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The Role of Verbal Threat Information in the Development of Childhood Fear. “Beware the Jabberwock!”
Open accessAbstract
Rachman's (Behaviour Research and Therapy 15:372-387, 1977; Clinical Psychology Review 11:155-173, 1991) three pathways theory proposed that childhood fears not only arise as a consequence of direct learning experiences, but can also be elicited by means of threat information transmission. This review looks at the scientific evidence for this idea, which has accumulated during the past three decades. We review research on the influences of media exposure on children's fears, retrospective parent and child reports on the role of threat information in fear acquisition, and experimental studies that explored the causal effects of threat information on childhood fears. We also discuss possible mechanisms by which threat information exerts its influence and the processes relevant to understand the role of this type of learning experience in the origins of fear. Finally, implications for the prevention and intervention of childhood fears are briefly explored, and potential leads for future research will be highlighted.
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“Much of the research (Field & Storksen-Coulson, 2007; Merckelbach et al., 1996; Muris & Field, 2010; Ollendick & King, 1991) that has examined these pathways to fear have primarily relied upon non-clinical samples, providing insight into the nature of the development of normative childhood fears.”
From Specific Phobia in Young Children: Associations between the Origins of Fear and Clinical Expression of Phobia Symptoms. (2025) · cites this paper as Muris & Field, 2010
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“Finally, researchers have shown that children can learn to avoid various stimuli by hearing negative verbal information as well (Field, 2006a; Muris & Field, 2010).”
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Dodd, H. F., & Lester, K. J. (2021) · Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10567-020-00338-w · Cited by 131
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“Dyadic factors such as communal coping or catastrophizing, parent and child threat appraisal and parent–child communication and relationship variables (Robbie Rossman et al., 1997; Muris and Field, 2010; Vervoort et al., 2012; Lynch-Jordan et al., 2013) are important to consider as they are likely to impact the persis…”
BackgroundParental Involvement: Contribution to Childhood Anxiety and Its Treatment
Wei, C., & Kendall, P. C. (2014) · Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10567-014-0170-6 · Cited by 116
“Accumulated data have found that anxious parental modeling (Burstein and Ginsburg 2010) and threat interpretation (Bögels et al. 2011; Creswell and O’Connor 2006; Creswell et al. 2006, 2005; Francis and Chorpita 2011; Gifford et al. 2008; Muris and Field 2010; Muris et al. 2010; Remmerswaal et al. 2010) are associated…”
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Mertens, G., Boddez, Y., Sevenster, D., Engelhard, I. M., & Houwer, J. D. (2018) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2018.07.002 · Cited by 100
Remmerswaal, D., & Muris, P. (2011) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2010.11.008 · Cited by 85
“There is now good evidence that these learning experiences play a role in the origins of childhood fears (Askew & Field, 2008; Field, 2006; Fisak & GrillsTaquechel, 2007; Muris & Field, 2010).”
Self-citationSafe From Harm: Learned, Instructed, and Symbolic Generalization Pathways of Human Threat-Avoidance
Dymond, S., Schlund, M. W., Roche, B., De Houwer, J., & Freegard, G. P. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0047539 · Cited by 89
“not be necessary for fear conditioning to occur [9–12,6].”
BackgroundSchweda, A., Weismüller, B., Bäuerle, A., Dörrie, N., Musche, V., Fink, M., Dinse, H., Teufel, M., & Skoda, E. (2020) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2020.152218 · Cited by 80
COVID-19 and the Opioid Epidemic: Two Public Health Emergencies That Intersect With Chronic Pain
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The Spread of Fear: Symbolic Generalization Mediates Graded Threat-Avoidance in Specific Phobia
Dymond, S., Schlund, M. W., Roche, B. T., & Whelan, R. (2013) · Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1080/17470218.2013.800124 · Cited by 79
“The expression of conditioned fear may often arise in the absence of direct pairing between a previously neutral conditioned stimulus (CS), such as a tone, and an aversive unconditioned stimulus (US), such as shock (Askew & Field, 2008; Muris & Field, 2011).”
