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The Efficacy of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy: A Review of Meta-analyses
Open accessAbstract
Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) refers to a popular therapeutic approach that has been applied to a variety of problems. The goal of this review was to provide a comprehensive survey of meta-analyses examining the efficacy of CBT. We identified 269 meta-analytic studies and reviewed of those a representative sample of 106 meta-analyses examining CBT for the following problems: substance use disorder, schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders, depression and dysthymia, bipolar disorder, anxiety disorders, somatoform disorders, eating disorders, insomnia, personality disorders, anger and aggression, criminal behaviors, general stress, distress due to general medical conditions, chronic pain and fatigue, distress related to pregnancy complications and female hormonal conditions. Additional meta-analytic reviews examined the efficacy of CBT for various problems in children and elderly adults. The strongest support exists for CBT of anxiety disorders, somatoform disorders, bulimia, anger control problems, and general stress. Eleven studies compared response rates between CBT and other treatments or control conditions. CBT showed higher response rates than the comparison conditions in 7 of these reviews and only one review reported that CBT had lower response rates than comparison treatments. In general, the evidence-base of CBT is very strong. However, additional research is needed to examine the efficacy of CBT for randomized-controlled studies. Moreover, except for children and elderly populations, no meta-analytic studies of CBT have been reported on specific subgroups, such as ethnic minorities and low income samples.
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“During the past two decades, effective therapies have become available for the treatment of several PDs [14–16].”
From Personality disorders are important risk factors for disability pensioning (2014) · cites this paper as [15]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“As PDs are relatively common in the community, and effective treatment is available for some, health care workers should be aware of the strong link between PDs and work force exclusion.”
From Personality disorders are important risk factors for disability pensioning (2014) · cites this paper as [15]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
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“Cognitive behavioral therapies have been shown to increase success rates and may mitigate suicide risk during smoking cessation.22”
From Are smoking cessation treatments associated with suicidality risk? An overview (2016) · cites this paper as [22]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Through changing thoughts and behaviors, this treatment has been demonstrated to help improve mood symptoms and reduce cravings as well as facilitate smoking cessation.22,50”
From Are smoking cessation treatments associated with suicidality risk? An overview (2016) · cites this paper as [22]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Cognitive behavioral therapies (CBTs) theorize that mental disorders, including mood and addiction disorders, are maintained by cognitive, emotional, and behavioral factors, although the etiology of such disorders may be multicausal, including genetic components.”
From Are smoking cessation treatments associated with suicidality risk? An overview (2016) · cites this paper as [22]
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“Evidence-based psychological treatments for anxiety and depression (eg, cognitive behavioral therapy) are highly effective in reducing symptoms and improving functioning [1-3].”
From Clinical Effects of Asynchronous Provider-Guided Practice Sessions During Blended Care Therapy for Anxiety and Depression: Pragmatic Retrospective Cohort Study (2024) · cites this paper as [1]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
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“while general anxiety is related with neuroticism72 and the stress caused by individuals’ maladaptive patterns of thinking, judging, and responding73.”
From Rational thinking as a mediator of the relationship between mindfulness and dental anxiety (2023) · cites this paper as [73]
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“A variety of evidence-based psychotherapeutic treatments for depression are available (American Psychiatric Association, 2000), chief among them being CBT, shown to help in several chronic conditions, including chronic pain, diabetes, irritable bowel syndrome, and polycystic ovarian syndrome [37,38].”
From Psychological and Psychiatric Comorbidities in Youth with Serious Physical Illness (2022) · cites this paper as [37]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Because of its clear research support, CBT as the gold-standard evolving psychological treatment dominates the international guidelines for psychosocial treatments, making it a first-line treatment for many disorders.”
From Effectiveness of a hybrid arts-based Cognitive Behavioral Therapy intervention for patients with non-malignant chronic pain (2022) · cites this paper as [9]
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In the citing paper
“4 meta-analyses showed how CBT performed better than the other interventions in the treatment of occupational stress [25].”
From A conversational artificial intelligence agent for a mental health care app: Evaluation study of its participatory design (2021) · cites this paper as [25]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“The gold standard intervention to treat anxiety is exposure-based CBT (Hofmann et al., 2012).”
From Targeting excessive avoidance behavior to reduce anxiety related to asthma: A feasibility study of an exposure-based treatment delivered online (2021) · cites this paper as Hofmann et al., 2012
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) is widely accepted and has been repeatedly found to be effective for a wide range of psychological problems (Hofmann et al., 2012).”
