The DOI matches its Crossref record; 128 of the 130 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The Efficacy of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy: A Review of Meta-analyses
Open accessAbstract
Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) refers to a popular therapeutic approach that has been applied to a variety of problems. The goal of this review was to provide a comprehensive survey of meta-analyses examining the efficacy of CBT. We identified 269 meta-analytic studies and reviewed of those a representative sample of 106 meta-analyses examining CBT for the following problems: substance use disorder, schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders, depression and dysthymia, bipolar disorder, anxiety disorders, somatoform disorders, eating disorders, insomnia, personality disorders, anger and aggression, criminal behaviors, general stress, distress due to general medical conditions, chronic pain and fatigue, distress related to pregnancy complications and female hormonal conditions. Additional meta-analytic reviews examined the efficacy of CBT for various problems in children and elderly adults. The strongest support exists for CBT of anxiety disorders, somatoform disorders, bulimia, anger control problems, and general stress. Eleven studies compared response rates between CBT and other treatments or control conditions. CBT showed higher response rates than the comparison conditions in 7 of these reviews and only one review reported that CBT had lower response rates than comparison treatments. In general, the evidence-base of CBT is very strong. However, additional research is needed to examine the efficacy of CBT for randomized-controlled studies. Moreover, except for children and elderly populations, no meta-analytic studies of CBT have been reported on specific subgroups, such as ethnic minorities and low income samples.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Cognitive behavioral therapies have been shown to increase success rates and may mitigate suicide risk during smoking cessation.22”
From Are smoking cessation treatments associated with suicidality risk? An overview (2016) · cites this paper as [22]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Through changing thoughts and behaviors, this treatment has been demonstrated to help improve mood symptoms and reduce cravings as well as facilitate smoking cessation.22,50”
From Are smoking cessation treatments associated with suicidality risk? An overview (2016) · cites this paper as [22]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Cognitive behavioral therapies (CBTs) theorize that mental disorders, including mood and addiction disorders, are maintained by cognitive, emotional, and behavioral factors, although the etiology of such disorders may be multicausal, including genetic components.”
From Are smoking cessation treatments associated with suicidality risk? An overview (2016) · cites this paper as [22]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Evidence-based psychological treatments for anxiety and depression (eg, cognitive behavioral therapy) are highly effective in reducing symptoms and improving functioning [1-3].”
From Clinical Effects of Asynchronous Provider-Guided Practice Sessions During Blended Care Therapy for Anxiety and Depression: Pragmatic Retrospective Cohort Study (2024) · cites this paper as [1]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“while general anxiety is related with neuroticism72 and the stress caused by individuals’ maladaptive patterns of thinking, judging, and responding73.”
From Rational thinking as a mediator of the relationship between mindfulness and dental anxiety (2023) · cites this paper as [73]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“A variety of evidence-based psychotherapeutic treatments for depression are available (American Psychiatric Association, 2000), chief among them being CBT, shown to help in several chronic conditions, including chronic pain, diabetes, irritable bowel syndrome, and polycystic ovarian syndrome [37,38].”
From Psychological and Psychiatric Comorbidities in Youth with Serious Physical Illness (2022) · cites this paper as [37]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Because of its clear research support, CBT as the gold-standard evolving psychological treatment dominates the international guidelines for psychosocial treatments, making it a first-line treatment for many disorders.”
From Effectiveness of a hybrid arts-based Cognitive Behavioral Therapy intervention for patients with non-malignant chronic pain (2022) · cites this paper as [9]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“4 meta-analyses showed how CBT performed better than the other interventions in the treatment of occupational stress [25].”
From A conversational artificial intelligence agent for a mental health care app: Evaluation study of its participatory design (2021) · cites this paper as [25]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“The gold standard intervention to treat anxiety is exposure-based CBT (Hofmann et al., 2012).”
From Targeting excessive avoidance behavior to reduce anxiety related to asthma: A feasibility study of an exposure-based treatment delivered online (2021) · cites this paper as Hofmann et al., 2012
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) is widely accepted and has been repeatedly found to be effective for a wide range of psychological problems (Hofmann et al., 2012).”
From ICBT program for improving informal caregiver well-being: A qualitative study (2021) · cites this paper as Hofmann et al., 2012
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“The efficacy of this treatment is supported by The Task Force Report on Empirically Supported Treatments (ESTs; Chambless & Hollon, 1998) and the 12th Division of the APA.”
From Enhancing In Vivo Exposure in the Treatment of Panic Disorder and Agoraphobia Using Location-Based Technologies: A Case Study (2020) · cites this paper as Hofmann et al., 2012
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“The effects on antenatal depression are highly comparable to those found for ICBT-programs as well as traditional CBT for depression (Hedman et al., 2012;Hofmann et al., 2012;Cuijpers et al., 2013).”
From Internet delivered cognitive behavior therapy for antenatal depression: A randomised controlled trial (2017) · cites this paper as Hofmann et al., 2012
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Cognitive Behav ioural Therapy (CBT) is the most well-established psychological treat ment for anxiety and depression (Hofmann et al., 2012).”
