The DOI matches its Crossref record; 128 of the 130 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The Efficacy of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy: A Review of Meta-analyses
Open accessAbstract
Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) refers to a popular therapeutic approach that has been applied to a variety of problems. The goal of this review was to provide a comprehensive survey of meta-analyses examining the efficacy of CBT. We identified 269 meta-analytic studies and reviewed of those a representative sample of 106 meta-analyses examining CBT for the following problems: substance use disorder, schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders, depression and dysthymia, bipolar disorder, anxiety disorders, somatoform disorders, eating disorders, insomnia, personality disorders, anger and aggression, criminal behaviors, general stress, distress due to general medical conditions, chronic pain and fatigue, distress related to pregnancy complications and female hormonal conditions. Additional meta-analytic reviews examined the efficacy of CBT for various problems in children and elderly adults. The strongest support exists for CBT of anxiety disorders, somatoform disorders, bulimia, anger control problems, and general stress. Eleven studies compared response rates between CBT and other treatments or control conditions. CBT showed higher response rates than the comparison conditions in 7 of these reviews and only one review reported that CBT had lower response rates than comparison treatments. In general, the evidence-base of CBT is very strong. However, additional research is needed to examine the efficacy of CBT for randomized-controlled studies. Moreover, except for children and elderly populations, no meta-analytic studies of CBT have been reported on specific subgroups, such as ethnic minorities and low income samples.
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In the citing paper
“Cognitive behavioral therapies have been shown to increase success rates and may mitigate suicide risk during smoking cessation.22”
From Are smoking cessation treatments associated with suicidality risk? An overview (2016) · cites this paper as [22]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Through changing thoughts and behaviors, this treatment has been demonstrated to help improve mood symptoms and reduce cravings as well as facilitate smoking cessation.22,50”
From Are smoking cessation treatments associated with suicidality risk? An overview (2016) · cites this paper as [22]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Cognitive behavioral therapies (CBTs) theorize that mental disorders, including mood and addiction disorders, are maintained by cognitive, emotional, and behavioral factors, although the etiology of such disorders may be multicausal, including genetic components.”
From Are smoking cessation treatments associated with suicidality risk? An overview (2016) · cites this paper as [22]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Evidence-based psychological treatments for anxiety and depression (eg, cognitive behavioral therapy) are highly effective in reducing symptoms and improving functioning [1-3].”
From Clinical Effects of Asynchronous Provider-Guided Practice Sessions During Blended Care Therapy for Anxiety and Depression: Pragmatic Retrospective Cohort Study (2024) · cites this paper as [1]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“while general anxiety is related with neuroticism72 and the stress caused by individuals’ maladaptive patterns of thinking, judging, and responding73.”
From Rational thinking as a mediator of the relationship between mindfulness and dental anxiety (2023) · cites this paper as [73]
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“A variety of evidence-based psychotherapeutic treatments for depression are available (American Psychiatric Association, 2000), chief among them being CBT, shown to help in several chronic conditions, including chronic pain, diabetes, irritable bowel syndrome, and polycystic ovarian syndrome [37,38].”
From Psychological and Psychiatric Comorbidities in Youth with Serious Physical Illness (2022) · cites this paper as [37]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Because of its clear research support, CBT as the gold-standard evolving psychological treatment dominates the international guidelines for psychosocial treatments, making it a first-line treatment for many disorders.”
From Effectiveness of a hybrid arts-based Cognitive Behavioral Therapy intervention for patients with non-malignant chronic pain (2022) · cites this paper as [9]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“4 meta-analyses showed how CBT performed better than the other interventions in the treatment of occupational stress [25].”
From A conversational artificial intelligence agent for a mental health care app: Evaluation study of its participatory design (2021) · cites this paper as [25]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“The gold standard intervention to treat anxiety is exposure-based CBT (Hofmann et al., 2012).”
From Targeting excessive avoidance behavior to reduce anxiety related to asthma: A feasibility study of an exposure-based treatment delivered online (2021) · cites this paper as Hofmann et al., 2012
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) is widely accepted and has been repeatedly found to be effective for a wide range of psychological problems (Hofmann et al., 2012).”
From ICBT program for improving informal caregiver well-being: A qualitative study (2021) · cites this paper as Hofmann et al., 2012
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“The efficacy of this treatment is supported by The Task Force Report on Empirically Supported Treatments (ESTs; Chambless & Hollon, 1998) and the 12th Division of the APA.”
From Enhancing In Vivo Exposure in the Treatment of Panic Disorder and Agoraphobia Using Location-Based Technologies: A Case Study (2020) · cites this paper as Hofmann et al., 2012
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
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“The effects on antenatal depression are highly comparable to those found for ICBT-programs as well as traditional CBT for depression (Hedman et al., 2012;Hofmann et al., 2012;Cuijpers et al., 2013).”
From Internet delivered cognitive behavior therapy for antenatal depression: A randomised controlled trial (2017) · cites this paper as Hofmann et al., 2012
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Cognitive Behav ioural Therapy (CBT) is the most well-established psychological treat ment for anxiety and depression (Hofmann et al., 2012).”