From ICBT program for improving informal caregiver well-being: A qualitative study (2021) · cites this paper as Hofmann et al., 2012
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
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“The efficacy of this treatment is supported by The Task Force Report on Empirically Supported Treatments (ESTs; Chambless & Hollon, 1998) and the 12th Division of the APA.”
From Enhancing In Vivo Exposure in the Treatment of Panic Disorder and Agoraphobia Using Location-Based Technologies: A Case Study (2020) · cites this paper as Hofmann et al., 2012
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“The effects on antenatal depression are highly comparable to those found for ICBT-programs as well as traditional CBT for depression (Hedman et al., 2012;Hofmann et al., 2012;Cuijpers et al., 2013).”
From Internet delivered cognitive behavior therapy for antenatal depression: A randomised controlled trial (2017) · cites this paper as Hofmann et al., 2012
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Cognitive Behav ioural Therapy (CBT) is the most well-established psychological treat ment for anxiety and depression (Hofmann et al., 2012).”
From Effects of group Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) on anxiety and depressive symptoms in adults: A meta-analysis. (2022) · cites this paper as Hofmann et al., 2012
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Cognitive Behavioral Therapies (CBT) have been shown in recent decades to be broadly effective in reducing many forms of mental illness (Hofmann, Asnanni, Vonk, Sawyer, & Fang, 2012).”
From Trajectories of change in well-being during cognitive behavioral therapies for anxiety disorders: Quantifying the impact and covariation with improvements in anxiety (2020) · cites this paper as Hofmann, Asnanni, Vonk, Sawyer, & Fang, 2012
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Decades of research have clearly demonstrated that CBT has robust effects on many different forms of mental illness, including anxiety disorders (Hofmann et al., 2012)”
From Trajectories of change in well-being during cognitive behavioral therapies for anxiety disorders: Quantifying the impact and covariation with improvements in anxiety (2020) · cites this paper as Hofmann et al., 2012
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Similarly, CBT, with its focus on modifying maladaptive thought patterns and behaviors, has been associated with reductions in stress-related symptoms and pain intensity [64].”
From The Role of Cortisol in Chronic Stress, Neurodegenerative Diseases, and Psychological Disorders (2023) · cites this paper as [64]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Cognitive behavioral therapies (CBTs) have been found to be effective in treating individuals presenting with symptoms of anxiety and depression 20, 21 – common complaints of ICs – and hence it is likely an appropriate first choice treatment for ICs.”
From Cognitive behavioral therapies for informal caregivers of patients with cancer and cancer survivors: a systematic review and meta-analysis (2017) · cites this paper as [21]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Interventions that integrate elements of cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) have been shown to lead to positive outcomes in improving mental health (22).”
From Efficacy of eHealth interventions to reduce depression symptoms in individuals with obesity: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials (2024) · cites this paper as [22]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Changing cognitions and thoughts can help to reduce symptoms [25].”
From A conversational artificial intelligence agent for a mental health care app: Evaluation study of its participatory design (2021) · cites this paper as [25]
The check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“Furthermore, panic patients who believed that they had control over the amount of CO 2 they inhaled by turning an inoperative dial were less likely to panic than individuals who knew that they had no control over it 26”
From “Third-wave” cognitive and behavioral therapies and the emergence of a process-based approach to intervention in psychiatry (2021) · cites this paper as [26]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“A recent review of the literature identified 269 meta-analytic studies examining CBT for nearly every DSM category (Hofmann, Asnaani, Vonk, Sawyer, & Fang, 2012).”
From A process-based approach to psychological diagnosis and treatment:The conceptual and treatment utility of an extended evolutionary meta model (2020) · cites this paper as Hofmann, Asnaani, Vonk, Sawyer, & Fang, 2012
In the citing paper
“While medication and cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) are effective for anxiety disorders (Bandelow et al., 2015;Olatunji, Cisler, & Deacon, 2010), these treatments have limitations, such as drug side-effects and drug dependence, and modest efficacy as only about half of anxiety sufferers respond successfully to CBT (Hofmann, Asnaani, Vonk, Sawyer, & Fang, 2012).”