From Effects of group Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) on anxiety and depressive symptoms in adults: A meta-analysis. (2022) · cites this paper as Hofmann et al., 2012
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Cognitive Behavioral Therapies (CBT) have been shown in recent decades to be broadly effective in reducing many forms of mental illness (Hofmann, Asnanni, Vonk, Sawyer, & Fang, 2012).”
From Trajectories of change in well-being during cognitive behavioral therapies for anxiety disorders: Quantifying the impact and covariation with improvements in anxiety (2020) · cites this paper as Hofmann, Asnanni, Vonk, Sawyer, & Fang, 2012
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Decades of research have clearly demonstrated that CBT has robust effects on many different forms of mental illness, including anxiety disorders (Hofmann et al., 2012)”
From Trajectories of change in well-being during cognitive behavioral therapies for anxiety disorders: Quantifying the impact and covariation with improvements in anxiety (2020) · cites this paper as Hofmann et al., 2012
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Similarly, CBT, with its focus on modifying maladaptive thought patterns and behaviors, has been associated with reductions in stress-related symptoms and pain intensity [64].”
From The Role of Cortisol in Chronic Stress, Neurodegenerative Diseases, and Psychological Disorders (2023) · cites this paper as [64]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Cognitive behavioral therapies (CBTs) have been found to be effective in treating individuals presenting with symptoms of anxiety and depression 20, 21 – common complaints of ICs – and hence it is likely an appropriate first choice treatment for ICs.”
From Cognitive behavioral therapies for informal caregivers of patients with cancer and cancer survivors: a systematic review and meta-analysis (2017) · cites this paper as [21]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Interventions that integrate elements of cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) have been shown to lead to positive outcomes in improving mental health (22).”
From Efficacy of eHealth interventions to reduce depression symptoms in individuals with obesity: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials (2024) · cites this paper as [22]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Changing cognitions and thoughts can help to reduce symptoms [25].”
From A conversational artificial intelligence agent for a mental health care app: Evaluation study of its participatory design (2021) · cites this paper as [25]
The check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“Furthermore, panic patients who believed that they had control over the amount of CO 2 they inhaled by turning an inoperative dial were less likely to panic than individuals who knew that they had no control over it 26”
From “Third-wave” cognitive and behavioral therapies and the emergence of a process-based approach to intervention in psychiatry (2021) · cites this paper as [26]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“During the past two decades, effective therapies have become available for the treatment of several PDs [14–16].”
From Personality disorders are important risk factors for disability pensioning (2014) · cites this paper as [15]
In the citing paper
“As PDs are relatively common in the community, and effective treatment is available for some, health care workers should be aware of the strong link between PDs and work force exclusion.”
From Personality disorders are important risk factors for disability pensioning (2014) · cites this paper as [15]
In the citing paper
“A recent review of the literature identified 269 meta-analytic studies examining CBT for nearly every DSM category (Hofmann, Asnaani, Vonk, Sawyer, & Fang, 2012).”
From A process-based approach to psychological diagnosis and treatment:The conceptual and treatment utility of an extended evolutionary meta model (2020) · cites this paper as Hofmann, Asnaani, Vonk, Sawyer, & Fang, 2012
In the citing paper
“While medication and cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) are effective for anxiety disorders (Bandelow et al., 2015;Olatunji, Cisler, & Deacon, 2010), these treatments have limitations, such as drug side-effects and drug dependence, and modest efficacy as only about half of anxiety sufferers respond successfully to CBT (Hofmann, Asnaani, Vonk, Sawyer, & Fang, 2012).”
From Anxiety and attention to threat: cognitive mechanisms and treatment with attention bias modification (2016) · cites this paper as Hofmann et al., 2012
In the citing paper
“It is not surprising then that protocolized treatments for specific forms of psychopathology are only effective for a portion of patients [10].”
From Using person-specific networks in psychotherapy: challenges, limitations, and how we could use them anyway (2020) · cites this paper as [10]
In the citing paper
“Thus, although there is accumulating evidence for the efficacy of these approaches (Hofmann, Asnaani, Vonk, Sawyer, & Fang, 2012; Kuyken et al., 2016), their wide-spread availability is currently limited.”
From Beneficial effects of training in self-distancing and perspective broadening for people with a history of recurrent depression (2017) · cites this paper as Hofmann, Asnaani, Vonk, Sawyer, & Fang, 2012
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
4 retracted
Psychological interventions for overweight or obesity
Shaw, K. A., O'Rourke, P., Del Mar, C., & Kenardy, J. (2005) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd003818.pub2 · Cited by 442
RetractedPsychological interventions for non-ulcer dyspepsia
Soo, S., Moayyedi, P., Deeks, J. J., Delaney, B. C., Lewis, M., & Forman, D. (2011) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd002301.pub5 · Cited by 74
RetractedInterventions for pathological gambling
Ma, O.-B., Adams, P. J., & Mobberley, P. (2000) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd001521 · Cited by 46
RetractedPsychological interventions for non-ulcer dyspepsia
Soo, S., Moayyedi, P., Deeks, J. J., et al. (2004) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd002301.pub2 · Cited by 5
RetractedStatistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences
Muller, K. E., & Cohen, J. (1989) · Technometrics · doi:10.2307/1270020 · Cited by 99,603
Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences
Cohen, J. (1990) · Computers Environment and Urban Systems · doi:10.1016/0198-9715(90)90050-4 · Cited by 65,417
(1962) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 4,856
Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
(2008) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-5614-7_436 · Cited by 4,552
The Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law.
