Culture, law, risk and governance: contexts of traditional knowledge in climate change adaptation

May combine two claims.

Co-learning and co-production processes do not guarantee fairness, equal standing or address power asymmetries.

“Co-learning and co-production processes do not guarantee fairness, equal standing or address power asymmetries (Hill et al. 2012).”

• cites Hill et al. 2012 sourcePartly supported

  The Discussion (page unavailable) says power relations in Indigenous ecological knowledge projects can further marginalize Indigenous interests, and the Results warn that agency-driven co-governance may crowd out Indigenous perspectives. These support the caution about power asymmetries, but the paper does not specifically assess whether co-learning and co-production guarantee fairness or equal standing. (LLM, conf=0.84)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

A review of 21 case studies of natural resources management in Australia resulted in a classification of resource management initiatives as indigenous governed collaborations, indigenous-driven co-governance, agency-driven co-governance and agency governance.

“A review of 21 case studies of natural resources management in Australia resulted in a classification of resource management initiatives as indigenous governed collaborations, indigenous-driven co-governance, agency-driven co-governance and agency governance (Hill et al. 2012).”

• cites Hill et al. 2012 sourceSupported

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Processes that support indigenous governance and do not vest power in government agencies but instead distribute decision making in wider networks of families and communities are important.

“They stress the importance of processes that support indigenous governance and do not vest power in government agencies but instead distribute decision making in “wider networks of families and communities” (Hill et al. 2012).”

• cites Hill et al. 2012 sourceSupported

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Indigenous-driven co-governance provides better prospects for integration of IEK and western science for sustainability of social-ecological systems than agency-driven co-governance and agency governance.

“They concluded that “indigenous-driven co-governance provides better prospects for integration of IEK and western science for sustainability of social-ecological systems” than agency-driven co-governance and agency governance.”

• cites Hill et al. 2012 sourceSupported

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Under conditions of sovereignty, governments may elect to engage in co-management or self-management of their resources and heritage.

“Under conditions of sovereignty, governments may elect to engage in co-management or self-management of their resources and heritage (Goodman 2000;Nie 2008).”

• cites Goodman 2000Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Nie 2008Partly supported

  The ‘Co-Management and Federal Indian Law’ section identifies tribal governments as sovereign and discusses their co-management of lands and resources. The ‘Authorities’ section says tribes may petition to manage certain federal programs of cultural significance. The paper does not establish a general choice by sovereign governments between co-management and self-management of their resources and heritage; it describes specific tribal–federal arrangements subject to legal limits. (LLM, conf=0.82)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

May combine two claims.

Social science approaches to knowledge holder-researcher relationships emphasize social aspects, promoting reciprocity, respect and protocols, but have rarely addressed the legal contexts of these exchanges.

“Social science researchers commonly use political, social or moral/ethical frameworks.”

• cites Hardison and Bannister 2011 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

FPIC ensures that when indigenous peoples are approached with proposals for access to their lands, resources or traditional knowledge, they are provided with all necessary and appropriate information they deem necessary to make an informed decision.

“FPIC ensures that when they are approached with proposals for access to their lands, resources or traditional knowledge, they are provided with all necessary and appropriate information they deem necessary to make an informed decision (FSC 2012).”

• cites FSC 2012Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The discovery of discrepancies between Inuit observations and research station data led to the establishment of more weather stations around hunting areas and other projects to extend indigenous monitoring.

“The discovery of these discrepancies has led to the establishment of more weather stations around the hunting areas which are being correlated to indigenous weather observations, as well as other projects to extend indigenous monitoring of sea-ice thickness, extent and other climate-related phenomena.”

• cites Weatherhead et al. 2010 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Failure to consider the cultural, legal, risk-benefit and governance contexts of knowledge exchange can result in promoting benefits while failing to adequately address adverse consequences.

“The failure to consider these contexts of knowledge exchange can result in the promotion of benefits while failing to adequately address adverse consequences.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The cultural, legal, risk-benefit and governance contexts of knowledge exchange have been under-examined.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Once traditional knowledge is shared outside a community, it enters alien social and legal contexts.

“Once traditional knowledge is shared outside of a community, it enters alien social and legal contexts.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

FPIC is used in UNDRIP to create procedural safeguards for decision-making by indigenous peoples.