Evaluating and Approaching a Strange Animal: Children's Trust in Informant Testimony
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Bublatzky, F., Alpers, G. W., & Pittig, A. (2017) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2017.01.003 · Cited by 67
“Despite increasing evidence showing the relevance of instructed threat learning for anxiety and stress-related disorders (e.g., Muris & Field, 2010; Robinson, Vytal, Cornwell, & Grillon, 2013), surprisingly little is known about its impact on the individuals' behavior and decisions in…”
BackgroundInferred threat and safety: Symbolic generalization of human avoidance learning
Dymond, S., Schlund, M. W., Roche, B., Whelan, R., Richards, J., & Davies, C. (2011) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2011.06.007 · Cited by 69
Perceptual and conceptual similarities facilitate the generalization of instructed fear
Bennett, M., Vervoort, E., Boddez, Y., Hermans, D., & Baeyens, F. (2015) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2015.03.011 · Cited by 51
Cobham, V. E., Filus, A., & Sanders, M. R. (2017) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2017.06.004 · Cited by 48
A Current Learning Theory Approach to the Etiology and Course of Anxiety and Related Disorders
Zinbarg, R. E., Williams, A. L., & Mineka, S. (2022) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-072220-021010 · Cited by 49
Parents’ Verbal Communication and Childhood Anxiety: A Systematic Review
Percy, R., Creswell, C., Garner, M. J., O’Brien, D., & Murray, L. (2015) · Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10567-015-0198-2 · Cited by 49
“Consistent with previous reviews (i.e., Muris & Field, 2010), which have distinguished between the cognitive and behavioral components of fear based on established theoretical models (see Lang, 1968, 1985; Merckelbach et al., 1996), we have distinguished between studies that examined fear beliefs…”
Children Selectively Trust Individuals Who Have Imitated Them
Over, H., Carpenter, M., Spears, R., & Gattis, M. (2013) · Social Development · doi:10.1111/sode.12020 · Cited by 54
The relative effectiveness of extinction and counter-conditioning in diminishing children's fear
Newall, C., Watson, T. D., Grant, K., & Richardson, R. (2017) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2017.05.006 · Cited by 44
“…contribution of various aetiological factors to childhood anxiety problems, learning experiences (e.g., adverse events, provision of negative information) are considered major contributors to fear and anxiety onset (Askew & Field, 2007; Hoven et al., 2005; Muris & Field, 2010; Rachman, 1977).”
BackgroundRaes, A. K., Houwer, J. D., Schryver, M. D., Braß, M., & Kalisch, R. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0084888 · Cited by 44
Bennett, M., Meulders, A., Baeyens, F., & Vlaeyen, J. W. S. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00520 · Cited by 42
“For instance, and in real life scenarios, words (e.g., “lifting”) are paired with verbal information (e.g., “is dangerous”) and this can prompt evaluative change in the specific referents (i.e., the musculature involved in lifting; e.g., Muris and Field, 2010).”
BackgroundTelman, M. D., Holmes, E. A., & Lau, J. Y. F. (2013) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-013-0386-6 · Cited by 44
Brown, V. M., Price, R. B., & Dombrovski, A. Y. (2023) · Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/s13415-023-01080-w · Cited by 51
“Internal simulations of possible outcomes, observational learning, and instructed learning all cause states to acquire negative values and to be avoided (Askew & Field, 2007; Dymond et al., 2012; Muris & Field, 2010; Olsson & Phelps, 2004, 2007; Rachman, 1977).”