From Effects of group Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) on anxiety and depressive symptoms in adults: A meta-analysis. (2022) · cites this paper as Hofmann et al., 2012
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Cognitive Behavioral Therapies (CBT) have been shown in recent decades to be broadly effective in reducing many forms of mental illness (Hofmann, Asnanni, Vonk, Sawyer, & Fang, 2012).”
From Trajectories of change in well-being during cognitive behavioral therapies for anxiety disorders: Quantifying the impact and covariation with improvements in anxiety (2020) · cites this paper as Hofmann, Asnanni, Vonk, Sawyer, & Fang, 2012
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Decades of research have clearly demonstrated that CBT has robust effects on many different forms of mental illness, including anxiety disorders (Hofmann et al., 2012)”
From Trajectories of change in well-being during cognitive behavioral therapies for anxiety disorders: Quantifying the impact and covariation with improvements in anxiety (2020) · cites this paper as Hofmann et al., 2012
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Similarly, CBT, with its focus on modifying maladaptive thought patterns and behaviors, has been associated with reductions in stress-related symptoms and pain intensity [64].”
From The Role of Cortisol in Chronic Stress, Neurodegenerative Diseases, and Psychological Disorders (2023) · cites this paper as [64]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Cognitive behavioral therapies (CBTs) have been found to be effective in treating individuals presenting with symptoms of anxiety and depression 20, 21 – common complaints of ICs – and hence it is likely an appropriate first choice treatment for ICs.”
From Cognitive behavioral therapies for informal caregivers of patients with cancer and cancer survivors: a systematic review and meta-analysis (2017) · cites this paper as [21]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Interventions that integrate elements of cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) have been shown to lead to positive outcomes in improving mental health (22).”
From Efficacy of eHealth interventions to reduce depression symptoms in individuals with obesity: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials (2024) · cites this paper as [22]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Changing cognitions and thoughts can help to reduce symptoms [25].”
From A conversational artificial intelligence agent for a mental health care app: Evaluation study of its participatory design (2021) · cites this paper as [25]
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In the citing paper
“Furthermore, panic patients who believed that they had control over the amount of CO 2 they inhaled by turning an inoperative dial were less likely to panic than individuals who knew that they had no control over it 26”
From “Third-wave” cognitive and behavioral therapies and the emergence of a process-based approach to intervention in psychiatry (2021) · cites this paper as [26]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“During the past two decades, effective therapies have become available for the treatment of several PDs [14–16].”
From Personality disorders are important risk factors for disability pensioning (2014) · cites this paper as [15]
In the citing paper
“As PDs are relatively common in the community, and effective treatment is available for some, health care workers should be aware of the strong link between PDs and work force exclusion.”
From Personality disorders are important risk factors for disability pensioning (2014) · cites this paper as [15]
In the citing paper
“A recent review of the literature identified 269 meta-analytic studies examining CBT for nearly every DSM category (Hofmann, Asnaani, Vonk, Sawyer, & Fang, 2012).”
From A process-based approach to psychological diagnosis and treatment:The conceptual and treatment utility of an extended evolutionary meta model (2020) · cites this paper as Hofmann, Asnaani, Vonk, Sawyer, & Fang, 2012
In the citing paper
“While medication and cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) are effective for anxiety disorders (Bandelow et al., 2015;Olatunji, Cisler, & Deacon, 2010), these treatments have limitations, such as drug side-effects and drug dependence, and modest efficacy as only about half of anxiety sufferers respond successfully to CBT (Hofmann, Asnaani, Vonk, Sawyer, & Fang, 2012).”
From Anxiety and attention to threat: cognitive mechanisms and treatment with attention bias modification (2016) · cites this paper as Hofmann et al., 2012
In the citing paper
“It is not surprising then that protocolized treatments for specific forms of psychopathology are only effective for a portion of patients [10].”
From Using person-specific networks in psychotherapy: challenges, limitations, and how we could use them anyway (2020) · cites this paper as [10]
In the citing paper
“Thus, although there is accumulating evidence for the efficacy of these approaches (Hofmann, Asnaani, Vonk, Sawyer, & Fang, 2012; Kuyken et al., 2016), their wide-spread availability is currently limited.”
From Beneficial effects of training in self-distancing and perspective broadening for people with a history of recurrent depression (2017) · cites this paper as Hofmann, Asnaani, Vonk, Sawyer, & Fang, 2012
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Citations
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–200 of 1,047
Davis, A. K., So, S., Lancelotta, R., Barsuglia, J. P., & Griffiths, R. R. (2019) · The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse · doi:10.1080/00952990.2018.1545024 · Cited by 142
Ellis, S. J., Wakefield, C. E., Antill, G., Burns, M., & Patterson, P. (2016) · European Journal of Cancer Care · doi:10.1111/ecc.12432 · Cited by 141
“There is evidence to suggest that techniques such as cognitive behaviour therapy for children are able to yield larger effects than other types of interventions such as non-directive peer support groups (Helgeson & Cohen 1996; Campbell et al. 2004; Hofmann et al. 2012; Maalouf & Brent 2012).”