(2021) · PubMed · doi:10.29158/jaapl.210028-20 · Cited by 3,854
The empirical status of cognitive-behavioral therapy: A review of meta-analyses
Butler, A. C., Chapman, J. E., Forman, E. M., & Beck, A. T. (2006) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2005.07.003 · Cited by 3,215
Research works printed but not linked: 6
- Ghahramanlou, M. (2003). Cognitive behavioral treatment efficacy for anxiety disorders: A meta-analytic review. Unpublished Dissertation, Fairleigh Dickinson University.
- Guggisberg, K. W. (2005). Methodological review and meta-analysis of treatments for child and adolescent obsessive-compulsive disorder. Salt Lake City: University of Utah.
- Hofmann, S. G. (2011). An introduction to modern CBT: Psychological solutions to mental health problems. Oxford, UK: Wiley-Blackwell.
- Phillips, A. S. (2003). A meta-analysis of treatments for pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder. Manhattan, Kansas: Kansas State University.
- Santacruz, I., Orgilés, M., Rosa, A. I., Sánchez-Meca, J., Méndez, X., & Olivares, J. (2002). Generalized anxiety, separation anxiety and school phobia: The predominance of cognitive-behavioural therapy/Ansiedad generalizada, ansiedad por separación y fobia escolar: el predominio de la terapia cognitivo-conductual. Behavioral Psychology/Psicología Conductual, 10(3), 503–521.
- Zimmermann, T., & Heinrichs, N. (2006). Psychosoziale Interventionen für Frauen mit Krebserkrankungen der Genitalorgane/Psychosocial interventions for women with genital cancers. Verhaltenstherapie & Verhaltensmedizin, 27, 125–141.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 301–400 of 1,047
Kor, P. P. K., Chien, W. T., Liu, J. Y. W., & Lai, C. K. Y. (2017) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-017-0751-9 · Cited by 57
“…Behavioral Therapy (CBT) may be more likely to reduce their stress levels (Wilz and Kalytta 2012), but the effects have been found to be relatively small which only lasted for a short period of time, such as immediately post-intervention (Hofmann et al. 2012; Lynch et al. 2010; Salzer et al. 2011).”
Poor sleep quality in migraine and probable migraine: a population study
Song, T., Cho, S., Kim, W., Yang, K. I., Yun, C., & Chu, M. K. (2018) · The Journal of Headache and Pain · doi:10.1186/s10194-018-0887-6 · Cited by 54
Respiratory therapy for the treatment of anxiety: Meta-analytic review and regression
Leyro, T. M., Versella, M. V., Yang, M.-J., Brinkman, H. R., Hoyt, D. L., & Lehrer, P. (2021) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2021.101980 · Cited by 53
Belief traps: Tackling the inertia of harmful beliefs
Scheffer, M., Borsboom, D., Nieuwenhuis, S., & Westley, F. R. (2022) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2203149119 · Cited by 58
“) can be overcome by therapies (12), and how character traits (e.”
BackgroundSalkovskis, P. M., Sighvatsson, M. B., & Sigurðsson, J. F. (2023) · Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1017/s1352465823000590 · Cited by 60
“CBT, however, remains by far the most studied psychotherapy to date, and none of these psychotherapies have shown to be systematically superior to CBT; in fact it tends to be the other way around (David et al ., 2018; Fordham et al ., 2021; Hofmann et al ., 2012).”
BackgroundCognitive behavioral therapy for psychosomatic problems in dental settings
Matsuoka, H., Chiba, I., Sakano, Y., Toyofuku, A., & Abiko, Y. (2017) · BioPsychoSocial Medicine · doi:10.1186/s13030-017-0102-z · Cited by 52
“Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is a psychological intervention that has been applied for various healthrelated issues, including psychiatric diseases such as depression and anxiety, and for physical symptoms, such as pain disorders [1, 2].”
BackgroundCognitive Behavior Therapy for Children and Adolescents: Challenges and Gaps in Practice
Halder, S., & Mahato, A. K. (2019) · Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine · doi:10.4103/ijpsym.ijpsym_470_18 · Cited by 70
“It has been found beneficial in generalized anxiety,[4] stress,[4] obsessive compulsive disorder,[5,6] phobias,[7] depression,[8] and behavioral problems.”
Habicht, J., Dina, L.-M., McFadyen, J., Stylianou, M., Harper, R., Hauser, T. U., & Rollwage, M. (2025) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/60435 · Cited by 52
“Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) has been shown to be a highly effective treatment for depression and anxiety disorders [4-6] and is the first line of treatment for these conditions in many therapy guidelines worldwide [7,8].”
Reiß, N., Warnecke, I., Tolgou, T., Krampen, D., Luka-Krausgrill, U., & Rohrmann, S. (2016) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2016.10.039 · Cited by 55
“CBT is based on the premise that cognitive factors maintain mental disorders, and it combines behavioral and cognitive interventions (Hofmann et al., 2012).”