BackgroundLester, K., Field, A., & Muris, P. (2011) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2011.618449 · Cited by 39
Self-citationTransmission of Cognitive Bias and Fear From Parents to Children: An Experimental Study
Remmerswaal, D., Muris, P., & Huijding, J. (2016) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2014.987378 · Cited by 39
“This procedure has been shown to be effective in creating variation in fear and related information search bias in unselected samples (see Muris & Field, 2010) and was used here to ensure the presence of some (at least moderately) fearful children in this nonclinical population.”
Self-citationHouwer, J. D. (2020) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2020.103558 · Cited by 39
Ollendick, T. H., & Muris, P. (2015) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2015.1020543 · Cited by 35
Self-citationLebowitz, E. R., Shic, F., Campbell, D., MacLeod, J., & Silverman, W. K. (2015) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.22333 · Cited by 33
“This kind of verbalization may be better viewed as providing information or instruction, rather than actual modeling.[15, 25, 26] Third, the anxiety expressed by the parent focused on the child’s ability to cope with the test, rather than on the mothers’ fear or avoidance.”
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Radanović, A., Micić, I., Pavlović, S., & Krstić, K. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.635952 · Cited by 32
“These indirect pathways can also trigger the acquisition of fear [see Muris and Field (2010), for more details] or anxiety (Percy et al., 2016).”
BackgroundLearned, instructed and observed pathways to fear and avoidance
Cameron, G., Roche, B. T., Schlund, M. W., & Dymond, S. (2015) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2015.06.003 · Cited by 35
“…has been conducted on Rachman's pathways to fear account and those studies that have been conducted have focused near-exclusively on fear (Askew & Field, 2007; Field, Argyris, & Knowles, 2001; Kelly, Barker, Field, Wilson, & Reynolds, 2010; Muris & Field, 2010; Olsson & Phelps, 2004, 2007).”
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“Empirical research supports both direct as well as indirect pathways to fear acquisition (see reviews by Askew & Field, 2008; King, Eleonora, & Ollendick, 1998; Muris & Field, 2010).”
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“Despite often being quite intense, fears generally spontaneously recede just as quickly as they appeared; however, for a minority of children, fear persists and is maladaptive to normal functioning (see Muris & Field, 2010, for a review).”
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“Other studies have illustrated the potential impact threating verbal information may have in the development of children’s sense of fear (namely, information transfer; Muris & Field, 2010).”
BackgroundGeneralization of socially transmitted and instructed avoidance
Cameron, G., Schlund, M. W., & Dymond, S. (2015) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2015.00159 · Cited by 29
“Vicarious learning of fear may help explain how fear is acquired in common childhood fears (e.g., Askew and Field, 2007, 2008; Muris and Field, 2010) and is consistent with the clinical observation that individuals with anxiety do not always report prior direct conditioning episodes like those…”
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Pearce, L. J., & Field, A. P. (2015) · Human Communication Research · doi:10.1111/hcre.12069 · Cited by 27
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The fruits of a functional approach for psychological science
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“In keeping with previous research (see for a review Muris & Field, 2010), it was found that the Field et al.’s (2001) informational learning procedure was highly effective in inducing diverging levels of fear: children who had received threatening information exhibited the highest fear levels in…”
ResultSelf-citationBecker, K. D., & Ginsburg, G. S. (2011) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-011-0216-7 · Cited by 24
“expression of threat, uncertainty about ability to cope or likelihood of successful outcome; [4]) and parental modeling (i.”
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An ERP study of the interaction between verbal information and conditioning pathways to fear
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Self-citationThe role of learning in the etiology of child and adolescent fear and anxiety
Field, A. P., & Purkis, H. M. (2011) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511994920.012 · Cited by 22
Self-citationManaging Children's Anxiety During COVID-19 Pandemic: Strategies for Providers and Caregivers
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Does ‘Yuck’ mean ‘Eek’? Fear responses in children after a disgust manipulation
Muris, P., Huijding, J., Mayer, B., & de Vries, H. (2011) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2011.10.002 · Cited by 17
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Self-citationNimphy, C. A., Venetikidi, M., Elzinga, B. M., van der Does, W. A. J., & Aktar, E. (2023) · Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10567-023-00448-1 · Cited by 20
“(Muris & Field, 2010), as well as modeling of fear expressions (also referred to as vicarious learning or observational learning, see Askew & Field, 2008).”
