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Extending the technology acceptance model (TAM) to predict university students’ intentions to use metaverse-based learning platforms
Open accessAbstract
Metaverse, which combines a number of information technologies, is the Internet of the future. A media for immersive learning, metaverse could set future educational trends and lead to significant reform in education. Although the metaverse has the potential to improve the effectiveness of online learning experiences, metaverse-based educational implementations are still in their infancy. Additionally, what factors impact higher education students' adoption of the educational metaverse remains unclear. Consequently, the aim of this study is to explore the main factors that affect higher education students' behavioral intentions to adopt metaverse technology for education. This study has proposed an extended Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) to achieve this aim. The novelty of this study resides in its conceptual model, which incorporates both technological, personal, and inhibiting/enabling factors. The empirical data were collected via online questionnaires from 574 students in both private and public universities in Jordan. Based on the PLS-SEM analysis, the study identifies perceived usefulness, personal innovativeness in IT, and perceived enjoyment as key enablers of students' behavioral intentions to adopt the metaverse. Additionally, perceived cyber risk is found as the main inhibitor of students' metaverse adoption intentions. Surprisingly, the effect of perceived ease of use on metaverse adoption intentions is found to be insignificant. Furthermore, it is found that self-efficacy, personal innovativeness, and perceived cyber risk are the main determinants of perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use. While the findings of this study contribute to the extension of the TAM model, the practical value of these findings is significant since they will help educational authorities understand each factor's role and enable them to plan their future strategies.
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“They also aligned with evidence from mobile learning research showing that positive attitudes can strengthen students’ intention to use new technologies [91].”
From Advancing Undergraduate Student Mental Healthcare of Social Anxiety Disorder: Evaluating the Acceptance of AR-Assisted Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Through TAM-Based Constructs. (2026) · cites this paper as [91]
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“The findings of existing studies have confirmed that TAM-based factors such as perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and intention to use are closely associated with the use of metaverse [27-29].”
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“For instance, Al-Adwan et al. (2023) explored the willingness of college students to use metaverse learning platforms based on the TAM model and found that perceived usefulness, personal innovation, and perceived enjoyment are key influencing factors.”
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“PE is recognized as one of the fundamental constructs within the TAM, which is widely used to understand individuals ’ acceptance and utilization of technology (Al-Adwan et al., 2023).”
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“Previous studies in various contexts have indicated that perceived information risk negatively in fl uences not only users ’ attitudes regarding technology use but also PU due to its association with negative consequences and uncertainty (Al-Adwan et al., 2023; Samadzad et al., 2023).”
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Alkhwaldi, A. F., Abdulmuhsin, A. A., Bhat, M. A., Khan, S. T., & Tiwari, C. K. (2025) · Education and Information Technologies · doi:10.1007/s10639-025-13781-5 · Cited by 10
“The “Technology Acceptance Model” (TAM) has become a leading research tool for different sectors such as education (Al-Adwan et al., 2023 ), health informatics (Tetik et al., 2024 ), retail technologies (BURGESS et al., 2023 ), digital learning tech - nologies (Alshammari and Alkhwaldi, 2025 ),…”
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“Nonetheless, it is crucial to acknowledge that the effectiveness of online learning in foreign language education may fluctuate based on diverse factors such as learner motivation, self-discipline, and access to technology (Al-Adwan et al., 2023).”
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“After the completion of the training experiment, students were surveyed to study their perceptions of the use of drones and virtual reality using a questionnaire developed by [24], which was adapted for this study.”
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“Several studies (Sulaiman et al., 2023; Al-Adwan et al., 2023; Zhou et al., 2022; Mailizar et al., 2021; Ashrafi et al., 2022; Eraslan Yalcin & Kutlu, 2019) have extended the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) framework to comprehensively evaluate and understand the dynamics of user acceptance and…”
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“Moreover, the studies indicate that enjoyable experiences with digital learning tools result in higher user satisfaction and willingness to adopt the technology for future collaborative learning (Al-Adwan et al., 2023; Khan, 2023; Teo & Noyes, 2011).”
Gkanatsiou, M. A., Triantari, S., Tzartzas, G., Kotopoulos, T., & Gkanatsios, S. (2025) · Technologies · doi:10.3390/technologies13090396 · Cited by 13
“The Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) [73] and the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) [74] help explain why AI tools are either embraced or resisted.”
Herzallah, F. A. T., Allah, H. T. M. H., Al-Sharafi, M. A., & Alhayek, M. (2025) · Computers in Human Behavior Reports · doi:10.1016/j.chbr.2025.100853 · Cited by 8
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Could virtual reality be the next approach for international students learning Maltese?
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“(Al-Adwan et al., 2023; Rosli et al., 2022).”
Ktoridou, D., Epaminonda, E., Efthymiou, L., & Michailidis, M. P. (2024) · IEEE Global Engineering Education Conference (EDUCON) · doi:10.1109/educon60312.2024.10578614 · Cited by 8
“In addition, [36] concluded that perceived ease of use and perceived usefulness positively influence attitude towards Metaverse technology use, while on the contrary, other researchers [37] have found the effect of perceived ease of use on Metaverse adoption intentions to be insignificant.”