BackgroundCooper, A. A., Zoellner, L. A., Roy‐Byrne, P., MAVISSAKALIAN, M. R., & Feeny, N. C. (2017) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/ccp0000220 · Cited by 57
Bornheimer, L. A., Zhang, A., Verdugo, J. L., Hiller, M., & Tarrier, N. (2020) · Psychiatric Services · doi:10.1176/appi.ps.201900487 · Cited by 56
Riese, H., von Klipstein, L., Schoevers, R. A., van der Veen, D. C., & Servaas, M. N. (2021) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-021-03123-3 · Cited by 57
Bouchard, S., Allard, M., Robillard, G., Dumoulin, S., Guitard, T., Loranger, C., Green-Demers, I., Marchand, A., Renaud, P., Cournoyer, L.-G., et al. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.02164 · Cited by 52
Fordham, B., Sugavanam, T., Edwards, K., Hemming, K., Howick, J., Copsey, B. J., Lee, H., Kaidesoja, M., Kirtley, S., Hopewell, S., et al. (2021) · Health Technology Assessment · doi:10.3310/hta25090 · Cited by 62
Maddock, A., Blair, C., Ean, N., & Best, P. (2021) · International Journal of Mental Health Systems · doi:10.1186/s13033-021-00482-y · Cited by 57
Zamboni, L., Centoni, F., Fusina, F., Mantovani, E., Rubino, F., Lugoboni, F., & Federico, A. (2021) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0000000000001381 · Cited by 54
Integrated treatment options for male perpetrators of intimate partner violence
Crane, C. A., & Easton, C. J. (2017) · Drug and Alcohol Review · doi:10.1111/dar.12496 · Cited by 53
“[27] Hofmann SG, Asnaani A, Vonk I, Sawyer A, Fang A.”
Bhattacharyya, K. K. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-88870-1_6 · Cited by 51
McIntosh, L. G., Janes, S., O’Rourke, S. J., & Thomson, L. D. G. (2021) · Aggression and Violent Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.avb.2021.101551 · Cited by 50
Blom, V., Drake, E., Kallings, L., Ekblom, M., & Nooijen, C. F. J. (2021) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-021-11083-2 · Cited by 65
Curtiss, J. E., & Klemanski, D. H. (2016) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2016.04.007 · Cited by 52
Self‐administered acupressure for insomnia disorder: a pilot randomized controlled trial
Yeung, W., Ho, F. Y., Chung, K., Zhang, Z., Yu, B. Y., Suen, L. K. P., Chan, L., Chen, H., Ho, L., & Lao, L. (2017) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.12597 · Cited by 50
“(2018) 27, 220–231 Insomnia including in individuals (Hofmann et al., 2012), in groups (Koffel et al., 2015) and as a self-help intervention (Ho et al., 2015).”
BackgroundMindsets of Addiction: Implications for Treatment Intentions
Burnette, J. L., Forsyth, R. B., Desmarais, S. L., & Hoyt, C. L. (2019) · Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1521/jscp.2019.38.5.367 · Cited by 58
The efficacy of virtual reality in the treatment of binge‐purging eating disorders: A meta‐analysis
Low, T. L., Ho, R., Ho, C., & Tam, W. (2021) · European Eating Disorders Review · doi:10.1002/erv.2804 · Cited by 49
Schrammen, E., Roesmann, K., Rosenbaum, D., Redlich, R., Harenbrock, J., Dannlowski, U., & Leehr, E. J. (2022) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104895 · Cited by 54
Barrett, K., & Chang, Y. (2016) · Journal of Nursing Scholarship · doi:10.1111/jnu.12213 · Cited by 56
“In other words, thoughts and beliefs about the self, others, the future, and the world trigger automatic opinions, and changes can result from patients’ use of strategies to rework maladaptive thoughts (Hofmann et al., 2012).”
BackgroundCase conceptualization research in cognitive behavior therapy: A state of the science review
Easden, M. H., & Kazantzis, N. (2017) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.22516 · Cited by 49
von Brachel, R., Hirschfeld, G. H. F., Berner, A., Willutzki, U., Teismann, T., Cwik, J. C., Velten, J., Schulte, D., & Margraf, J. (2019) · Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics · doi:10.1159/000500188 · Cited by 49
Sundermann, B., Bode, J., Lueken, U., Westphal, D., Gerlach, A. L., Straube, B., Wittchen, H.-U., Ströhle, A., Wittmann, A., Konrad, C., et al. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2017.00099 · Cited by 46
“While there is a clinically significant proportion of non-responders (26, 28, 30), there is only incipient but rapidly increasing knowledge of moderators and predictors of CBT response (12, 31, 32).”
BackgroundWahle, F., Bollhalder, L., Kowatsch, T., & Fleisch, E. (2017) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.7381 · Cited by 48
“These included (1) psychotherapy (eg, cognitive behavioral therapy [22], interpersonal therapy [23], problem-solving therapy [24], supportive therapy [25]), (2) psychoeducation [26], and (3) exercise/physical activity [27] which showed results on par with a pharmacological treatment.”