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“Therefore, there is emerging evidence suggesting a potential pathway whereby parental anxiety affects the amount of threat they communicate to their children, which in turn affects their children’s interpretation bias (Muris and Field 2010; Murray et al. 2009).”
BackgroundSingle-Session Cognitive Bias Modification of Interpretations Training in High-Anxious Adolescents
Fu, X., Du, Y., Au, S., & Lau, J. Y. F. (2015) · Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1891/0889-8391.29.3.253 · Cited by 17
“This may be more appropriate for targeting biases because these learning mechanisms are not dissimilar to how interpretative styles during development are first acquired (Muris & Field, 2010).”
BackgroundCan prepared fear conditioning result from verbal instructions?
Mertens, G., Raes, A. K., & Houwer, J. D. (2015) · Learning and Motivation · doi:10.1016/j.lmot.2015.11.001 · Cited by 19
“Previous research has demonstrated that verbal instructions can be a very powerful tool for inducing fear reactions (e.g., Cameron, Roche, Schlund, & Dymond, 2016; King, Eleonora, & Ollendick, 1998; Merckelbach, de Jong, Muris, & van den Hout, 1996; Muris & Field, 2010).”
BackgroundEnvironmental Factors in the Development and Maintenance of Anxiety Disorders
Lawrence, P. J., Waite, P., & Creswell, C. (2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-813004-9.00006-2 · Cited by 21
Psychological impacts on the travel behaviour post COVID-19
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Self-citationFather's and mother's beliefs about children's anxiety
Beato, A. F., Barros, L., & Pereira, A. I. (2018) · Child Care Health and Development · doi:10.1111/cch.12603 · Cited by 12
Vassilopoulos, S. P., Blackwell, S. E., Misailidi, P., Kyritsi, A., & Ayfanti, M. (2013) · Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1017/s1352465813000301 · Cited by 13
“…event), is considered to closely mimic the social learning mechanisms by which cognitive biases are initially acquired (pairing a negative outcome/explanation with an ambiguous event, often through verbal report from parents – Lau, Molyneaux, Telman and Belli, 2011; Muris and Field, 2010).”
Farrell, L. J., Hourigan, D., Waters, A. M., & Harrington, M. R. (2015) · Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1891/0889-8391.29.3.230 · Cited by 12
“Although correlations between child and mother bias were not significant, perhaps mother’s threat interpretations contribute indirectly to a context of enhanced threat salience, consistent with an indirect pathway of learning (see Muris & Field, 2010).”
BackgroundBehavioral Inhibition and the Associative Learning of Fear
Reynolds, G., Askew, C., & Field, A. P. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-98077-5_12 · Cited by 15
Self-citationUy, J. P., Schwartz, C., Chu, K. A., Towner, E., Lemus, A., Brito, N. H., & Callaghan, B. L. (2022) · Developmental Psychobiology · doi:10.1002/dev.22253 · Cited by 11
Verbal Information Transfer in Real-Life: When Mothers Worry About Their Child Starting School
Pass, L., Mastroyannopoulou, K., Coker, S., Murray, L., & Dodd, H. F. (2017) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-017-0735-3 · Cited by 11
“All three routes have received support in relation to the development of anxiety (Askew and Field 2008; King et al. 1998; Muris and Field 2010).”
‘I am really scared for the future’: climate distress among Brazilian youth
Schor, M., Clayton, S., Cardoso, M. C. V., Fernandes, M. N., Frota, M. A., & Surkan, P. J. (2024) · Environmental Education Research · doi:10.1080/13504622.2024.2409946 · Cited by 11
“Further, the ways in which families discuss climate change and the type of information that is shared (e.g. threatening vs hopeful) has also been shown to have an effect on how climate change is perceived by children (Field and Lawson 2008; Muris and Field 2010).”