BackgroundClifton, J. D. W., Baker, J. D., Park, C. L., Yaden, D. B., Clifton, A. B. W., Terni, P., Miller, J. L., Zeng, G., Giorgi, S., Schwartz, H. A., et al. (2018) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/pas0000639 · Cited by 155
Cognitive behavioral therapy is effective in misophonia: An open trial
Schröder, A. E., Vulink, N. C., van Loon, A. J., & Denys, D. A. (2017) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2017.04.017 · Cited by 139
The Treatment of Internet Gaming Disorder: a Brief Overview of the PIPATIC Program
Torres-Rodríguez, A., Griffiths, M. D., & Carbonell, X. (2017) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-017-9825-0 · Cited by 153
“One of the main psychological treatments used in the PIPATIC program is CBT given its empirically supported efficacy (Hofmann et al. 2012; Nathan 2015).”
MethodAn integrative collaborative care model for people with mental illness and physical comorbidities
Ee, C., Lake, J., Firth, J., Hargraves, F., de Manincor, M., Meade, T., Marx, W., & Sarris, J. J. (2020) · International Journal of Mental Health Systems · doi:10.1186/s13033-020-00410-6 · Cited by 173
Lazaridou, A., Kim, J., Cahalan, C. M., Loggia, M. L., Franceschelli, O., Berna, C., Schur, P. H., Napadow, V., & Edwards, R. R. (2016) · Clinical Journal of Pain · doi:10.1097/ajp.0000000000000422 · Cited by 136
“Education is often utilized as an active control condition that provides a comparator in CBT in controlled trials (43).”
BackgroundState-of-the-art behavioral and pharmacological treatments for alcohol use disorder
Ray, L. A., Bujarski, S., Grodin, E. N., Hartwell, E. E., Green, R., Venegas, A., Lim, A. C., Gillis, A. J., & Miotto, K. A. (2018) · The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse · doi:10.1080/00952990.2018.1528265 · Cited by 136
“be more effective for women than men (37).”
BackgroundSchneider, R. L., Arch, J. J., & Wolitzky-Taylor, K. B. (2015) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2015.02.004 · Cited by 135
Prediction of disability in schizophrenia: Symptoms, cognition, and self-assessment
Harvey, P. D., Strassnig, M., & Silberstein, J. (2019) · Journal of Experimental Psychopathology · doi:10.1177/2043808719865693 · Cited by 157
A systematic review of treatment for patients with burning mouth syndrome
Tan, H. L., Smith, J. G., Hoffmann, J., & Renton, T. F. (2021) · Cephalalgia · doi:10.1177/03331024211036152 · Cited by 133
“CBT improves the patient’s quality of life by allowing them to perform their daily activities without limitation and diverts their concentration on the pain, changing the thought and coping adaptive behaviours (118,119).”
BackgroundAndersen, P., Toner, P., Bland, M., & McMillan, D. (2016) · Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1017/s1352465816000229 · Cited by 128
Antoni, M. H., Moreno, P. I., & Penedo, F. J. (2023) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-030122-124119 · Cited by 132
“CBT is one of the most widely studied intervention approaches and has strong evidence for effectiveness in several disorders and symptom clusters that are common in the cancer context, including anxiety, depression, and overall psychological distress and stress (Hofmann et al. 2012).”
BackgroundHeart rate variability in insomnia patients: A critical review of the literature
Dodds, K. L., Miller, C. B., Kyle, S. D., Marshall, N. S., & Gordon, C. J. (2016) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2016.06.004 · Cited by 141
Psychological and mind-body interventions for endometriosis: A systematic review
Evans, S., Fernandez, S., Olive, L., Payne, L. A., & Mikocka-Walus, A. (2019) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2019.109756 · Cited by 131
PULLING BACK THE CURTAIN ON HERITABILITY STUDIES: BIOSOCIAL CRIMINOLOGY IN THE POSTGENOMIC ERA
BURT, C. H., & Simons, R. L. (2014) · Criminology · doi:10.1111/1745-9125.12036 · Cited by 135
“Importantly, given our concern with deviant behavior, hundreds of studies have shown that cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) can effectively change the (disturbed) thought processes and behaviors of adults with various types of psychopathology (Hofmann et al., 2012).”
BackgroundDiversity in randomized clinical trials of depression: A 36-year review
Polo, A. J., Makol, B. A., Castro, A. S., Colón-Quintana, N., Wagstaff, A. E., & Guo, S. (2019) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2018.09.004 · Cited by 114
Oswald, T. M., Winder‐Patel, B., Ruder, S., Xing, G., Stahmer, A. C., & Solomon, M. (2017) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-017-3421-9 · Cited by 140
“Cognitive behavioral therapies (CBT) are extensively researched evidence-based treatments that are commonly used to increase coping self-efficacy and teach people skills to manage stress associated with daily hassles, major life events and transitions (Chesney et al. 2003; Hofmann et al. 2012), and are considered the…”
BackgroundIndividuals with depression express more distorted thinking on social media
Bathina, K. C., ten Thij, M., Lorenzo‐Luaces, L., Rutter, L. A., & Bollen, J. (2021) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-021-01050-7 · Cited by 146
Garnefski, N., & Kraaij, V. (2014) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2014.07.005 · Cited by 122
Mak, W. W., Tong, A. C., Yip, S. Y., Lui, W. W., Chio, F. H., Chan, A. T., & Wong, C. C. (2018) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/mental.8597 · Cited by 123
“Cognitive behavioral training has been widely studied in the literature and has demonstrated its efficacy and effectiveness in managing psychological distress [10] and enhancing well-being in the general population [14].”