From Anxiety and attention to threat: cognitive mechanisms and treatment with attention bias modification (2016) · cites this paper as Hofmann et al., 2012
In the citing paper
“It is not surprising then that protocolized treatments for specific forms of psychopathology are only effective for a portion of patients [10].”
From Using person-specific networks in psychotherapy: challenges, limitations, and how we could use them anyway (2020) · cites this paper as [10]
In the citing paper
“Thus, although there is accumulating evidence for the efficacy of these approaches (Hofmann, Asnaani, Vonk, Sawyer, & Fang, 2012; Kuyken et al., 2016), their wide-spread availability is currently limited.”
From Beneficial effects of training in self-distancing and perspective broadening for people with a history of recurrent depression (2017) · cites this paper as Hofmann, Asnaani, Vonk, Sawyer, & Fang, 2012
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Citations
Cites
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BackgroundPritzlaff, S. G., Goree, J. H., Hagedorn, J. M., Lee, D. W., Chapman, K. B., Christiansen, S., Dudas, A., Escobar, A., Gilligan, C. J., Guirguis, M. N., et al. (2023) · Journal of Pain Research · doi:10.2147/jpr.s424589 · Cited by 22
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“Based mainly on cognitive behavioural therapy, such programmes, whilst beneficial for some (Hofmann et al., 2012), have been criticised as reinforcing ‘the marginalizing of the socio-political that the practice of diagnosing .”
BackgroundEarly detection and early intervention in prison: improving outcomes and reducing prison returns
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“Behavioral interventions have been shown to be efficacious [54-56], but the lack of widespread availability of therapists and CBT-trained clinicians has made implementation into routine care challenging, especially in minority populations, such as patients with SCD.”
BackgroundWesner, A. C., Behenck, A., Finkler, D., Beria, P., Guimarães, L. S. P., Manfro, G. G., Blaya, C., & Heldt, E. (2019) · Archives of Psychiatric Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.apnu.2019.06.003 · Cited by 21
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“At its core, dCBT leverages fundamental principles of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) to deliver psychological interventions through online platforms or mobile applications [182].”
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“The focus of this approach lies on cognitive processes and their consequences for emotion regulation, which have proven to be important—andmodifiable by CBT—for many different mental conditions (Hofmann et al., 2012; Hofmann, 2014).”
BackgroundBroche‐Pérez, Y., Fernández-Fleites, Z., Castillo, E. F., Jiménez-Puig, E., Vizcaíno-Escobar, A. E., Ferrer-Lozano, D. M., Rodríguez, L. M., & Martín-González, R. (2021) · Frontiers in Global Women s Health · doi:10.3389/fgwh.2021.634088 · Cited by 26
“The use of brief cognitive behavioral interventions is of great importance, above all because of its proven effectiveness in disorders related to anxiety and fear responses (80).”
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“2011), including when compared to pharmacological treatment (Hofmann et al. 2012).”
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“Engaging with clients, especially males and young people, in the outdoors in an enjoyable and active way is a useful way to forge good relationships and thus can be important for success in CBT.”
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“The gold standard intervention to treat anxiety is exposure-based CBT (Hofmann et al., 2012).”
BackgroundChan, W. S., McCrae, C. S., & Ng, A. S.-Y. (2023) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1093/abm/kaac061 · Cited by 20
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BackgroundNegatively biased cognition as a mechanism of mindfulness: a review of the literature
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“…Basel, Switzerland, 4 Department of Psychology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland Objective: The aim of this study is to compare a cognitive behavioral group therapy (CBT) with a health enhancement program (HEP) for stress reduction and the impact on quality of life (QoL) in patients…”
BackgroundPsychotherapy failures: to err is human
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“Meta-analytic reviews have consistently documented the effectiveness of CBT in the treatment of eating disorders [70,71].”