Bosmans, G., Dujardin, A., Field, A. P., Salemink, E., & Vasey, M. W. (2015) · Parenting · doi:10.1080/15295192.2015.1053336 · Cited by 10
“This finding accords with previous research showing that it is hard to find significant moderators of the maternal verbal threat information effect on fear beliefs (Muris & Field, 2010).”
ResultSelf-citationSetiawan, A. S., Agustiani, H., & Kendhawati, L. (2018) · European Journal of Dentistry · doi:10.4103/ejd.ejd_258_18 · Cited by 10
“Children do not experience the daily activities as a tabula rasa, but they carry the information of certain stimulus or situation that can determine their fear level with them.[16]”
Social Learning Influences: Modelling, Instructions, Consequences
Mazzucchelli, T. G. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-94598-9_4 · Cited by 9
Muris, P., & Field, A. P. (2012) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118315088.ch7 · Cited by 10
Self-citationNimphy, C. A., Mitrou, V., Elzinga, B. M., van der Does, W. A. J., & Aktar, E. (2024) · Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10567-024-00485-4 · Cited by 12
“…children can learn to be fearful of a novel stimulus when they receive verbal information from others about the threatening/anxiety-provoking properties of this stimulus (also known as verbal (threat) information learning or instructional learning, Olsson et al., 2007; Muris & Field, 2010).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialLanguage of perfectionistic parents predicting child anxiety diagnostic status
Affrunti, N. W., Geronimi, E. M. C., & Woodruff‐Borden, J. (2015) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2015.01.001 · Cited by 9
Lester, K. J., Lisk, S. C., Mikita, N., Mitchell, S., Huijding, J., Rinck, M., & Field, A. P. (2015) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2015.01.008 · Cited by 8
“Consistent with past research, exposure to verbal threat information appears to be an important pathway for the aetiology of childhood fears (see Muris & Field, 2010 for a review).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialSelf-citationNimphy, C. A., Elzinga, B. M., van der Does, W. A. J., & Aktar, E. (2022) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1002/jad.12105 · Cited by 7
“…children to threatening nonverbal and verbal expressions about novel stimuli (such as dolls), and afterward assessing their attitude as well as emotional, physiological, and behavioral responses towards them (Askew & Field, 2007; Field et al., 2001; Muris & Field, 2010; Reynolds et al., 2014).”
BackgroundSpecific Phobia: Phenomenology, Epidemiology, and Etiology
Muris, P., & Merckelbach, H. L. G. J. (2012) · Autism and child psychopathology series · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-3253-1_1 · Cited by 8
Self-citationConrad, M., Reider, L. B., & LoBue, V. (2021) · Visitor Studies · doi:10.1080/10645578.2020.1865089 · Cited by 7
A multi‐centric study on validation of the Fear Scale for COVID‐19 in five Arabic speaking countries
Deek, H., El-Nayal, M., Alabdulwahhab, K. M., Ahmad, M. S., Shaik, R. A., Alzahrani, M. A., Mohamed, I. E., Youssef, N. F. A., Alboraie, M. A. A., Fong, D., et al. (2021) · Brain and Behavior · doi:10.1002/brb3.2375 · Cited by 5
Girls’ Stuff? Maternal Gender Stereotypes and Their Daughters’ Fear
Gerdes, A. B. M., Fraunfelter, L.-A., Braband, M., & Alpers, G. W. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.741348 · Cited by 7
Anxiety and Interpretation of Ambiguity in Autistic Children, Typical Children and Their Mothers
Neil, L., White, H., Warren, K., & Pellicano, E. (2018) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-018-3781-9 · Cited by 11
Rudy, B. M., Storch, E. A., & Lewin, A. B. (2014) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-014-0008-3 · Cited by 7
Rifkin, L. S., Schofield, C. A., Beard, C., & Armstrong, T. (2016) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2016.08.013 · Cited by 6
The impact of a context switch and context instructions on the return of verbally conditioned fear