Zhang, A., Borhneimer, L. A., Weaver, A., Franklin, C., Hai, A. H., Guz, S., & Li, S. (2019) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10865-019-00046-z · Cited by 135
Commercial Off-The-Shelf Video Games for Reducing Stress and Anxiety: Systematic Review
Pallavicini, F., Pepe, A., & Mantovani, F. (2021) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/28150 · Cited by 146
Dear, B. F., Staples, L. G., Terides, M. D., Fogliati, V. J., Sheehan, J., Johnston, L., Kayrouz, R., Dear, R., McEvoy, P. M., & Titov, N. (2016) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2016.05.004 · Cited by 114
Psychological Considerations in Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation
Amonoo, H. L., Massey, C. N., Freedman, M. E., El-Jawahri, A. R., Vitagliano, H. L., Pirl, W. F., & Huffman, J. C. (2019) · Psychosomatics · doi:10.1016/j.psym.2019.02.004 · Cited by 114
Bunevičienė, I., Mekary, R. A., Smith, T. R., Onnela, J.-P. “., & Bunevičius, A. (2020) · Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology · doi:10.1016/j.critrevonc.2020.103123 · Cited by 117
“CBT is a structured form of psychotherapy that helps to cope with negative emotions by changing thoughts and behavior (Daniels, 2015; Hofmann et al., 2012).”
Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy With Older Adults: An Exploratory Study
Foulk, M. A., Ingersoll-Dayton, B., Kavanagh, J., Robinson, E., & Kales, H. C. (2014) · Journal of Gerontological Social Work · doi:10.1080/01634372.2013.869787 · Cited by 115
“In a comprehensive review, Hofmann et al. (2012) determined that in studies of elderly patients, CBT had a larger effect size, as compared to other psychosocial treatments.”
ResultGuarino, A., Polini, C., Forte, G., Favieri, F., Boncompagni, I., & Casagrande, M. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm9010209 · Cited by 106
“Although many studies have shown the effectiveness of this type of intervention in different types of health promotion (for a review see [95]), the higher power of this approach in this meta-analysis could be due to the inclusion of studies used Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT).”
BackgroundJacob, A., Moullec, G., Lavoie, K., Laurin, C., Cowan, T., Tisshaw, C., Kazazian, C., Raddatz, C., & Bacon, S. (2018) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/hea0000576 · Cited by 128
“…et al., 2013; Keranen et al., 2009; Nurkkala et al., 2015; Teixeira et al., 2010; Werrij et al., 2009), and, consistent with our findings, others have shown it to be efficacious at addressing these outcomes (Hofmann et al., 2012), which in return may enhance weight loss (Cooper et al., 2003).”
ResultAltered appetitive conditioning and neural connectivity in subjects with compulsive sexual behavior
Klucken, T., Wehrum-Osinsky, S., Schweckendiek, J., Kruse, O., & Stark, R. (2016) · The Journal of Sexual Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.jsxm.2016.01.013 · Cited by 110
Gallagher, M. W., Long, L. J., Richardson, A., D’Souza, J., Boswell, J. F., Farchione, T. J., & Barlow, D. H. (2020) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2019.06.001 · Cited by 108
Stephens, S., Ford, E., Paudyal, P., & Smith, H. (2016) · The Annals of Family Medicine · doi:10.1370/afm.1967 · Cited by 109
“4) 6, 12, and 18 mo EPDS, STAI, PSI 28 34 Milgrom et al,38 2005, Australia 192 CBT (46)”
Barrett, S., Begg, S. J., O’Halloran, P., & Kingsley, M. (2018) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-018-6062-9 · Cited by 118
“vention studies have indicated that larger post-treatment effect sizes are produced if MI and CBT are delivered with fidelity [50, 51], it can be hypothesised that integrated MI-CBT interventions adhering to higher rates of fidelity have the potential to produce increased effect sizes [61].”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialInsomnia during Pregnancy: Diagnosis and Rational Interventions
Hashmi, A. M., Bhatia, S. K., Bhatia, S. K., & Khawaja, I. S. (2016) · Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences · doi:10.12669/pjms.324.10421 · Cited by 120
Burkhouse, K. L., Kujawa, A., Kennedy, A. E., Shankman, S. A., Langenecker, S. A., Phan, K. L., & Klumpp, H. (2016) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.22482 · Cited by 108
“anxiety and depression vary, with a range of 51%–87% for depression and 38%–77% for anxiety disorders.[1] These findings suggest that for many patients CBT is ineffective, with between 13% and 62% of individuals failing to show significant reductions in symptoms.”
BackgroundFriborg, M. K., Hansen, J. V., Aldrich, P. T., Folker, A. P., Kjær, S., Nielsen, M. B. D., Rugulies, R., & Madsen, I. E. H. (2017) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-017-4669-x · Cited by 119
“given data supporting effects of psychotherapy on depression [45].”