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Beyond the Lab: Empirically Supported Treatments in the Real World
Schneider, R. A., Grasso, J. R., Chen, S. Y., Chen, C., Reilly, E. D., & Kocher, B. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01969 · Cited by 20
“Laboratory studies of ESTs, in which efficacy is tested in an RCT, demonstrate rates of reliable improvement at or greater than 50% (Hofmann et al., 2012; Loerinc et al., 2015).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialGranic, I., Morita, H., & Scholten, H. (2020) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1080/1047840x.2020.1820225 · Cited by 28
Adolescent athletes and suicide: A model for treatment and prevention
Edmonds, W. A., Craig, L. L., Christopher, R., Kennedy, T. D., & Mann, D. T. Y. (2021) · Aggression and Violent Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.avb.2021.101580 · Cited by 21
Zapata, J. P., Aubin, E. D. S., Rodríguez-Díaz, C. E., & Rivera, S. (2022) · Journal of Latinx Psychology · doi:10.1037/lat0000204 · Cited by 20
Becker‐Haimes, E. M., Klein, C. C., Frank, H. E., Oquendo, M. A., Jager‐Hyman, S., Brown, G. K., Brady, M., & Barnett, M. L. (2022) · Frontiers in Health Services · doi:10.3389/frhs.2022.833214 · Cited by 21
Pinto, T. M., Veiga, V. M. N., & de Macedo, E. C. (2024) · Journal of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.jbct.2024.100495 · Cited by 22
Lyon, A. R., Stanick, C., & Pullmann, M. D. (2018) · Clinical Psychology Science and Practice · doi:10.1111/cpsp.12265 · Cited by 20
Kao, F.-H., Akhtar, N., Chen, C., et al. (2018) · ACS Applied Bio Materials · doi:10.1021/acsabm.8b00701 · Cited by 20
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Development of a Moderated Online Intervention to Treat Social Anxiety in First-Episode Psychosis
McEnery, C., Lim, M. H., Knowles, A. D., Rice, S., Gleeson, J., Howell, S., Russon, P., Miles, C., D’Alfonso, S., & Álvarez‐Jiménez, M. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00581 · Cited by 22
Psychological Disorders in Heart Failure
Palo, K. E. D. (2019) · Heart Failure Clinics · doi:10.1016/j.hfc.2019.08.011 · Cited by 20
The role of school psychologists in therapeutic interventions: A systematic literature review
Simpson, J., & Atkinson, C. (2019) · International Journal of School & Educational Psychology · doi:10.1080/21683603.2019.1689876 · Cited by 20
Psychological Assessment Tools Utilized in Sports Injury Treatment Outcomes Research: A Review.
Everhart, J. S., Harris, K. M., Chafitz, A., Kirven, J. C., Abouljoud, M. M., Schiele, S. E., Emery, C. F., & Flanigan, D. C. (2020) · PubMed Central · Cited by 20
Kim, E. T., Opiyo, T., Acayo, P. S., Lillie, M., Gallis, J. A., Zhou, Y., Ochieng, M., Okuro, S., Hembling, J., McEwan, E., et al. (2021) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2021.06.002 · Cited by 24
“…picture-based iMBC program was steeped in cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and the literature regarding the efficacy of CBT for a range of specific mental and behavioral problems is strong, although largely based on studies in high-income countries (Hofmann et al., 2012; Cuijpers et al., 2018).”
MethodDoki, S., Sasahara, S., & Matsuzaki, I. (2014) · International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health · doi:10.1007/s00420-014-0996-8 · Cited by 26
“Some studies report psychological therapies such as CBT reduce the symptoms of mental health problems; however, these studies targeted outpatients (Stefan et al. 2012; Haland et al. 2010; Berking et al. 2013).”
BackgroundTerides, M. D., Dear, B. F., Karin, E., Jones, M. P., Gandy, M., Fogliati, V. J., Kayrouz, R., Staples, L., & Titov, N. (2016) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506073.2016.1149876 · Cited by 24
Schweden, T. L. K., Pittig, A., Bräuer, D., Klumbies, E., Kirschbaum, C., & Hoyer, J. (2016) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2016.09.005 · Cited by 20
¡Enjaulad a Dodo, por favor! El cuento de que todas las psicoterapias son igual de eficaces
González‐Blanch, C., & Carral-Fernández, L. (2017) · Papeles del Psicólogo - Psychologist Papers · doi:10.23923/pap.psicol2017.2828 · Cited by 23
“…de los autores es que son necesarios estudios de alta calidad para examinar la eficacia de la terapia cognitivo-conductual, que su eficacia es cuestionable con algunos problemas, y que, salvo con niños y mayores, no hay estudios meta-analíticos con subgrupos particulares (Hofmann et al., 2012).”
BackgroundCan pharmacotherapy play a role in treating internet addiction disorder?
