Comparing Cognitive Defusion and Cognitive Restructuring Delivered Through a Mobile App for Individuals High in Self-Criticism
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The utility of cognitive restructuring and cognitive defusion for mental health is supported by global correlations in self-report measures, laboratory studies, and clinical trials, and both processes have some initial support as mediators of therapeutic change.
“The utility of cognitive restructuring and cognitive defusion for mental health is supported by global correlations in self-report measures (Aldao & Nolen-Hoeksema, 2010; Krafft et al., 2019), laboratory studies (Deacon et al., 2011; Levin et al., 2012), and clinical trials (Levin, Haeger, et al., 2018; Wampold et al., 2002), and both processes have some initial support as mediators of thera”
From Effects of Cognitive Restructuring and Defusion for Coping with Difficult Thoughts in a Predominantly White Female College Student Sample (2022) · cites this paper as Levin, Haeger, et al., 2018
Other studies have found approximately equivalent positive outcomes between cognitive defusion and cognitive restructuring, albeit with potential differences in underlying processes of change.
“It should be noted that other studies have found approximately equivalent positive outcomes between the two, albeit with potential differences in underlying processes of change (Barrera et al., 2016; Deacon et al., 2011; Levin, Haeger, et al., 2018; Yovel et al., 2014).”
From Effects of Cognitive Restructuring and Defusion for Coping with Difficult Thoughts in a Predominantly White Female College Student Sample (2022) · cites this paper as Levin, Haeger, et al., 2018
A 30-min web-based cognitive defusion program for negative self-referential thinking in adolescents resulted in large reductions in the believability of, and distress associated with, self-critical thoughts (d = 0.87-1.35), but neither this study nor similar ones recorded changes in trait cognitive fusion or decentering.
“This resulted in large reductions in the believability of, and distress associated with, self-critical thoughts (d = 0.87–1.35).”
From Decentering as a core component in the psychological treatment and prevention of youth anxiety and depression: a narrative review and insight report (2021) · cites this paper as [101]
Cites
SPSS and SAS procedures for estimating indirect effects in simple mediation models
Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2004) · Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers · doi:10.3758/bf03206553 · Cited by 17,383 · see citing works
Lovibond, P. F., & Lovibond, S. H. (1995) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(94)00075-u · Cited by 14,523 · see citing works
Gross, J. J., & John, O. P. (2003) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.85.2.348 · Cited by 11,929 · see citing works
SUS: A 'Quick and Dirty' Usability Scale
(1996) · Usability Evaluation In Industry · doi:10.1201/9781498710411-35 · Cited by 8,989 · see citing works
An Empirical Evaluation of the System Usability Scale
Bangor, A., Kortum, P. T., & Miller, J. T. (2008) · International Journal of Human–Computer Interaction · doi:10.1080/10447310802205776 · Cited by 5,181 · see citing works
Usability Evaluation In Industry
(1996) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/9781498710411 · Cited by 4,400 · see citing works
Linear Mixed Models for Longitudinal Data
Verbeke, G. (1997) · Lecture Notes in Statistics · doi:10.1007/978-1-4612-2294-1_3 · Cited by 3,506 · see citing works
Construction and factorial validation of a short form of the Self-Compassion Scale
Raes, F., Pommier, E., Neff, K. D., & Van Gucht, D. (2011) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.702 · Cited by 2,997 · see citing works
Linear Mixed Models for Longitudinal Data
Molenberghs, G., & Verbeke, G. N. (2000) · Springer series in statistics · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-0300-6 · Cited by 2,681 · see citing works
The Work and Social Adjustment Scale: a simple measure of impairment in functioning
Mundt, J. C., Marks, I. M., Shear, M. K., & Greist, J. M. (2002) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.180.5.461 · Cited by 2,515 · see citing works
Gilbert, P., & Procter, S. (2006) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.507 · Cited by 1,822 · see citing works
Acceptance and commitment therapy.