BackgroundEfficacy of cognitive-behavioral therapy for childhood anxiety and depression
Crowe, K., & McKay, D. (2017) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2017.04.001 · Cited by 101
“CBT for depression in adult populations has not been as well supported in the literature as CBT for anxiety based on lower effect sizes (Hofmann et al., 2012), though cognitive therapy and behavioral therapy for depression are both considered treatments with strong research support by Society of…”
MethodResultApolinário-Hagen, J., Drüge, M., & Fritsche, L. (2020) · Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology · doi:10.1007/978-981-32-9705-0_17 · Cited by 100
Kishita, N., Backhouse, T., & Mioshi, E. (2020) · Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology · doi:10.1177/0891988719856690 · Cited by 103
“CBT has established itself as an efficacious and appropriate psychological treatment for use with individuals with anxiety disorders across the life span.(46) CBT approaches used in RCTs included in the analysis utilized techniques from conventional CBT, such as challenging dysfunctional thoughts, developing positive…”
MethodCognitive Function as a Transdiagnostic Treatment Target in Stimulant Use Disorders
Sofuoglu, M., DeVito, E. E., Waters, A. J., & Carroll, K. M. (2016) · Journal of Dual Diagnosis · doi:10.1080/15504263.2016.1146383 · Cited by 105
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Migraine Headache: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Bae, J.-Y., Sung, H.-K., Kwon, N.-Y., Go, H.-Y., Kim, T.-J., Shin, S.-M., & Lee, S. (2021) · Medicina · doi:10.3390/medicina58010044 · Cited by 105
“Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is a treatment that uses cognitive factors to improve mental disorders and psychological distress [20].”
BackgroundPsychological interventions potentially useful for increasing conscientiousness.
Javaras, K. N., Williams, M. T., & Baskin-sommers, A. R. (2019) · Personality Disorders Theory Research and Treatment · doi:10.1037/per0000267 · Cited by 101
Spain, D., & Happé, F. (2020) · Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1007/s10942-019-00335-1 · Cited by 97
Treatment as usual and routine care in research and clinical practice
Kazdin, A. E. (2015) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2015.08.006 · Cited by 96
Efficacy of yoga for depressed postpartum women: A randomized controlled trial
Buttner, M. M. A., Brock, R. L., O’Hara, M. W., & Stuart, S. P. (2015) · Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.ctcp.2015.03.003 · Cited by 115
“One meta-analytic review showed that CBT for depression was more effective relative to wait-list control conditions with medium effect sizes (Hofmann et al., 2012).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialKorotana, L. M., Dobson, K. S., Pusch, D., & Josephson, T. (2016) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2016.04.007 · Cited by 114
Ferreira, M. G., Mariano, L. I., Rezende, J. V. D., Caramelli, P., & Kishita, N. (2022) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2022.04.134 · Cited by 94
Herzog, P., Lauff, S., Rief, W., & Brakemeier, E. (2019) · Brain and Behavior · doi:10.1002/brb3.1447 · Cited by 95
Cognitive behavioral therapy: Current status and future research directions
McMain, S., Newman, M. G., Segal, Z. V., & DeRubeis, R. J. (2015) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/10503307.2014.1002440 · Cited by 106
Mental Health Apps: Innovations, Risks and Ethical Considerations
Giota, K. G., & Kleftaras, G. (2014) · E-Health Telecommunication Systems and Networks · doi:10.4236/etsn.2014.33003 · Cited by 89
“Although CBT interventions are successful in a number of mental health problems in face-to-face therapy [27], the evidence on the impact of CBT-based mHealth apps is still limited [28].”
BackgroundToward a Cognitive-Behavioral Classification System for Mental Disorders
Hofmann, S. G. (2014) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2014.03.001 · Cited by 93
Self-citationMcLean, C. P., Asnaani, A., & Foa, E. B. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-07109-1_8 · Cited by 93
Self-citationSchwartz, B., Cohen, Z. D., Rubel, J. A., Zimmermann, D., Wittmann, W. W., & Lutz, W. (2020) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/10503307.2020.1769219 · Cited by 101
Li, C., Xu, D., Hu, M., Tan, Y., Zhang, P., Li, G., & Chen, L. (2017) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2017.02.006 · Cited by 90
Psychological therapies for the treatment of depression in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Pollok, J., van Agteren, J. E., Esterman, A. J., & Carson‐Chahhoud, K. (2019) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd012347.pub2 · Cited by 93
The efficacy and effectiveness of psychological treatments for mood, anxiety, and related disorders.
Hunsley, J. D., Elliott, K., & Therrien, Z. (2014) · Canadian Psychology/Psychologie canadienne · doi:10.1037/a0036933 · Cited by 108
Consequences of Childhood Bullying on Mental Health and Relationships for Young Adults
deLara, E. W. (2018) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-018-1197-y · Cited by 89
Negative social interactions and risk of mild cognitive impairment in old age
Wilson, R. S., Boyle, P. A., James, B. D., Leurgans, S. E., Buchman, A. S., & Bennett, D. A. (2015) · Neuropsychology · doi:10.1037/neu0000154 · Cited by 87
“Regardless of the mechanisms linking chronic psychosocial stress to cognition, the present results suggest that interventions targeting how individuals manage and appraise daily stress (Khoury et al., 2013; Hofmann et al., 2012) may benefit cognitive health in old age.”