Łukawski, K., Rusek, M., & Czuczwar, S. J. (2019) · Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1080/14656566.2019.1612366 · Cited by 20
Maddock, A., Hevey, D., D’Alton, P., & Kirby, B. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings · doi:10.1007/s10880-019-09686-4 · Cited by 19
Finnes, A., Hoch, J. S., Enebrink, P., Dahl, J., Ghaderi, A., Nager, A., & Feldman, I. (2022) · Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health · doi:10.5271/sjweh.4012 · Cited by 17
“Evidence-based treatments for depression and anxi - ety include antidepressant medication and psycho - therapy, predominantly cognitive behavior therapy (10); for more effective return-to-work (RTW) after SA, combining workplace changes with a clinical program is suggested ( 11 ).”
Salomonsson, S., Santoft, F., Lindsäter, E., Ejeby, K., Ingvar, M., Öst, L.-G., Lekander, M., Ljótsson, B., & Hedman-Lagerlöf, E. (2020) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506073.2019.1669701 · Cited by 20
“Even though CBT is an e ff ective treatment of CMDs, response rates vary from 50% for depression and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) to 70-80% for more speci fi c anxiety disorders such as panic disorder and social anxiety disorder (Hofmann et al., 2012).”
BackgroundEffects of Two Group Prenatal Care Interventions on Mental Health: An RCT
Gennaro, S., Melnyk, B. M., Szalacha, L. A., Gibeau, A. M., Hoying, J., O'Connor, C. M., Cooper, A., & Aviles, M. (2024) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2024.01.005 · Cited by 21
Lunchenkov, N., Cherchenko, N., Altynbekov, K. S., Terlikbayeva, A., Primbetova, S., Gryazev, D., German, E., Batyrgaliev, U., & Steinert, J. (2024) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2024.112464 · Cited by 19
Nwadi, C. L., Edeh, N. I., Ugwunwoti, E. P., Nwokike, F. O., Nneji, S. O., Anamezie, R. C., Uguru, T. O., Onubuleze, F. K., Chukwu, P. N., Eya, G. M., et al. (2025) · BMC Medical Education · doi:10.1186/s12909-025-07130-w · Cited by 19
“Through techniques such as cognitive restructuring and exposure therapy, CBT helps individuals challenge and modify irrational beliefs associated with anxiety, leading to significant symptom reduction [24].”
Budde, H., Dolz, N., Mueller‐Alcazar, A., Schacht, F., Velasques, B., Ribeiro, P. F. M., Machado, S. E. D. C., & Wegner, M. (2025) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0317610 · Cited by 23
Biçer, A., Perihan, C., & Lee, Y. (2020) · International Electronic Journal of Mathematics Education · doi:10.29333/iejme/7598 · Cited by 23
Ametaj, A., Smith, A. M., & Valentine, S. E. (2021) · Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research · doi:10.1007/s10488-021-01129-3 · Cited by 21
Towards a Model of Leader Character Development: Insights From Anatomy and Music Therapy
Crossan, M. M., Ellis, C., & Crossan, C. (2021) · Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies · doi:10.1177/15480518211005455 · Cited by 22
“, dance; experiential learning Cognition Mental activities with thinking, learning, memory Prefrontal cortex (Funahashi, 2017) Fixed versus growth mindset (Dweck & Leggett, 1988; Haimovitz & Dweck, 2017) Fixed mindset and over-reliance on; maladaptive processes and distressed beliefs (Hofmann et al., 2012) Impaired le…”
BackgroundInfluentialZamiri-Miandoab, N., Hassanzadeh, R., Kamalifard, M., & Mirghafourvand, M. (2021) · International Journal of Adolescent Medicine and Health · doi:10.1515/ijamh-2021-0029 · Cited by 19
Schaffer, K. M., Evans, W. S., Dutcher, C. D., Philburn, C., & Henry, M. L. (2021) · American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology · doi:10.1044/2021_ajslp-20-00361 · Cited by 21
Designing and Building a Portfolio of Individual Support Resources for Physicians
Brazeau, C. M. L. R., Trockel, M., Swensen, S. J., & Shanafelt, T. D. (2023) · Academic Medicine · doi:10.1097/acm.0000000000005276 · Cited by 20
Wang, F., Zhang, S., Song, B., & Han, Y. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1138070 · Cited by 19
“Cognitive-behavioral stress management (CBSM) is a psychotherapy that helps patients prevent maladaptive cognitions and improve their ability to cope with stress (Hofmann et al., 2012; Francis and Kumar, 2013; Nakao et al., 2021).”