“FPIC is used in UNDRIP to create procedural safeguards for decision-making by indigenous peoples.”

May combine two claims.

Traditional ways of knowing are place-based, localized, and may carry prescriptions related to their use.

“This may be contrasted with traditional ways of knowing which are place-based, localized, and may carry prescriptions related to their use (Kipuri 2009).”

• cites Kipuri 2009Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Under the Nagoya Protocol to the Convention on Biological Diversity, seekers of traditional knowledge related to genetic resources must first obtain the prior informed consent of indigenous and local communities.

“Under the Nagoya Protocol to the Convention on Biological Diversity, seekers of traditional knowledge related to genetic resources must first obtain the prior informed consent (PIC) of indigenous and local communities.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Countries have begun to put into place laws that protect transfers of traditional knowledge to third parties.

“Countries have begun to put into place laws that protect such transfers of traditional knowledge to third parties.”

May combine two claims.

Indigenous peoples often believe their knowledge has spiritual origins and powers, and employ it to communicate with the spirit world to create outcomes in this world.

“Indigenous peoples often believe their knowledge has spiritual origins and powers, and employ it to communicate with the spirit world to create outcomes in this world (Kipuri 2009).”

• cites Kipuri 2009Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Once published or shared, traditional knowledge enters the public domain where traditional norms, beliefs or customary laws associated with it are stripped away, and it becomes available to anyone with no legal requirement to obtain permission, share benefits or observe stewardship obligations.

“Once published or shared, traditional knowledge immediately starts its journey into the public domain where all of the traditional norms, beliefs or customary laws associated with it are stripped away.”

• Also stated in: § 4.1.1 Copyrights · plain

  “It becomes available to anyone with no legal requirement to obtain permission, share in any benefits or observe stewardship obligations for its use.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

FPIC is contained in the Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples and in decisions of the Convention on Biological Diversity and the Nagoya Protocol as prior informed consent.

“This concept is contained in the Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP) and in decisions of the Convention on Biological Diversity and the Nagoya Protocol as prior informed consent (PIC).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Uncultivated resources are sensitive to external drivers such as climate change, invasive species, species range shifts, habitat fragmentation and human population growth.

“These uncultivated resources are sensitive to external drivers such as climate change, invasive species, species range shifts, habitat fragmentation and human population growth.”

May combine two claims.

Traditional knowledge holders may not express their knowledge as 'traditional knowledge'; they commonly think of knowledge as a contextualized process connected to dynamic, evolving relationships ('ways of knowing').

“Traditional knowledge holders themselves may not express their knowledge in this way (Berkes 2009).”

• cites Berkes 2009 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Concerns have been raised over potential adverse consequences of knowledge exchanges.

“Despite these demonstrated benefits, concerns have been raised over potential adverse consequences of knowledge exchanges (WIPO 2012).”

• cites WIPO 2012Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

In the absence of intangible cultural heritage laws, copyright law is automatically applied to any shared traditional knowledge and offers few legal safeguards that allow indigenous peoples to have their traditions respected or to gain benefits from the use of their knowledge.

“In the absence of intangible cultural heritage laws, copyright law is automatically applied to any shared traditional knowledge and offers few legal safeguards that allow indigenous peoples to have their traditions respected or to gain benefits from the use of their knowledge.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Social aims for respectful partnerships may be difficult to achieve without changes in legal systems to accommodate indigenous concepts and ways of being.

“Social aims for respectful partnerships may be difficult to achieve without changes in legal systems to accommodate indigenous concepts and ways of being.”

May combine two claims.

Traditional knowledge is not generally about abstract things, but more focused on relationships and activities that constitute a way of life, and these can be harmed by misuse.

“Traditional knowledge is not generally about abstract things, but more focused on relationships and activities that constitute a way of life (Berkes 2012), and these can be harmed by misuse.”

• cites Berkes 2012 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Tribes have retained rights to wild resources on off-reservation lands to which they have little control.

“Tribes have retained rights to wild resources on off-reservation lands to which they have little control.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

The Coast Salish of the Pacific Northwest live on small territories surrounded by much larger populations with different traditions and values, which increases conflicts over use of resources.

“The Coast Salish of the Pacific Northwest live on small territories surrounded by much larger populations with different traditions and values, which increases conflicts over use of resources.”