Mertens, G., & Houwer, J. D. (2015) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2015.11.001 · Cited by 7
“…responses have been established on the basis of verbal instructions and observation (Cameron, Roche, Schlund, & Dymond, 2016; Lovibond, 2003; Muris & Field, 2010; Olsson & Phelps, 2007) and retrospective reports of anxiety patients who identified verbal threats and social observation as the…”
The influence of anthropomorphism on children's learning and attitudes toward snakes
Reider, L. B., & LoBue, V. (2024) · Frontiers in Developmental Psychology · doi:10.3389/fdpys.2024.1356604 · Cited by 5
Alcan, E., Gessner, J., Stangier, G., Benke, C., Busin, J., Christiansen, H., & Melzig, C. A. (2025) · Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10567-025-00517-7 · Cited by 8
“…through three fear learning pathways: vicarious fear, negative information, and reinforcement or punishment (for a review, see Fisak & Grills-Taquechel, 2007; Ollendick & Muris, 2015; Ollendick & King, 1991; Muris & Field, 2010; Lebowitz et al., 2016; Aktar et al., 2017; Aktar & Pérez-Edgar, 2024).”
der Buhs, I. H.-V., & Gosselin, J. (2017) · Marriage & Family Review · doi:10.1080/01494929.2017.1347549 · Cited by 6
“…information to bring about a decrease in fear stresses the importance for parents to communicate in a clear, unequivocal, and less emotionally laden manner to their children because it appears to help them to disambiguate novel stimuli in a neutral and nonthreatening manner (Muris & Field, 2010).”
BackgroundAdams, T. G., Sawchuk, C. N., Cisler, J. M., Lohr, J. M., & Olatunji, B. O. (2014) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118775349.ch18 · Cited by 5
Climate Change Anxiety and Youth: Mental Health Implications
Ossipova, I., Henry, M. C., & Temmen, C. D. (2026) · Journal of Child and Adolescent Counseling · doi:10.1080/23727810.2026.2615589 · Cited by 4
“Parents who emphasize the dangers of climate change and focus on the threatening narratives may inadvertently contribute to CCA in their children by magnifying their fears and affecting how they manifest (Muris & Field, 2010; Murray et al., 2009).”
Myalgia-arthralgia and Associated Factors in Patients with COVID-19
Eren, F., Bakdık, B. Ö., & Demir, A. (2021) · Turkish Journal Of Neurology · doi:10.4274/tnd.2021.85453 · Cited by 4
Morato, C., Guerra, P. M., & Bublatzky, F. (2023) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/psyp.14273 · Cited by 4
Ambiguous Information and the Verbal Information Pathway to Fear in Children
Dalrymple-Alford, S., & Salmon, K. (2013) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-013-9878-z · Cited by 4
“The FBQ has been shown to be a reliable index of fear (Muris and Field 2010).”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Metadata
- Authors
- Muris, P., & Field, A. P.
- Affiliations
- Erasmus University Rotterdam (NL)
- University of Sussex (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Muris, Peter
- Venue
- Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review
- Published
- 2010-03-03
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 129-150
- ISSN
- 1096-4037 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-2827
- PMC
- PMC2882043
- OpenAlex
- W2107307412
- Cited by
- 146
- References
- 170
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 19 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 1.59
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by-nc
- Locations
- Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- RePub (Erasmus University Rotterdam) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Multidisciplinary University Research Initiative
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Child and Animal Learning Development
- Keywords
- children's fears, threat information, fear acquisition, media exposure, parent report, fear prevention
- MeSH terms
- Child, Fear, Humans, Phobic Disorders, Verbal Behavior, Expressed Emotion
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