BackgroundAsnaani, A., & Foa, E. B. (2014) · Psychotherapy · doi:10.1037/a0036891 · Cited by 48
Self-citationCognitive behavioral therapy, mindfulness, and cortisol habituation: A randomized controlled trial
Manigault, A. W., Shorey, R. C., Hamilton, K. R., Scanlin, M. C., Woody, A., Figueroa, W. S., France, C. R., & Zoccola, P. M. (2019) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2019.03.009 · Cited by 54
Barkham, M., Saxon, D. H., Hardy, G. E., Bradburn, M. J., Galloway, D., Wickramasekera, N., Keetharuth, A. D., Bower, P., King, M., Elliott, R., et al. (2021) · The Lancet Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(21)00083-3 · Cited by 62
Asian Indians in America: The influence of values and culture on mental health
Chandra, R. M., Arora, L., Mehta, U. M., Asnaani, A., & Radhakrishnan, R. (2015) · Asian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.ajp.2015.09.011 · Cited by 48
Self-citationCognitive Behavioral Therapy with Children and Adolescents
Henin, A., Micco, J. A., Schoeller, M., Boudreaux, A., & Hirshfeld‐Becker, D. R. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-2605-3_19 · Cited by 48
Vlachou, E., Ntikoudi, A., Owens, D. A., Nikolakopoulou, M., Chalimourdas, T., & Cauli, O. (2022) · Journal of Diabetes and its Complications · doi:10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2022.108185 · Cited by 48
Salomonsson, S., Santoft, F., Lindsäter, E., Ejeby, K., Ljótsson, B., Öst, L., Ingvar, M., Lekander, M., & Hedman‐Lagerlöf, E. (2017) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291717003129 · Cited by 45
“For adjustment disorder and exhaustion disorder there is some support for CBT (Hofmann et al. 2012), but there is a large need of further evaluations (e.”
BackgroundKazantzis, N., Clayton, X., Cronin, T. J., Farchione, D., Limburg, K., & Dobson, K. S. (2018) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-018-9919-4 · Cited by 48
Morris, G., Puri, B. K., Walker, A. J., Maes, M. H. J., Carvalho, A. F., Walder, K. R., Mazza, C., & Berk, M. (2019) · Pharmacological Research · doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2019.104450 · Cited by 47
Automatic Detection and Classification of Cognitive Distortions in Mental Health Text
Shickel, B., Siegel, S., Heesacker, M., Benton, S. A., & Rashidi, P. (2020) · IEEE International Conference on Bioinformatics and Bioengineering (BIBE) · doi:10.1109/bibe50027.2020.00052 · Cited by 56
Andreae, S. J., Andreae, L. J., Richman, J., Cherrington, A., & Safford, M. M. (2020) · The Annals of Family Medicine · doi:10.1370/afm.2469 · Cited by 47
Impact of interventions targeting anxiety and depression in adults with asthma
Cooley, C., Park, Y., Ajilore, O., Leow, A., & Nyenhuis, S. M. (2020) · Journal of Asthma · doi:10.1080/02770903.2020.1847927 · Cited by 50
“An improvement in asthma quality of life (F(1, 19) 1⁄4 11.”
BackgroundMindfulness and acceptance-based behavioral therapies for anxiety disorders.
Roemer, L., Williston, S. K., Eustis, E. H., & Orsillo, S. M. (2013) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-013-0410-3 · Cited by 46
“Fortunately, anxiety disorders are responsive to treatment with extensive empirical evidence supporting the efficacy of cognitive-behavioral therapies (CBTs) [7].”
BackgroundHall, A. E., Nguyen, N. H., Cascavita, C. T., Shariati, K., Patel, A. K., Chen, W., Kang, Y., Ren, X., Tseng, C.-H., Hidalgo, M. A., et al. (2025) · Annals of Surgery · doi:10.1097/sla.0000000000006677 · Cited by 52
Artom, M., Czuber-Dochan, W., Sturt, J., Proudfoot, H., Roberts, D., & Norton, C. (2019) · Pilot and Feasibility Studies · doi:10.1186/s40814-019-0538-y · Cited by 48
Skelly, C. L., Stiles-Shields, C., Mak, G. Z., Speaker, C. R., Lorenz, J., Anitescu, M., Dickerson, D. M., Boyd, H., O'Brien, S., & Drossos, T. (2018) · Journal of Vascular Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.jvs.2017.12.078 · Cited by 51
Kunin‐Batson, A., Steele, J., Mertens, A. C., & Neglia, J. P. (2015) · Psycho-Oncology · doi:10.1002/pon.3956 · Cited by 46
“The possible contribution of psychological factors to cancer knowledge would be of particular importance, given that there are known avenues for treating distress/anxiety and changing maladaptive health beliefs [22,23].”