May combine two claims.

In Clyde River, Nunavut, Inuit hunters reported significant changes in wind persistence, but the research station recorded no significant changes in wind direction or wind persistence in northeast winds.

“Inuit hunters had reported significant changes in wind persistence (likelihood that wind conditions 1 day are followed by similar conditions the following day).”

• Also stated in: § 2 Traditional knowledge in the context of climate change · plain

  “These observations were not supported by the research station, which recorded no significant changes in wind direction or wind persistence in northeast winds (Weatherhead et al. 2010).”

• cites Weatherhead et al. 2010 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

There are as yet no standards on how to implement informed consent for traditional knowledge sharing, although there are some emerging attempts.

“There are as yet no standards on how to implement this, although there are some emerging attempts (FSC 2012).”

• cites FSC 2012Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Traditional knowledge related to observations of changes in phenology, ice-out dates, coastal currents, fire behavior or hydrological patterns may carry few risks when shared.

“Traditional knowledge related to observations of changes in phenology, ice-out dates, coastal currents, fire behavior or hydrological patterns may carry few risks when shared.”

May combine two claims.

Disclosing knowledge of medicinal plants useful for addressing climate change impacts on health carries the risks of use against cultural traditions and overharvesting.

“Disclosing knowledge of medicinal plants useful for addressing climate change impacts on health carries the risks of use against cultural traditions and overharvesting.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Other kinds of traditional knowledge carry more risks, either through moral hazards related to cultural values or through misuse that can seriously threaten indigenous livelihoods and cultural sustainability.

“Other kinds of traditional knowledge carry more risks, either through moral hazards related to cultural values or through misuse that can seriously threaten indigenous livelihoods and cultural sustainability.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

Knowledge exchanges occur within powerful and compelling legal frameworks that often conflict with and take precedence over social arrangements.

“Knowledge exchanges occur within powerful and compelling legal frameworks that often conflict with and take precedence over social arrangements.”

May combine two claims.

Traditional knowledge is useful for defining earlier environmental baselines, identifying impacts that need to be mitigated, providing observational evidence for modelling, providing technologies for adapting, and identifying culturally appropriate values for protection.

“Traditional knowledge is useful in: defining earlier environmental baselines, identifying impacts that need to be mitigated, providing observational evidence for modelling, providing technologies for adapting, and for identifying culturally appropriate values for protection from direct impacts or from the impacts of adaptation measures themselves.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Traditional knowledge is often treated as being in the public domain because it is too old to be protected, it is orally expressed rather than written down, and it cannot be attributed to a specific author.

“Traditional knowledge is often treated as being in the public domain because it is too old to be protected, it is orally expressed rather than written down (”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Stewardship obligations generally have no equivalent in national and international legal systems.

“Stewardship obligations generally have no equivalent in national and international legal systems.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

The exchange of traditional knowledge involves cultural values, multiple legal jurisdictions, risks to cultural sustainability and survival and rights to self-governance.

“The exchange of traditional knowledge involves cultural values, multiple legal jurisdictions, risks to cultural sustainability and survival and rights to self-governance.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Indigenous peoples are engaging in adaptation projects and knowledge exchanges, and these are leading many documented benefits.

“Indigenous peoples are engaging in adaptation projects and knowledge exchanges, and these are leading many documented benefits.”

May combine two claims.

The US has a government-to-government relationship with tribes in which tribes have retained inherent sovereign powers.

“The US has a government-to-government relationship with tribes in which tribes have retained inherent sovereign powers.”

May combine two claims.

In this way, they retain and manage sensitive cultural knowledge internally, while making available proxy values useful for climate change adaptation and resource scenario building.

“In this way, they retain and manage sensitive cultural knowledge internally, while making available proxy values useful for climate change adaptation and resource scenario building.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Equitable outcomes must be found in mutually agreed terms.

“One sovereign cannot unilaterally impose their will on another, and equitable outcomes must be found in mutually agreed terms.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

The consequences of disclosing valuable knowledge can add to these pressures.

“The consequences of disclosing valuable knowledge can add to these pressures.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Traditional knowledge and associated biocultural heritage are often already threatened by drivers of global climate change such as population growth, urban sprawl, excessive consumption and land conversion.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Many traditional knowledge studies have framed indigenous peoples as stakeholders and have not treated traditional knowledge as a governed, sovereign property.