Hayes, S. C., & Lillis, J. (2012) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/17335-000 · Cited by 1,543 · see citing works
Mathematical Statistics With Applications
Meek, G. E., Mendenhall, W. M., Scheaffer, R. L., & Wackerly, D. D. (1987) · Technometrics · doi:10.2307/1269356 · Cited by 1,426 · see citing works
Mindfulness and acceptance: expanding the cognitive-behavioral tradition
(2005) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.42-6797 · Cited by 1,273 · see citing works
Advances in cognitive theory and therapy: The generic cognitive model
Beck, A. T., & Haigh, E. A. P. (2014) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032813-153734 · Cited by 1,055 · see citing works
Criticizing and reassuring oneself: an exploration of forms, styles and reasons in female students
Gilbert, P., Clarke, M., Hempel, S., Miles, J. N. V., & Irons, C. (2004) · British Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1348/014466504772812959 · Cited by 877 · see citing works
The development and initial validation of the cognitive fusion questionnaire
Gillanders, D. T., Bolderston, H., Bond, F. W., Dempster, M., Flaxman, P. E., Campbell, L., Kerr, S., Tansey, L., Noel, P., Ferenbach, C., et al. (2014) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2013.09.001 · Cited by 837 · see citing works
Fresco, D. M., Moore, M. T., van Dulmen, M. H. M., Segal, Z. V., Ma, S. H., Teasdale, J. D., & Williams, J. M. G. (2007) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2006.08.003 · Cited by 810 · cited 3× · see citing works
“The 11-item Experiences Questionnaire (EQ; Fresco et al. 2007) was used as a measure of cognitive decentering, a highly overlapping construct with cognitive defusion involving observing thoughts as just thoughts.”
MethodInfluentialHayes, S. C., Villatte, M., Levin, M., & Hildebrandt, M. (2011) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032210-104449 · Cited by 800 · see citing works
Self-citationDo we need to challenge thoughts in cognitive behavior therapy?
Longmore, R. J., & Worrell, M. (2007) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2006.08.001 · Cited by 499 · see citing works
Mathematical Statistics with Applications
Ramachandran, K. M., & Tsokos, C. P. (2009) · Cited by 493 · see citing works
Levin, M. E., Hildebrandt, M. J., Lillis, J., & Hayes, S. C. (2012) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2012.05.003 · Cited by 471 · see citing works
Self-citation(2004) · Cited by 225 · see citing works
de Graaf, L. E., Roelofs, J., & Huibers, M. J. H. (2009) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-009-9229-y · Cited by 186 · see citing works
Shame, self-criticism, self-stigma, and compassion in acceptance and commitment therapy
Luoma, J. B., & Platt, M. G. (2015) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2014.12.016 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
Rector, N. A., Bagby, R. M., Segal, Z. V., Joffe, R. T., & Levitt, A. (2000) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1023/a:1005566112869 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
Evaluating the generality of findings in analogue therapy research.
Kazdin, A. E. (1978) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-006x.46.4.673 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Baião, R., Gilbert, P., McEwan, K., & Carvalho, S. A. (2014) · Psychology and Psychotherapy Theory Research and Practice · doi:10.1111/papt.12049 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Metacognitive Therapy: Cognition Applied To Regulating Cognition
Wells, A. (2008) · Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1017/s1352465808004803 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Using Brief Cognitive Restructuring and Cognitive Defusion Techniques to Cope With Negative Thoughts
Larsson, A., Hooper, N., Osborne, L. A., Bennett, P., & McHugh, L. (2016) · Behavior Modification · doi:10.1177/0145445515621488 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Zelkowitz, R. L., & Cole, D. A. (2018) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1111/sltb.12436 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Process-based CBT the science and core clinical competencies of cognitive behavioral therapy
Hayes, S. C. 1., & Hofmann, S. G. 1. (n.d.) · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Mathematical statistics: with applications
Wackerly, D. D., Mendenhall III, W., & Scheaffer, R. L. (2008) · CERN Document Server (European Organization for Nuclear Research) · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Evaluating the generality of findings in analogue therapy research.
Kazdin, A. E. (1978) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.46.4.673 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Deacon, B. J., Fawzy, T. I., Lickel, J. J., & Wolitzky-Taylor, K. B. (2011) · Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1891/0889-8391.25.3.218 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Torous, J., Levin, M. E., Ahern, D. K., & Oser, M. L. (2017) · Cognitive and Behavioral Practice · doi:10.1016/j.cbpra.2016.05.007 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Self-citationThe evolution of a contextual approach to therapy: From comprehensive distancing to ACT.
