptions of adolescents living with parental alcoholism
MURRAY, B. L. (1998) · Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2850.1998.560525.x · Cited by 14 · cited 7× · see citing works
“They felt as though they were impossible to love, and that they were not accepted for the person they were (Murray, 1998).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialEvaluation of the Betty Ford Children's Program
Moe, J., Johnson, J. L., & Wade, W. A. (2008) · Journal of Social Work Practice in the Addictions · doi:10.1080/15332560802310144 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
What characterises a good family? Giving voice to adolescents
Tinnfält, A., Jensen, J., & Eriksson, C. (2015) · International Journal of Adolescence and Youth · doi:10.1080/02673843.2015.1018283 · Cited by 7 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Parents and family are very important for COA, as for any other child or adolescent (Bronfenbrenner, 1979, 2000; Johansson et al., 2007; Tinnfält et al., 2015; United Nations, 1989).”
BackgroundSelf-citationDrinking and motivations to drink among children of parents with alcohol problems
Chalder, M., Elgar, F. J., & Bennett, P. D. (2005) · Bristol Research (University of Bristol) · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
4 of the 49 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- Brunnberg, E., Eriksson, C., & Tinnfält, A. (2007). Att ha minst en förälder som missbrukar alkohol. Om psykisk ohälsa och utvärderade interventioner. [Having at least one parent who abuses alcohol. About mental health problems and evaluated interventions.] Stockholm: Socialstyrelsen.
- Ljungdahl, S. (2008). Barn i familjer med alkohol- och narkotikaproblem—Omfattning och analys [Children in families having alcohol and drug problems—prevalence and analysis]. Östersund: The Swedish National Institute of Public Health.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Muir, C., Adams, E. A., Evans, V. E., Geijer‐Simpson, E., Kaner, E., Phillips, S. M., Salonen, D., Smart, D., Winstone, L., & McGovern, R. (2022) · Trauma Violence & Abuse · doi:10.1177/15248380221134297 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
“Support that included the whole family was viewed as useful when it alleviated family stress and conflict or improved family connectedness (Moore et al., 2010, 2011; Reupert et al., 2012; Tinnfält et al., 2018) but it was hard to talk openly in front of parents (Bancroft et al., 2004).”
BackgroundInfluentialLindeman, S. K., Titlestad, K. B., Lorås, L., & Bondas, T. E. (2021) · Drugs Education Prevention and Policy · doi:10.1080/09687637.2021.1943316 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Hagström, A. S., & Forinder, U. (2019) · Journal of Family Studies · doi:10.1080/13229400.2019.1699849 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“At other times, and especially as the children grew older, it became more common for them to confront their alcohol-dependent parents; they either gained the courage to talk to them or became so frustrated and upset that they stood up to them (c.f. Tinnfält et al., 2018).”
BackgroundInfluentialFreisthler, B., & Wernekinck, U. K. (2022) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2022.109352 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Ahlborg, M. G., Nygren, J., Svedberg, P., & Regber, S. (2024) · Nursing Open · doi:10.1002/nop2.2219 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“However, these living conditions imply a complex web of feelings that also involve compassion, affection and empathy when seeing the parent mentally unwell (Dam & Hall, 2016) and joy when doing fun activities together with a loving parent (Tinnfält et al., 2018).”
BackgroundNattala, P., Murthy, P., Weiss, M. G., et al. (2020) · Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse · doi:10.1080/15332640.2020.1747041 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“…countries has reported first-hand information from young people affected by parental alcohol use, and has highlighted the importance of obtaining such information to develop practice and policy measures to help this vulnerable group (Munafo, 2009; Templeton et al., 2009; Tinnf€alt et al., 2018).”
BackgroundTimko, C., Cucciare, M. A., Grant, K. M., Young, L. B., Rossi, F. S., Lor, M. C., & Woodhead, E. L. (2021) · Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs · doi:10.15288/jsad.2021.82.395 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Children’s perceptions of their parents’ behavior during COVID-19 lockdowns
Alter, O. P. M. (2024) · International Journal of Early Years Education · doi:10.1080/09669760.2024.2370836 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“This lacuna is even more pronounced when studying research that deals with how children perceive their parents and their parenting style (Tinnfält et al. 2018).”
The Impact of Parental Alcohol Misuse on Children: A Systematic Review
Nkobi, M., & Kingan, M. (2025) · Substance Use & Misuse · doi:10.1080/10826084.2025.2512232 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“This was a similar sentiment expressed by children in other studies, where they felt embarrassment and shame by the drinking behavior of their parents, (Holdsworth et al, 2017; Templeton et al., 2009; Tinnfält et al., 2018).”
InfluentialA experiência de rosa vermelha no contexto do alcoolismo paterno
Carias, A. R., & Granato, T. M. M. (2020) · Estudos Interdisciplinares em Psicologia · doi:10.5433/2236-6407.2020v11n3p116 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Bergen, L. V., Vandenbroeck, M., Vandevelde, S., & Roose, R. (2024) · Child & Family Social Work · doi:10.1111/cfs.13240 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Zuhören als vernachlässigter Aspekt in der Interviewpraxis
Behse-Bartels, G. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-658-24564-1_5
Charaman, D. K. (2021) · Digital Commons (Liberty University)
Danilov, D., & Walsh, S. D. (2023) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2023.107062
- Authors
- Tinnfält, A., Fröding, K., Larsson, M., & Dalal, K.
- Affiliations
- Örebro University (SE)
- Corresponding author
- Tinnfält, Agneta
- Venue
- Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal
- Published
- 2018-04-20
- Volume
- 35
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 531-540
- ISSN
- 0738-0151 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-2797
- PMC
- PMC6133169
- OpenAlex
- W2799951994
- Semantic Scholar
- 03ed56141e1b574f6dfd3dd6865aef1ad3274822
- Cited by
- 14
- References
- 49
- Citations by year
- 2025: 1 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 1
- FWCI
- 3.98
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- PubMed Central (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Public Health Agency of Sweden
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Family Support in Illness
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
- Social Sciences › Safety Research › Child Welfare and Adoption
- Keywords
- children of alcoholics, parental alcoholism, young children, children's experiences, family impact, parental responsibility, sadness, coping, parent-child relationship
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-10-11.
Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-10-11.
Cited sources are checked by gpt-6-sol.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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