“Many traditional knowledge studies have framed indigenous peoples as stakeholders and have not treated traditional knowledge as a governed, sovereign property.”

May combine two claims.

The Waswanipi Cree do not believe they can convey their complex knowledge and values to others for management on their behalf, but want their stewardship role acknowledged.

“They do not believe they can convey their complex knowledge and values to others for management on their behalf, but want their stewardship role acknowledged.”

• cites Trosper et al. 2012Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

The two kinds of knowledge should not be blended or synthesised; both should retain its own integrity.

“Berkes suggests there are limits to the extent to which science and traditional knowledge can be combined (Berkes 2009), concluding “the two kinds of knowledge should not be blended or synthesised; both should retain its own integrity” as they have their own epitemologies based on different worldviews.”

• cites Berkes 2009 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

The development of the anti-cancer drug taxol from bark extracts lead to illegal overharvesting in which trees were killed by stripping them entirely, endangering the yew.

“The development of the anti-cancer drug taxol from bark extracts lead to illegal overharvesting in which trees were killed by stripping them entirely, endangering the yew (Laird and Wynberg 2008;Wynberg et al. 2009).”

• cites Laird and Wynberg 2008Not checked — no full text of the source
• cites Wynberg et al. 2009 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

In those cases where traditional knowledge is held by those with governance rights, it is governed by its own rules and laws determined by its proper sovereign, which do not necessarily resemble the laws of other sovereigns.

“In those cases where traditional knowledge is held by those with governance rights, it is governed by its own rules and laws determined by its proper sovereign, which do not necessarily resemble the laws of other sovereigns.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Sovereigns work through diplomacy and treaty making to gain cross-recognition for transboundary issues.

“Sovereigns work through diplomacy and treaty making to gain cross-recognition for transboundary issues.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

Exchanges should be based on free, prior and informed consent and mutually agreed terms based on equal standing.

“The guiding principle is that exchanges should be based on free, prior and informed consent and mutually agreed terms based on equal standing.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

One pathway for resolving this dilemma is through viewing traditional knowledge exchanges through a governance mechanism, as opposed to a voluntary social framework.

“One pathway for resolving this dilemma is through viewing traditional knowledge exchanges through a governance mechanism, as opposed to a voluntary social framework.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Building respect for traditional knowledge and FPIC through professional training, public education, the development and implementation of guidelines and policies and other measures are necessary to reduce conflict over time.

“Building respect for traditional knowledge and FPIC through professional training, public education, the development and implementation of guidelines and policies and other measures are necessary to reduce conflict over time (Hardison and Bannister 2011).”

• cites Hardison and Bannister 2011 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Useful and unproblematic knowledge exchanges can occur without involving traditional knowledge.

“Useful and unproblematic knowledge exchanges can occur without involving traditional knowledge.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

It is the highest duty of those seeking access to indigenous knowledge and resources to ensure they are not further harmed and that their rights in cultural values are fully respected.

“As indigenous peoples are some of those least responsible and most threatened by climate impacts, it is the highest duty of those seeking access to their knowledge and resources to ensure they are not further harmed and that their rights in cultural values are fully respected.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Indigenous peoples are some of those least responsible and most threatened by climate impacts.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

The rights of governance over traditional knowledge should be taken seriously, respected and accommodated in resolving issues.

“This is not to argue that traditional knowledge exchanges should not occur, but their rights of governance should be taken seriously, respected and accommodated in resolving issues.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Under indigenously-led FPIC, many traditional knowledge exchanges related to climate change are likely to continue where they present few risks and provide benefits to indigenous peoples.

“Under indigenously-led FPIC, many traditional knowledge exchanges related to climate change are likely to continue where they present few risks and provide benefits to indigenous peoples.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

These challenges do not pose an insurmountable barrier to respectful knowledge exchanges.

“These challenges do not pose an insurmountable barrier to respectful knowledge exchanges.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

This performance-oriented approach allows the knowledge to be retained by the knowledge holders while upholding standards for public accountability in the management of resources.