BackgroundNeuropsychological Consequences of Massive Trauma: Implications and Clinical Interventions
Theodoratou, M., Kougioumtzis, G. Α., Yotsidi, V., Sofologi, M., Katsarou, D. V., & Megari, K. (2023) · Medicina · doi:10.3390/medicina59122128 · Cited by 57
Qin, K., Yu, Y., Cai, H., Li, J., Zeng, J., & Liang, H. (2024) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2024.115808 · Cited by 21
Lucien, A., Francis, H., Wu, W., Woldhuis, T., & Gandy, M. (2024) · Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.msard.2024.105858 · Cited by 24
Advances Toward Evidence-Based Practice: Where to From Here?
Ollendick, T. H. (2013) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2013.08.004 · Cited by 19
Salemink, E., Friese, M., Drake, E., Mackintosh, B., & Hoppitt, L. (2013) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2013.00220 · Cited by 26
“Second, CBT can also change explicit processes such as self-reported socially anxious feelings (Hofmann et al., 2012).”
BackgroundEmotion suppression, not reappraisal, predicts psychotherapy outcome
Scherer, A., Boecker, M., Pawelzik, M. R., Gauggel, S., & Forkmann, T. (2015) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/10503307.2015.1080875 · Cited by 19
Gorlin, E. I., Lee, J., & Otto, M. W. (2017) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506073.2017.1342173 · Cited by 19
Lipschitz, J. M., Benzer, J. K., Miller, C. J., Easley, S. R., Leyson, J., Post, E. P., & Burgess, J. F. (2017) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/s12913-017-2601-9 · Cited by 19
Effects of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy on Empathy in Patients with Chronic Pain
Song, M.-K., Choi, S., Lee, D.-H., Lee, K.-J., Lee, W. J., & Kang, D. (2018) · Psychiatry Investigation · doi:10.30773/pi.2017.07.03 · Cited by 22
Renn, B. N., Hundt, N. E., Sansgiry, S., Petersen, N. J., Kauth, M. R., Kunik, M. E., & Cully, J. A. (2018) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1093/abm/kax045 · Cited by 19
Frohlich, J. R., Rapinda, K. K., Schaub, M. P., Wenger, A., Baumgartner, C., Johnson, E. A., O’Connor, R. M., Vincent, N., Blankers, M., Ebert, D. D., et al. (2018) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/11298 · Cited by 22
“CBT is an evidence-based therapy where the goal is for patients to develop better coping skills for alcohol and mood or anxiety issues [11].”
The efficacy of Ritalin in ADHD children under neurofeedback training
Pakdaman, F., Irani, F., Tajikzadeh, F., & Jabalkandi, S. A. (2018) · Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1007/s10072-018-3539-3 · Cited by 20
Brown, L. A., Wakschal, E. S., Block, S. R., Boisseau, C. L., Mancebo, M. C., Eisen, J. L., & Rasmussen, S. A. (2018) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2018.11.006 · Cited by 19
“For instance, clinicians do not implement exposure therapy, a preferred treatment for OCD, due to concerns about the risk for decompensation (Meyer et al., 2014; Hofmann et al., 2012).”
BackgroundGunn, A., Menzies, R. G., Onslow, M., O’Brian, S., Packman, A., Lowe, R., Helgadóttir, F. D., & Jones, M. (2019) · International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders · doi:10.1111/1460-6984.12496 · Cited by 19
Cognitive functioning and mental health in mitochondrial disease: A systematic scoping review
Klein, I., van de Loo, K. F. E., Smeitink, J. A. M., Janssen, M. C. H., Kessels, R. P. C., van Karnebeek, C., van der Veer, E., Custers, J. A. E., & Verhaak, C. M. (2021) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.02.004 · Cited by 20
Becker‐Haimes, E. M., Klein, M. R., McLeod, B. D., Schoenwald, S. K., Dorsey, S., Hogue, A., Fugo, P. B., Phan, M. L., Hoffacker, C. P., & Beidas, R. S. (2021) · Implementation Research and Practice · doi:10.1177/2633489521992553 · Cited by 19
“We use the exemplar of CBT for youth mental health as it has strong empirical support (Dorsey et al., 2017; Higa-McMillan et al., 2016; Hofmann et al., 2012; McCart & Sheidow, 2016) and because there have been nationwide implementation efforts designed to increase CBT use for youth (e.”