Zettle, R. D. (2005) · International Journal of Behavioral Consultation and Therapy · doi:10.1037/h0100736 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
The evolution of a contextual approach to therapy: From comprehensive distancing to ACT.
Zettle, R. D. (2011) · International Journal of Behavioral Consultation and Therapy · doi:10.1037/h0100929 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Self-criticism in generalized social phobia and response to cognitive-behavioral treatment
Cox, B. J., Walker, J. R., Enns, M. W., & Karpinski, D. C. (2002) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7894(02)80012-0 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Moffitt, R., Brinkworth, G., Noakes, M., & Mohr, P. (2012) · Psychology & Health · doi:10.1080/08870446.2012.694436 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Barrera, T. L., Szafranski, D. D., Ratcliff, C. G., Garnaat, S. L., & Norton, P. J. (2016) · Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1017/s1352465814000630 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Yovel, I., Mor, N., & Shakarov, H. (2014) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2014.02.007 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 43 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Linardon, J., Cuijpers, P., Carlbring, P., Messer, M., & Fuller‐Tyszkiewicz, M. (2019) · World Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/wps.20673 · Cited by 886 · see citing works
Linardon, J. (2020) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2019.10.002 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Levin, M. E., Krafft, J., Hicks, E. T., Pierce, B., & Twohig, M. P. (2020) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2020.103557 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Self-citationBennett, M. P., Knight, R., Patel, S., So, T., Dunning, D., Barnhofer, T., Smith, P., Kuyken, W., Ford, T., & Dalgleish, T. (2021) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-021-01397-5 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Goldberg, S. B., Bolt, D. M., & Davidson, R. J. (2021) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/26749 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Linardon, J., Messer, M., Lee, S., & Rosato, J. (2021) · Eating and Weight Disorders - Studies on Anorexia Bulimia and Obesity · doi:10.1007/s40519-020-01005-3 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Levin, M. E., Hicks, E. T., & Krafft, J. (2022) · Journal of American College Health · doi:10.1080/07448481.2020.1728281 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Self-citationMarciniak, M. A., Shanahan, L., Rohde, J., Schulz, A., Wackerhagen, C., Kobylińska, D., Tuescher, O., Binder, H., Walter, H., Kalisch, R., et al. (2020) · JMIR mhealth and uhealth · doi:10.2196/19836 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Bear, H. A., Ayala‐Nunes, L., DeJesus, J., Liverpool, S., Moltrecht, B., Neelakantan, L., Harriss, E., Watkins, E. R., & Fazel, M. S. (2022) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/40347 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Rumination, mood, and maladaptive eating behaviors in overweight and healthy populations
Kornacka, M., Czepczor-Bernat, K., Napieralski, P., & Brytek-Matera, A. (2021) · Eating and Weight Disorders - Studies on Anorexia, Bulimia and Obesity · doi:10.1007/s40519-020-00857-z · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Cladder-Micus, M. B., Becker, E. S., Spijker, J., Speckens, A. E. M., & Vrijsen, J. N. (2019) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-019-09997-8 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Levin, M. E., Krafft, J., & Twohig, M. P. (2020) · Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcbs.2020.05.001 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Self-citationToh, S. H. Y., Tan, J. H. Y., Kosasih, F. R., & Sündermann, O. (2022) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/40723 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Interventions to reduce self-stigma in people who use drugs: A systematic review
Sibley, A. L., Colston, D. C., & Go, V. F.-L. (2023) · Journal of Substance Use and Addiction Treatment · doi:10.1016/j.josat.2023.209284 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Petersen, J. M., Krafft, J., Twohig, M. P., & Levin, M. E. (2021) · Behavior Modification · doi:10.1177/0145445519878668 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Self-citationReyes, A. T., Serafica, R., & Sojobi, A. (2020) · Archives of Psychiatric Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.apnu.2020.09.005 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Reyes, A. T., Song, H., Bhatta, T. R., & Kearney, C. A. (2021) · Perspectives In Psychiatric Care · doi:10.1111/ppc.12848 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Evaluating CBT Clinical Competence with Standardised Role Plays and Patient Therapy Sessions