“This performance-oriented approach allows the knowledge to be retained by the knowledge holders while upholding standards for public accountability in the management of resources.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Indigenous peoples are being invited to mobilize traditional knowledge, often deeply spiritual and core to their identity, to solve large-scale problems they cannot avoid and that are not of their making.

“Despite these documented benefits, it must be kept in mind they are being invited to mobilize traditional knowledge, often deeply spiritual and core to their identity, to solve large-scale problems they cannot avoid and that are not of their making.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Traditional knowledge is often deeply spiritual and core to indigenous identity.

May combine two claims.

Self-determined governments have the inherent authority to grant and make trade-offs between the rights of their citizens, but not the rights of the citizens of other sovereigns.

“Self-determined governments have the inherent authority to grant and make trade-offs between the rights of their citizens, but not the rights of the citizens of other sovereigns.”

May combine two claims.

Where traditional knowledge is needed, solving management problems may not require its transfer, allowing indigenous peoples to apply their knowledge by themselves to their own biocultural heritage using negotiated outcomes that are mutually agreeable to the sovereigns.

“Where traditional knowledge is needed, solving management problems may not require its transfer, allowing indigenous peoples to apply their knowledge by themselves to their own biocultural heritage using negotiated outcomes that are mutually agreeable to the sovereigns (Davidson-Hunt et al. 2012).”

• cites Davidson-Hunt et al. 2012Not checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

While indigenous sovereigns cannot directly impose these rules and laws on citizens of other sovereigns, they can expect that equitable relationships can be worked out for cross-recognition of their issues based on comity guiding peaceful relations among states, respect for their human rights, and federal fiduciary obligations to respect their rights.

“While indigenous sovereigns cannot directly impose these rules and laws on citizens of other sovereigns, they can expect that equitable relationships can be worked out for cross-recognition of their issues based on comity guiding peaceful relations among states, respect for their human rights, and federal fiduciary obligations to respect their rights (Smith 2010).”

• cites Smith 2010 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Indigenous peoples may be wary of sharing because of a history of exploitation, a lack of recognition and respect for their values and rights, a lack of safeguards for the control and proper use of their knowledge and associated biocultural heritage and by a lack of perceived long-term benefits to themselves for sharing.

“Indigenous peoples may be wary of sharing because of a history of exploitation, a lack of recognition and respect for their values and rights, a lack of safeguards for the control and proper use of their knowledge and associated biocultural heritage and by a lack of perceived long-term benefits to themselves for sharing.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: There is a history of exploitation, a lack of recognition and respect for indigenous values and rights, a lack of safeguards for the control and proper use of their knowledge and associated biocultural heritage, and a lack of perceived long-term benefits to themselves for sharing.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

Exercising the right to FPIC creates a duty to sort out processes for authoritative decision-making.

“Exercising the right to FPIC creates a duty to sort out processes for authoritative decision-making.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Many cases of issues related to adaptation to climate change may involve both traditional knowledge and its associated biocultural heritage.

“Many cases of issues related to adaptation to climate change may involve both traditional knowledge and its associated biocultural heritage.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

Knowledge sharing and learning from one another will be critical for finding just and lasting solutions to the climate crisis.

“Knowledge sharing and learning from one another will be critical for finding just and lasting solutions to the climate crisis.”

May combine two claims.

These rights are not limited to treaty tribes, but are increasingly recognized as a general right of indigenous peoples in international law, national constitutions and national legislation.

“These rights are not limited to treaty tribes, but are increasingly recognized as a general right of indigenous peoples in international law, national constitutions and national legislation (Tsosie 2013).”

• cites Tsosie 2013 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

Partnership arrangements without proper safeguards may encourage them to disclose relatively unprotected knowledge associated with relatively unprotected resources.

“Partnership arrangements without proper safeguards may be encourage them to disclose relatively unprotected knowledge associated with relatively unprotected resources.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Governance rights over traditional knowledge are not separable from governance rights over the biocultural heritage to which they are associated.

“Governance rights over traditional knowledge are not separable from governance rights over the biocultural heritage to which they are associated.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The number of states that recognize the right to self-determination and self-governance is growing.

“The number of states that recognize the right to self-determination and self-governance is growing (Anaya 2009).”

• cites Anaya 2009Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

The changes from past practices will likely involve uncertainty and conflicts at first, but will reduce them in the long-run.