BackgroundLenz, A. S., Hall, J., & Smith, L. B. (2015) · The Journal for Specialists in Group Work · doi:10.1080/01933922.2015.1111488 · Cited by 56
Mourad, G., Strömberg, A., Jonsbu, E., Gustafsson, M., Johansson, P., & Jaarsma, T. (2016) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-016-1491-1 · Cited by 45
Zafra, A. O., Rubio, V. J., Ortega, E., & García-Más, A. (2016) · Physical Therapy in Sport · doi:10.1016/j.ptsp.2016.09.003 · Cited by 52
Richey, J. A., Ghane, M., Valdespino, A., Coffman, M. C., Strege, M. V., White, S. W., & Ollendick, T. H. (2016) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsw149 · Cited by 52
“Accordingly, the primary purpose of this study was to determine whether SAD is characterized by deficiencies in reward processing that are not addressed by currently available evidence-based treatments, which focus primarily on fear extinction and habituation processes as their central mechanisms of action (Feske and…”
BackgroundHart, T. A., Noor, S. W. B., Vernon, J. R. G., Kidwai, A., Roberts, K. E., Myers, T., & Calzavara, L. (2017) · The Journal of Sex Research · doi:10.1080/00224499.2017.1401972 · Cited by 48
Ismail, K., Winkley, K., de Zoysa, N., Patel, A. K., Heslin, M., GRAVES, H. H., Thomas, S., Stringer, D., Stahl, D. R., & Amiel, S. A. (2018) · British Journal of General Practice · doi:10.3399/bjgp18x696185 · Cited by 45
Is big data the new stethoscope? Perils of digital phenotyping to address mental illness
Tekin, Ş. (2021) · Philosophy & Technology · doi:10.1007/s13347-020-00395-7 · Cited by 44
Zigarelli, J. C., Jones, J. M., Palomino, C. I., & Kawamura, R. (2016) · Clinical Case Studies · doi:10.1177/1534650116664984 · Cited by 45
Burr, L. A., Javiad, M., Jell, G., Werner‐Seidler, A., & Dunn, B. D. (2017) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2017.01.010 · Cited by 45
Self-Referential Processing and Depression: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Collins, A. C., & Winer, E. S. (2023) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/21677026231190390 · Cited by 45
“Extant cognitive therapies, including cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), effectively target depressed individuals’ negative self-schemas by working to restructure cognitive distortions or irrita-tional negative thoughts (e.g., “I can never do anything right”; Hofmann et al., 2012).”
Nonadherence to antipsychotics: The role of positive attitudes towards positive symptoms
Moritz, S., Hünsche, A., & Lincoln, T. M. (2014) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2014.09.008 · Cited by 45
“Studies indicate that CBT and other psychotherapeutic treatments such as family therapy and metacognitive training improve symptoms beyond antipsychotic treatment alone (Hofmann et al., 2012; Wykes et al., 2011).”
BackgroundInternet‐Based Psychotherapy for Adult Depression: What About the Mechanisms of Change?
Mogoaşe, C., Cobeanu, O., David, D., Giosan, C., & Szentágotai, A. (2016) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.22326 · Cited by 48
“Gold Standards,” Plurality and Monocultures: The Need for Diversity in Psychotherapy
Leichsenring, F., Abbass, A. A., Hilsenroth, M. J., Luyten, P., Münder, T., Rabung, S., & Steinert, C. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00159 · Cited by 57
A systematic review of psychological interventions for patients with head and neck cancer
Richardson, A., Broadbent, E., & Morton, R. P. (2019) · Supportive Care in Cancer · doi:10.1007/s00520-019-04768-3 · Cited by 45
“number of problems across diverse populations [50].”
Romm, M. J., Ahn, S., Fiebert, I. M., & Cahalin, L. P. (2020) · Pain Practice · doi:10.1111/papr.12962 · Cited by 47
A study of the relationship between internet addiction: psychopathology and dysfunctional beliefs
Taymur, I., Budak, E., Demirci, H., Akdağ, H. A., Güngör, B. B., & Özdel, K. (2016) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2016.03.043 · Cited by 44
Understanding the experience of rumination and worry: A descriptive qualitative survey study
Joubert, A. E., Moulds, M. L., Werner‐Seidler, A., Sharrock, M. J., Popovic, B., & Newby, J. M. (2022) · British Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjc.12367 · Cited by 44
“This may partially explain why a significant proportion of people do not respond to, or relapse, following standard CBT treatments, and why many continue to experience high levels of residual symptoms, particularly rumination (Dimidjian et al., 2006; Hofmann et al., 2012).”
BackgroundInfluentialDavis, J. P., Dumas, T. M., Berey, B. L., Merrin, G. J., Cimpian, J. R., & Roberts, B. W. (2017) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-017-0676-6 · Cited by 47
“Prior literature has found several psychotherapeutic approaches to be effective in attenuating impulsivity including cognitive behavioral therapy (Hofmann et al. 2012) and motivational interviewing (Hettema et al.”
BackgroundBornemann, J., Close, J. B., Spriggs, M. J., Carhart-Harris, R. L., & Roseman, L. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.735427 · Cited by 48
“Such outcomes are the goal of numerous treatment strategies, particularly PMPs using CBT and ACT, which aim to reframe thought processes and encourage independence.”