BackgroundSide effects in internet-based interventions for social anxiety disorder
Boettcher, J., Rozental, A., Andersson, G., & Carlbring, P. (2014) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2014.02.002 · Cited by 88
“A recent review of 291 meta-analyses on face-to-face CBT reported response rates of 46–77% for anxiety disorders implying that non-response and deterioration varied between 23 and 54% (Hofmann et al., 2012).”
Backgroundİnce, B. Ü., Cuijpers, P. J., Hof, E. V., van Ballegooijen, W., Christensen, H. M., & Riper, H. M. (2013) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.2853 · Cited by 89
“Psychotherapy, such as cognitive behavior therapy [11,12] and problem-solving therapy [13], has found to be effective in the treatment of adult depression, but little is known about whether this effectiveness also holds for ethnic minorities.”
Randall, C. L., & McNeil, D. W. (2016) · Cognitive and Behavioral Practice · doi:10.1016/j.cbpra.2016.05.003 · Cited by 96
O'Toole, M. S., Zachariae, R., Renna, M. E., Mennin, D. S., & Applebaum, A. (2017) · Psycho-Oncology · doi:10.1002/pon.4144 · Cited by 86
“Cognitive behavioral therapies (CBTs) have been found to be effective in treating individuals presenting with symptoms of anxiety and depression [20,21] – common complaints of ICs – and hence it is likely an appropriate first choice treatment for ICs.”
BackgroundKishita, N., & Laidlaw, K. (2017) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2017.01.003 · Cited by 87
Rasing, S. P. A., Creemers, D. H. M., Janssens, J. M. A. M., & Scholte, R. H. J. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01066 · Cited by 88
“As we know from reviews of meta-analyses (Butler et al., 2006; Hofmann et al., 2012), cognitive behavioral therapy demonstrated to be an effective treatment for a wide range of psychological problems, including depression and anxiety.”
Fogliati, V. J., Dear, B. F., Staples, L. G., Terides, M. D., Sheehan, J., Johnston, L., Kayrouz, R., Dear, R., McEvoy, P. M., & Titov, N. (2016) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2016.03.005 · Cited by 86
“Psychometric evaluations suggest that it has high internal consistency, good test-retest reliability and is sensitive to treatment-related change in panic symptoms (Houck et al., 2002).”
BackgroundInterventions targeting emotion regulation: A systematic umbrella review
Saccaro, L. F., Giff, A. E., Rossi, M. M. D., & Piguet, C. (2024) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2024.04.025 · Cited by 87
Fuller‐Tyszkiewicz, M., Richardson, B., Lewis, V., Linardon, J., Mills, J., Juknaitis, K., Lewis, C., Coulson, K., O’Donnell, R., Arulkadacham, L., et al. (2019) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2019.01.028 · Cited by 93
Beidas, R. S., Williams, N. J., Becker‐Haimes, E. M., Aarons, G. A., Barg, F. K., Evans, A. C., Jackson, K., Jones, D. T., Hadley, T. R., Hoagwood, K., et al. (2019) · Implementation Science · doi:10.1186/s13012-019-0912-4 · Cited by 91
Elkjær, E., Mikkelsen, M. B., Michalak, J., Mennin, D. S., & O’Toole, M. S. (2020) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691620919358 · Cited by 96
Multimodal treatment of persistent postural–perceptual dizziness
Axer, H., Finn, S., Wassermann, A., Guntinas‐Lichius, O., Klingner, C. M., & Witte, O. W. (2020) · Brain and Behavior · doi:10.1002/brb3.1864 · Cited by 89
“Thus, CBT stimulates the patient to identify and to challenge the validity of maladaptive cognitions and therefore modify maladaptive behavioral patterns (Hofmann et al., 2012).”
BackgroundEfficacy of psychosocial interventions for Autism spectrum disorder: an umbrella review
Gosling, C. J., Cartigny, A., Mellier, B. C., Solanes, A., Raduà, J., & Delorme, R. (2022) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-022-01670-z · Cited by 97
“Besides, cognitivebehavioral therapy (CBT), which has shown robust efficacy on symptoms of various mental health conditions [19], has also been applied to individuals with ASD [20].”
MethodCommentary on Muris and Otgaar (2020): Let the Empirical Evidence Speak on the Self-Compassion Scale
Neff, K. D. (2020) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-020-01411-9 · Cited by 101
“Unlike Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, which often targets negative self-talk directly (Hofmann et al., 2012), therapies such as CFT focus on helping clients build skills of selfsoothing as a means to reduce self-criticism.”
BackgroundAkeman, E., Kirlic, N., Clausen, A. N., Cosgrove, K. T., McDermott, T. J., Cromer, L. D., Paulus, M. P., Yeh, H., & Aupperle, R. L. (2020) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.22969 · Cited by 85
“This serves to highlight the importance of cognitive‐behavioral skills in preventing the rise of mental health symptoms and corroborates the plethora of evidence supporting CBT for depression (Cuijpers, van Straten, & Warmerdam, 2007; Hofmann et al., 2012).”