MethodGiraldo-O’Meara, M., & Doron, G. (2021) · Clinical Psychologist · doi:10.1080/13284207.2021.1923126 · Cited by 19
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and Motivational Enhancement Therapy
Wu, S. S., Schoenfelder, E. N., & Hsiao, R. C.-J. (2016) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.chc.2016.06.002 · Cited by 19
“To date, the efficacy of CBT has been studied across a multitude of psychiatric disorders, including depression, anxiety, eating disorders, schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders, and chronic pain, although it is most classically identified with depression(2) and anxiety.(4) More recently, clinicians and research…”
BackgroundMagwood, O., Saad, A., Ranger, D., Volpini, K., Rukikamirera, F., Haridas, R., Sayfi, S., Alexander, J., Tan, Y., & Pottie, K. (2024) · Campbell Systematic Reviews: Better Evidence for a Better World · doi:10.1002/cl2.1398 · Cited by 18
Burian, H., Böge, K., Burian, R., Burns, A., Nguyen, M. H., Ohse, L., Ta, T. M. T., Hahn, E., & Diefenbacher, A. (2021) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2021.110374 · Cited by 19
Rognsvåg, T., Lindberg, M. F., Lerdal, A., Stubberud, J., Furnes, O., Holm, I., Indrekvam, K., Lau, B., Rudsengen, D., Skou, S. T., et al. (2021) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/s12913-021-07177-7 · Cited by 18
“The premise for CBT in relation to pain is to identify and modify pain-enhancing thinking patterns, or cognitions, maladaptive behavior and situations that contribute to the maintenance of psychological distress, which may lead to further progression of pain [30].”
BackgroundCancer Patients’ and Survivors’ Perceptions of the Calm App: Cross-Sectional Descriptive Study
Huberty, J., Puzia, M., Eckert, R., & Larkey, L. (2020) · JMIR Cancer · doi:10.2196/16926 · Cited by 18
“Despite the variety of content offered and a basis in scientifically validated clinical stress reduction theories [32-34], Calm was designed for the general population, not specifically targeted for cancer patients and survivors.”
BackgroundEffects of mindfulness-based programs on competitive anxiety in sports: A meta-analysis
Wang, X., Nasiruddin, N. J. B. M., Ji, S., Gao, X., Hassan, M. Z. B., Dong, D., & Samsudin, S. B. (2024) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-024-05648-8 · Cited by 18
“Psychological changes often require time and consistent practice to become ingrained and produce lasting effects (Hofmann et al., 2012).”
Psychological interventions for co-occurring depression and substance use disorders
Hides, L., Quinn, C., Stoyanov, S., Kavanagh, D., & Baker, A. (2019) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd009501.pub2 · Cited by 32
Wang, S., Gao, L., Wang, C., Bai, J., Shen, M., Zhao, X., & Lin, M. F. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1433558 · Cited by 22
Metadata
- Authors
- Hofmann, S. G., Asnaani, A., Vonk, I. J. J., Sawyer, A. T., & Fang, A.
- Affiliations
- Boston University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Hofmann, Stefan G.
- Venue
- Cognitive Therapy and Research
- Published
- 2012-07-31
- Volume
- 36
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 427-440
- ISSN
- 0147-5916 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-2819
- PMC
- PMC3584580
- OpenAlex
- W2036735145
- Semantic Scholar
- 17c0a3ec0f066a90b84fa336daf8c55391b5254a
- Cited by
- 3,445
- References
- 130
- Citations by year
- 2026: 313 · 2025: 444 · 2024: 307 · 2023: 289 · 2022: 353 · 2021: 373 · 2020: 299 · 2019: 256 · 2018: 225 · 2017: 186 · 2016: 177 · 2015: 101 · 2014: 78 · 2013: 36 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 92.71
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Update notices
- correction (2014-01-08)
- Open access
- green
- europepmc.org
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Cognitive Therapy and Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (R21MH073937, R01MH078308, R01MH081116)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychological Treatments and Assessments
- Keywords
- cognitive behavioral therapy, treatment efficacy, meta-analysis, anxiety disorders, somatoform disorders, bulimia nervosa, anger management, stress, substance use disorders, schizophrenia, depression, bipolar disorder, eating disorders, insomnia, personality disorders, criminal behavior, chronic pain, pregnancy complications, children, older adults, evidence base
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