BackgroundChallenging Treatment-Resistant Major Depressive Disorder: A Roadmap for Improved Therapeutics
de Sousa, R. T., V. Zanetti, M., R. Brunoni, A., & Machado-Vieira, R. (2015) · Current Neuropharmacology · doi:10.2174/1570159x13666150630173522 · Cited by 43
Wadsworth, L. P., Forgeard, M., Hsu, K. J., Kertz, S., Treadway, M., & Björgvinsson, T. (2018) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-017-9887-0 · Cited by 43
“Empirically supported treatments (ESTs) such as cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT; Hofmann et al. 2012) and dialectical behavior therapy (DBT; Linehan 1993; Lynch et al.”
Hirsch, C. R., Beale, S., Grey, N., & Liness, S. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00796 · Cited by 43
Stress and opioid use disorder: A systematic review
MacLean, R. R., Armstrong, J. L., & Sofuoglu, M. (2019) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2019.05.034 · Cited by 43
Beidas, R. S., Skriner, L. C., Adams, D. R., Wolk, C. B., Stewart, R. E., Becker‐Haimes, E. M., Williams, N. J., Maddox, B. B., Rubin, R. M., Weaver, S., et al. (2017) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2017.08.011 · Cited by 43
Safety Behavior After Extinction Triggers a Return of Threat Expectancy
van Uijen, S. L., Leer, A., & Engelhard, I. M. (2017) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2017.08.005 · Cited by 46
Khan, S., Amjad, A., & Rowland, D. L. (2019) · The Journal of Sexual Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.jsxm.2018.12.014 · Cited by 43
Travers-Hill, E., Dunn, B. D., Hoppitt, L., Hitchcock, C., & Dalgleish, T. (2017) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2017.05.008 · Cited by 41
Lalousis, P. A., Wood, S. J., Schmaal, L., Chisholm, K., Griffiths, S. L., Reniers, R. L. E. P., Bertolino, A., Borgwardt, S., Brambilla, P., Kambeitz, J., et al. (2021) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbaa185 · Cited by 42
“…(>5 min), (3) current or past known neurological or somatic disorders potentially affecting structure or functioning of the brain, (4) current or past alcohol dependence, (5) polysubstance dependence within the past six months, and P. A. Lalousis et al (6) any medical indication against MRI.”
BackgroundCox, G., & Hetrick, S. (2017) · Evidence Based Mental Health · doi:10.1136/eb-2017-102667 · Cited by 42
“This mirrors other areas of mental health such as in depression.(57) 58 The SR by Robinson et al (2011) concluded that CBT appears to have promise in reducing SRBs in young people who present specifically to clinical services.”
BackgroundBusiness Travel and Behavioral and Mental Health
Rundle, A., Revenson, T. A., & Friedman, M. A. (2017) · Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine · doi:10.1097/jom.0000000000001262 · Cited by 44
A review of attachment‐based parenting interventions: Recent advances and future considerations
Gregory, M. R., Kannis‐Dymand, L., & Sharman, R. R. (2019) · Australian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/ajpy.12270 · Cited by 55
Whiston, A., Bockting, C., & Semkovska, M. (2019) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291719002812 · Cited by 43
“CBT, conceptualising MDD as the consequence of maladaptive cognitive processes and related behaviours, has received strong support from both efficacy (Hofmann et al., 2012) and effectiveness research (Butler et al.”
ResultKurowski, B. G., Wade, S. L., Dexheimer, J. W., Dyas, J., Zhang, N., & Babcock, L. (2016) · Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation · doi:10.1097/htr.0000000000000180 · Cited by 37
Menke, A. (2018) · Pharmacogenomics and Personalized Medicine · doi:10.2147/pgpm.s146110 · Cited by 41
“Moreover, current drug treatment options are successful only in about half of the patients,(149) and similar considerations apply to nonpharmacologic treatment options such as psychotherapy.(150) There are many reasons for this unfavorable condition; the brain is the most complex organ in the body, and mental disorder…”
BackgroundGandy, M., Karin, E., Fogliati, V. J., McDonald, S., Titov, N., & Dear, B. F. (2016) · Epilepsia · doi:10.1111/epi.13569 · Cited by 41
Martin, F., Clyne, W., Pearce, G., & Turner, A. (2019) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-018-01308-1 · Cited by 49
Identifying goals in patients with chronic pain: A European survey
Goudman, L., Smedt, A. D., Linderoth, B., Eldabe, S. S., Witkam, R. L., Henssen, D. J. H. A., & Moens, M. (2021) · European Journal of Pain · doi:10.1002/ejp.1814 · Cited by 43
Milosevic, I., Cameron, D. H., Milanovic, M., McCabe, R. E., & Rowa, K. (2022) · The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/07067437211027319 · Cited by 41
Psychocutaneous disease: Pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy.
Kuhn, H., Mennella, C., Magid, M., Stamu‐O'Brien, C., & Kroumpouzos, G. (2017) · Journal of American Academy of Dermatology · doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2016.11.021 · Cited by 27
Strachan, L. P., Hyett, M. P., & McEvoy, P. M. (2020) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-020-1139-4 · Cited by 40
Culturally adapted CBT – the evolution of psychotherapy adaptation frameworks and evidence
Naeem, F., Sajid, S., Naz, S., & Phiri, P. (2023) · The Cognitive Behaviour Therapist · doi:10.1017/s1754470x2300003x · Cited by 52
“CBT is a common therapeutic approach, applied to a wide scope of disorders with high success rates (Hofmann et al ., 2012).”