ResultPyke, R. E., & Clayton, A. H. (2015) · The Journal of Sexual Medicine · doi:10.1111/jsm.13056 · Cited by 84
Kilbourne, A. M., Smith, S. N., Choi, S. Y., Koschmann, E., Liebrecht, C., Rusch, A., Abelson, J. L., Eisenberg, D., Himle, J. A., Fitzgerald, K. D., et al. (2018) · Implementation Science · doi:10.1186/s13012-018-0808-8 · Cited by 88
Factors Influencing Clinical Correlates of Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE): a Review
Asken, B. M., Sullan, M. J., Snyder, A., Houck, Z. M., Bryant, V. E., Hizel, L. P., McLaren, M. E., Dede, D. E., Jaffee, M. S., DeKosky, S. T., et al. (2016) · Neuropsychology Review · doi:10.1007/s11065-016-9327-z · Cited by 90
“Pharmacotherapy for neuropsychiatric or sleep complaints, psychotherapy targetingmood and behavioral disturbances (Hofmann et al. 2012), sleep hygiene or cognitive”
BackgroundA process-based approach to cognitive behavioral therapy: A theory-based case illustration
Ong, C. W., Hayes, S. C., & Hofmann, S. G. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1002849 · Cited by 91
“Data from hundreds of randomized controlled trials have shown that protocol-based CBT leads to more symptom improvement on average compared to other interventions (e.g., Butler et al., 2006; Hofmann et al., 2012).”
Self-citationHosokawa, R., Matsumoto, Y., Nishida, C., Funato, K., & Mitani, A. (2024) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-024-02280-w · Cited by 181
Querstret, D., Cropley, M., Krüger, P., & Heron, R. J. L. (2015) · European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1080/1359432x.2015.1015516 · Cited by 99
“…the efficacy of CBT-based interventions for the reduction of work-related psychological complaints has been found in a number of reviews (see, e.g., Hofmann et al., 2012; Richardson & Rothstein, 2008; Van Der Klink et al., 2001), and, as stated previously, CBT interventions have proven effective…”
BackgroundRonen, T., & Kerret, D. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17196968 · Cited by 112
“The basic cognitive-behavioral model and its systematic tools for facilitating effective behavioral change have been successfully applied in various policy fields to create sustainable change [76,77,81].”
MethodNaeem, F., Khoury, B., Munshi, T., Ayub, M., Lecomte, T., Kingdon, D., & Farooq, S. (2016) · International Journal of Cognitive Therapy · doi:10.1521/ijct_2016_09_04 · Cited by 80
Cognitive-behavioral therapy for patients with chronic pain
Lim, J.-A., Choi, S., Lee, W. J., Jang, J. H., Moon, J. Y., Kim, Y. C., & Kang, D. (2018) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000010867 · Cited by 88
“CBT focuses on reducing pain and distress by modifying physical sensations, catastrophic thinking, and maladaptive behaviors.([30]) Pieh et al([41]) provided a evidence that women benefit more from multimodal pain therapy including CBT-oriented group program than men.”
BackgroundFeld, G. B., & Jan Born, A. (2019) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/s41386-019-0490-9 · Cited by 84
The avatar will see you now: Support from a virtual human provides socio-emotional benefits
Pauw, L. S., Sauter, D. A., Kleef, G. A. V., Lucas, G., Gratch, J. S., & Fischer, A. H. (2022) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2022.107368 · Cited by 91
The effect of acceptance and commitment therapy on insomnia and sleep quality: A systematic review
Salari, N., Khazaie, H., Hosseinian-Far, A., Khaledi-Paveh, B., Ghasemi, H., Mohammadi, M., & Shohaimi, S. (2020) · BMC Neurology · doi:10.1186/s12883-020-01883-1 · Cited by 78
Sindermann, L., Redlich, R., Opel, N., Böhnlein, J., Dannlowski, U., & Leehr, E. J. (2021) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.07.022 · Cited by 80
Jiskoot, G., Dietz de Loos, A., Beerthuizen, A., Timman, R., Busschbach, J., & Laven, J. (2020) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0233876 · Cited by 76
“In the general population, long-term results are mixed; some meta-analysis found CBT to be equally effective compared to other psychological treatments while other meta-analysis found favorable results for CBT [26].”