“The changes from past practices will likely involve uncertainty and conflicts at first, but will reduce them in the long-run.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

The dilemma often facing indigenous peoples is to either disclose their knowledge and lose control of it, or fail to have their values reflected and protected from climate impacts in adaptation measures.

“The dilemma often facing indigenous peoples is to either disclose their knowledge and lose control of it, or fail to have their values reflected and protected from climate impacts in adaptation measures.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

This reserved rights doctrine holds that any right not explicitly ceded by treaty is retained as a sovereign right.

“This reserved rights doctrine holds that any right not explicitly ceded by treaty is retained as a sovereign right.”

May combine two claims.

In the case of indigenous traditional knowledge, scientists therefore may not be dealing with knowledge and resources held by one stakeholder among many whose rights can be balanced, but with knowledge held collectively by a political entity that has the right of self-determination and self-governance.

“In the case of indigenous traditional knowledge, scientists therefore may not be dealing with knowledge and resources held by one stakeholder among many whose rights can be balanced, but with knowledge held collectively by a political entity that has the right of selfdetermination and self-governance.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

The examples emphasize the need for precaution in ensuring their values and rights are protected both against the impacts of climate change and adaptation measures that fail to accommodate their rights and values.

“The examples emphasize the need for precaution in ensuring their values and rights are protected both against the impacts of climate change and adaptation measures that fail to accommodate their rights and values.”

May combine two claims.

Traditional knowledge is fundamental to the purpose of the treaties and a component of the governance rights reserved in them.

“Traditional knowledge is fundamental to the purpose of the treaties and a component of the governance rights reserved in them.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Article 31 of UNDRIP affirms the similar right of indigenous peoples to maintain, control, protect and develop their cultural heritage, traditional knowledge and traditional cultural expressions, as well as the manifestations of their sciences, technologies and cultures.

“Article 31 of UNDRIP affirms the similar right of indigenous peoples “to maintain, control, protect and develop their cultural heritage, traditional knowledge and traditional cultural expressions, as well as the manifestations of their sciences, technologies and cultures.””

• cites UNDRIPNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The United States Constitution, policy and law recognize them as members of sovereign governments that have retained inherent rights to determine their own laws and constitute their own cultural arrangements and institutions.

“The United States Constitution, policy and law recognize them as members of sovereign governments that have retained inherent rights to determine their own laws and constitute their own cultural arrangements and institutions.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

In a co-management and self-management model, indigenous peoples are recognized to have governance rights over their biocultural heritage, including tangible forms (resources) and intangible forms (traditional knowledge), both on their territories and in specified external areas.

“In a comanagement and self-management model, indigenous peoples are recognized to have governance rights over their biocultural heritage, including tangible forms (resources) and intangible forms (traditional knowledge), both on their territories and in specified external areas.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

There are limits to the extent to which science and traditional knowledge can be combined.

“Berkes suggests there are limits to the extent to which science and traditional knowledge can be combined (Berkes 2009), concluding “the two kinds of knowledge should not be blended or synthesised; both should retain its own integrity” as they have their own epitemologies based on different worldviews.”

• cites Berkes 2009 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

One sovereign cannot unilaterally impose their will on another.

“One sovereign cannot unilaterally impose their will on another, and equitable outcomes must be found in mutually agreed terms.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Many indigenous peoples wish to share some of their gifts in the spirit of mutualism and reciprocal accommodation.

“While indigenous peoples wish to keep some of their gifts to themselves, it is clear many also wish to share some of them in the spirit of mutualism and reciprocal accommodation.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The status of indigenous peoples as peoples is not universally recognized by all countries.

“While their status as peoples is not universally recognized by all countries, it is affirmed by the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (2007).”

May combine two claims.

Indigenous peoples are a subject of international law as being a distinct group with a distinct bundle of rights, which they hold as peoples with the right of self-determination.

“Indigenous peoples are a subject of international law as being a distinct group with a distinct bundle of rights, which they hold as peoples with the right of self-determination (Anaya 2009).”

• cites Anaya 2009Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Not taking knowledge out of its cultural context is one of the biggest challenges of indigenous knowledge research.

““Not taking knowledge out of its cultural context is one of the biggest challenges of indigenous knowledge research” (Berkes 2009).”

• cites Berkes 2009 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source