Liness, S., Beale, S., Lea, S. J., Byrne, S., Hirsch, C. R., & Clark, D. M. (2019) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-019-10024-z · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Pavani, J., Berna, G., Andreotti, E., Guiller, T., Antoine, P., Dauvier, B., & Congard, A. (2019) · Applied Psychology Health and Well-Being · doi:10.1111/aphw.12189 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Krafft, J., Klimczak, K. S., & Levin, M. E. (2022) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-021-10242-4 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Self-citationIsbăşoiu, A. B., Tulbure, B. T., Rusu, A., & Sava, F. A. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.752249 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
ReApp – an mHealth app increasing reappraisal: results from two randomized controlled trialsPreprint
Marciniak, M. A., Shanahan, L., Veer, I. M., Walter, H., Binder, H., Hermans, E. J., Timmer, J., Kobylińska, D., Puhlmann, L. M. C., Tüscher, O., et al. (2023) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/u4f5e · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Online process-based training for perfectionism: A randomized trial
Ong, C. W., Lee, E. B., Levin, M. E., & Twohig, M. P. (2022) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2022.104152 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Self-citationPavlacic, J. M., Hampton, B. N., Young, J. N., Witcraft, S. M., Flores, C. M. N., Vázquez, A. L., & Rheingold, A. A. (2024) · Journal of Technology in Behavioral Science · doi:10.1007/s41347-024-00416-8 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Levin, M. E., Krafft, J., An, W., Ong, C. W., & Twohig, M. P. (2021) · Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcbs.2021.02.002 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Self-citationWollach, C.-A. H., Cardaciotto, L., Levin, M. E., & Armstrong, S. L. (2020) · Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcbs.2020.03.007 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Self-citationJeong, N., Kim, E., & Chun, J. (2024) · Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcbs.2024.100842 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Gold, H. R., & Smout, M. (2024) · International Journal of Cognitive Therapy · doi:10.1007/s41811-024-00223-2 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Three ways to change your mind: an epistemic framework for cognitive interventions
Moorey, S. (2023) · Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1017/s1352465822000698 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Comparing cognitive coping components: An investigation of treatment outcomes and processes
Wall, A. D., & Lee, E. B. (2025) · Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcbs.2025.100893 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Wu, K. T. (2026) · Advances in Psychological Science · doi:10.3724/sp.j.1042.2026.0331 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Stand-Alone KVT-basierte Interventionen via Smartphone zur Förderung der psychischen Gesundheit
Marciniak, M. A., Shanahan, L., Rohde, J., Ehrt‐Schäfer, Y., Schulz, A., Wackerhagen, C., Kobylińska, D., Tüscher, O., Binder, H., Walter, H., et al. (2021) · Nervenheilkunde · doi:10.1055/a-1488-4943 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Marciniak, M. A., Shanahan, L., Rohde, J., Schulz, A., Wackerhagen, C., Kobylińska, D., Tüscher, O., Binder, H., Walter, H., Kalisch, R., et al. (2020) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/r4vwz
Investigating Determinants of Client Psychotherapy Preference: An Analog Study
Lyons, G. A., Zettle, R. D., & Petts, R. A. (2024) · Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1891/jcp-2022-0041
Cognitive Defusion and Its Application Research
黄, 楚. (2024) · Advances in Psychology · doi:10.12677/ap.2024.144198
Pavani, J. (2018) · doi:10.70675/16f34d7fz712dz43fbzbefdz3377aaaad9bc
- Authors
- Levin, M. E., Haeger, J., An, W., & Twohig, M. P.
- Affiliations
- Utah State University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Levin, Michael E.
- Venue
- Cognitive Therapy and Research
- Published
- 2018-07-13
- Volume
- 42
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 844-855
- ISSN
- 0147-5916 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-2819
- OpenAlex
- W2883927778
- Cited by
- 36
- References
- 43
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 1
- FWCI
- 6.77
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Cognitive Therapy and Research (publishedVersion)
- Digital Commons - USU (Utah State University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Digital Mental Health Interventions
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Keywords
- cognitive defusion, cognitive restructuring, mobile application, self-criticism, decentering, self-compassion, dysfunctional attitudes, distress, change processes
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