ResultCiarrochi, J., Sahdra, B., Hofmann, S. G., & Hayes, S. C. (2022) · Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcbs.2022.02.001 · Cited by 77
“For example, most forms of cognitive behavioral therapy (Butler, Chapman, Forman, & Beck, 2006; Hofmann, Asnaani, Vonk, Sawyer, & Fang, 2012) focus on problematic cognition, and the two PBAT cognition items (thinking helped, thinking got in the way) were top predictors of positive and negative…”
Self-citationEarly Maladaptive Schemas and Schema Modes in clinical disorders: A systematic review
Bär, A., Bär, H. E., Rijkeboer, M. M., & Lobbestael, J. (2023) · Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice · doi:10.1111/papt.12465 · Cited by 79
Maladaptive Aggression: With a Focus on Impulsive Aggression in Children and Adolescents
Connor, D. F., Newcorn, J. H., Saylor, K. E., Amann, B. H., Scahill, L. D., Robb, A. S., Jensen, P. S., Vitiello, B., Findling, R. L., & Buitelaar, J. K. (2019) · Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1089/cap.2019.0039 · Cited by 82
“A further review of meta-analyses aimed at evaluating the effects of CBT on anger control problems and aggression reported that CBT is moderately effective in reducing anger and aggression, compared to the smaller effects of other psychosocial interventions evaluated (Del Vecchio and O’Leary 2004; Saini 2009; Hofmann…”
ResultNeuropathic Pain in the Elderly
Giovannini, S., Coraci, D., Brau, F., Galluzzo, V., Loreti, C., Caliandro, P., Padua, L., Maccauro, G., Biscotti, L., & Bernabei, R. (2021) · Diagnostics · doi:10.3390/diagnostics11040613 · Cited by 78
“In addition, generalized anxiety disorder is not uncommon in the elderly [108].”
BackgroundChronic Stress and Headaches: The Role of the HPA Axis and Autonomic Nervous System
Sič, A., Bogicevic, M., Brezić, N., Nemr, C., & Knežević, N. N. (2025) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines13020463 · Cited by 100
“CBT is particularly effective for managing migraines and tension-type headaches, which are often linked to emotional and psychological factors [135].”
Effectiveness of cognitive behavioral group therapy for depression in routine practice
Thimm, J., & Antonsen, L. (2014) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-014-0292-x · Cited by 81
“The majority of systematic reviews and meta-analyses have concluded that cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) is an efficacious treatment for depression [1-3].”
BackgroundScott, J. L., Dawkins, S., Quinn, M. G., Sanderson, K., Elliott, K.-E. J., Stirling, C., Schüz, B., & Robinson, A. (2016) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2015.1040724 · Cited by 77
“Additionally, while the size of the effects shown in the four studies is small-to-moderate, they are comparable with some of the effects shown for CBT interventions across a range of behaviors (Hofmann et al., 2012).”
ResultPsychotherapy for Mental Health Symptoms and Disorders in Elite Athletes: A Narrative Review
Stillman, M. A., Glick, I. D., McDuff, D., Reardon, C. L., Hitchcock, M. E., Fitch, V. M., & Hainline, B. (2019) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsports-2019-100654 · Cited by 77
Smith, B. W., Ford, C. G., Erickson, K. S., & Guzman, A. (2020) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-020-00233-9 · Cited by 103
Tassone, F., Protic, D. D., Allen, E. G., Archibald, A. D., Baud, A., Brown, T. W., Budimirovic, D. B., Cohen, J., Dufour, B. D., Eiges, R., et al. (2023) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells12182330 · Cited by 78
Lam, S. C., Arora, T., Grey, I., Suen, L. K. P., Huang, E. Y.-Z., Li, D., & Lam, K. B. H. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00686 · Cited by 74
Ebert, D. D., Harrer, M., Apolinário-Hagen, J., & Baumeister, H. (2019) · Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology · doi:10.1007/978-981-32-9721-0_29 · Cited by 76
d-Cycloserine Augmentation of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Anxiety Disorders: an Update
Hofmann, S. G., Otto, M. W., Pollack, M. H., & Smits, J. A. J. (2014) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-014-0532-2 · Cited by 76
“Patients randomly assigned to the DCS condition (N=17) subsequently reported less avoidance of heights in their daily activities after study completion than those who assigned to the placebo condition (N=10). These results suggest that DCS enhanced the memory of successful exposure experiences and influence subsequent…”
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Hofmann, S. G., Asnaani, A., Vonk, I. J. J., Sawyer, A. T., & Fang, A.
- Affiliations
- Boston University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Hofmann, Stefan G.
- Venue
- Cognitive Therapy and Research
- Published
- 2012-07-31
- Volume
- 36
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 427-440
- ISSN
- 0147-5916 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-2819
- PMC
- PMC3584580
- OpenAlex
- W2036735145
- Semantic Scholar
- 17c0a3ec0f066a90b84fa336daf8c55391b5254a
- Cited by
- 3,445
- References
- 130
- Citations by year
- 2026: 313 · 2025: 444 · 2024: 307 · 2023: 289 · 2022: 353 · 2021: 373 · 2020: 299 · 2019: 256 · 2018: 225 · 2017: 186 · 2016: 177 · 2015: 101 · 2014: 78 · 2013: 36 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 92.71
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Update notices
- correction (2014-01-08)
- Open access
- green
- europepmc.org
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Cognitive Therapy and Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (R21MH073937, R01MH078308, R01MH081116)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychological Treatments and Assessments
- Keywords
- cognitive behavioral therapy, treatment efficacy, meta-analysis, anxiety disorders, somatoform disorders, bulimia nervosa, anger management, stress, substance use disorders, schizophrenia, depression, bipolar disorder, eating disorders, insomnia, personality disorders, criminal behavior, chronic pain, pregnancy complications, children, older adults, evidence base
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