Wu, J., Shao, Y., Zang, W., & Hu, J. (2025) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health · doi:10.1186/s13034-025-00867-8 · Cited by 40
“Bandura’s self-efficacy theory posits that an individual's confidence is tightly linked to their activity engagement [87].”
Moritz, S., Voigt, M., Köther, U., Leighton, L., Kjahili, B., Babur, Z., Jungclaussen, D., Veckenstedt, R., & Grzella, K. (2013) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2013.11.005 · Cited by 42
A Systematic Review of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Depression in Veterans
Hundt, N. E., Fletcher, T. L., Robinson, A. J., & Cully, J. A. (2014) · Military Medicine · doi:10.7205/milmed-d-14-00128 · Cited by 50
The Efficacy of Psychotherapy: Focus on Psychodynamic Psychotherapy as an Example
Levy, K. N., Ehrenthal, J. C., Yeomans, F. E., & Caligor, E. (2014) · Psychodynamic Psychiatry · doi:10.1521/pdps.2014.42.3.377 · Cited by 40
Beidas, R. S., Becker‐Haimes, E. M., Adams, D. R., Skriner, L. C., Stewart, R. E., Wolk, C. B., Buttenheim, A. M., Williams, N. J., Inacker, P., Richey, E., et al. (2017) · Implementation Science · doi:10.1186/s13012-017-0684-7 · Cited by 43
“These interventions target maladaptive cognitions and behaviors to result in symptom reduction and improved functioning [30].”
BackgroundTranscranial Direct Current Stimulation on Opium Craving, Depression, and Anxiety
Taremian, F., Nazari, S., Moradveisi, L., & Moloodi, R. (2019) · Journal of Ect · doi:10.1097/yct.0000000000000568 · Cited by 42
Deitcher, D. B., Aram, D., Khalaily-Shahadi, M., & Dwairy, M. (2020) · Early Education and Development · doi:10.1080/10409289.2020.1772662 · Cited by 40
“To date, the ABC model has been used primarily as part of cognitive-behavioral therapy and rational-emotive therapy to treat a variety of psychopathologies (Gonzalez et al., 2004; Hofmann et al., 2012; Opre & Buzgar, 2012).”
BackgroundMethodHuang, L., Kern, M. L., & Oades, L. G. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17155538 · Cited by 53
Lau, S. C. L., Bhattacharjya, S., Fong, M. W. M., Nicol, G. E., Lenze, E. J., Baum, C. M., Hardi, A., & Wong, A. (2020) · Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare · doi:10.1177/1357633x20955122 · Cited by 48
“Our findings concur with previous literature supporting CBT for improving self-management(50) and neuropsychiatric symptoms.(51) To understand the mechanisms contributing to the superior outcomes of CBT-based interventions better, we conducted sensitivity analyses to identify the active ingredients underlying these in…”
ResultLuca, R. D., Naro, A., Colucci, P. V., Pranio, F., Tardiolo, G., Billeri, L., Cause, M. L., Domenico, C. D., Portaro, S., Rao, G., et al. (2021) · Journal of Neural Transmission · doi:10.1007/s00702-021-02321-3 · Cited by 43
Interactions Between Diabetes and Anxiety and Depression
Bystritsky, A., Danial, J., & Kronemyer, D. (2013) · Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.ecl.2013.10.001 · Cited by 42
Responding to uncertain threat: A potential mediator for the effect of mindfulness on anxiety
Papenfuss, I., Lommen, M. J. J., Grillon, C., Balderston, N. L., & Ostafin, B. D. (2021) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2020.102332 · Cited by 38
Metadata
- Authors
- Hofmann, S. G., Asnaani, A., Vonk, I. J. J., Sawyer, A. T., & Fang, A.
- Affiliations
- Boston University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Hofmann, Stefan G.
- Venue
- Cognitive Therapy and Research
- Published
- 2012-07-31
- Volume
- 36
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 427-440
- ISSN
- 0147-5916 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-2819
- PMC
- PMC3584580
- OpenAlex
- W2036735145
- Semantic Scholar
- 17c0a3ec0f066a90b84fa336daf8c55391b5254a
- Cited by
- 3,445
- References
- 130
- Citations by year
- 2026: 313 · 2025: 444 · 2024: 307 · 2023: 289 · 2022: 353 · 2021: 373 · 2020: 299 · 2019: 256 · 2018: 225 · 2017: 186 · 2016: 177 · 2015: 101 · 2014: 78 · 2013: 36 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 92.71
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Update notices
- correction (2014-01-08)
- Open access
- green
- europepmc.org
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Cognitive Therapy and Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (R21MH073937, R01MH078308, R01MH081116)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychological Treatments and Assessments
- Keywords
- cognitive behavioral therapy, treatment efficacy, meta-analysis, anxiety disorders, somatoform disorders, bulimia nervosa, anger management, stress, substance use disorders, schizophrenia, depression, bipolar disorder, eating disorders, insomnia, personality disorders, criminal behavior, chronic pain, pregnancy complications, children, older adults, evidence base
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