BackgroundMedical student’s acceptance of mobile learning: Integrating TAM model with perceived reusability
Suliman, M. A. E., Zhang, W., Suluman, R. A. I., & Sleiman, K. A. A. (2024) · Education and Information Technologies · doi:10.1007/s10639-024-12917-3 · Cited by 11
“Former studies by Al-Adwan et al. (2023), Almaiah et al. (2016), and Al-Rahmi et al. (2022) have discovered that PU has a considerable positive effect on the BI to use m-learning.”
InfluentialAttitude and behavior towards chatbots: case of the beauty care industry
Dassouli, S., Satt, H., & Senhaji, N. (2024) · International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Healthcare Marketing · doi:10.1108/ijphm-09-2023-0086 · Cited by 8
Mehta, K., Nayak, K. M., Qureshi, R. A., Abhishek, N., & Parveen, S. (2025) · Journal of Applied Research in Higher Education · doi:10.1108/jarhe-08-2024-0430 · Cited by 9
Hussain, A., & Ismail, M. (2024) · Journal of Library & Information Services in Distance Learning · doi:10.1080/1533290x.2025.2470173 · Cited by 7
“Our study found that mobile services empower digital literacy and drive technological innovations in education, corroborating the findings of Al-Adwan et al. (2023).”
Al-Motrif, A., Alfayez, A. A., Almalhy, K. M., Omar, S. A., & Alruwaili, T. (2025) · Interactive Learning Environments · doi:10.1080/10494820.2025.2479157 · Cited by 10
“This model was enhanced by Al-Adwan et al. (2023), the primary assumption is that users adopt technology if they recognize it as uncomplicated to utilize and beneficial for their tasks.”
Sujood, S., Kareem, S., Siddiqui, S., & Rousan, R. A. (2025) · Journal of Quality Assurance in Hospitality & Tourism · doi:10.1080/1528008x.2025.2481467 · Cited by 7
Exploring the landscape of GenAI and education literature: A taxonomy of themes and sub‐themes
Clarke, S. (2025) · British Educational Research Journal · doi:10.1002/berj.4186 · Cited by 9
Loutfi, S., Jose, S., Jabeen, F., & Piccardi, P. (2025) · Management of Environmental Quality An International Journal · doi:10.1108/meq-01-2025-0015 · Cited by 7
Ethical Foundations of AI-Driven Avatars in the Metaverse for Innovation and User Privacy
Almomani, A., Al–Qerem, A., Alauthman, M., Aldweesh, A. Y., Aoudi, S., & Salloum, S. A. (2025) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2025.3589714 · Cited by 11
“By doing this model development teams learn ethical behavior in their everyday activities [51].”
Lan, Y., Liu, S., Chen, H., & Xia, L. (2026) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-026-36538-7 · Cited by 12
Aluko, H. A., Aluko, A., Ogunjimi, F., Offiah, G. A., Islam, M. N., & Fernandes, F. A. P. (2026) · Education and Information Technologies · doi:10.1007/s10639-026-13912-6 · Cited by 7
Hashemi, S., Singh, K. S. D., MUGHAL, M. A., & Kiumarsi, S. (2023) · GeoJournal of Tourism and Geosites · doi:10.30892/gtg.49333-1117 · Cited by 7
Evaluating the Determinants of Young Runners' Continuance Intentions toward Wearable Devices
Guo, Z., Liu, G., Liu, Z., & Khan, A. (2023) · HighTech and Innovation Journal · doi:10.28991/hij-2023-04-04-02 · Cited by 10
Embracing AI in Auditing: An Examination of Auditor Readiness Through the TRAM Framework
Handoko, B. L., Indrawati, D. S., & Zulkarnaen, S. R. P. (2024) · International Journal of Computational Methods and Experimental Measurements · doi:10.18280/ijcmem.120106 · Cited by 7
“The results contradict those of study [20], who found a significant effect of innovativeness on perceived usefulness.”
Sadam, N. Y. S., & Mamun, M. A. A. (2024) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e35977 · Cited by 7
“Many studies examined technology acceptance and explored students ’ satisfaction and intention to use them in future [8,9].”
BackgroundConceptualizing Patient as an Organization With the Adoption of Digital Health
Gupta, A. D. (2024) · Biomedical Engineering and Computational Biology · doi:10.1177/11795972241277292 · Cited by 10
“33 Researchers often combine the TAM with other models and frameworks to provide a more complete view of technology adoption.”
BackgroundInclusive VR gaming with older adults: Accessibility of entertainment and educational VR games
Forssell, M., Hassan, L., & Turunen, M. (2024) · International Academic Mindtrek Conference (Mindtrek) · doi:10.1145/3681716.3681736 · Cited by 7
Chokphukhiao, C., Pattaranit, P., Tun, W. S. T., Masa, S., Leemananil, R., Natteerapong, N., Phetcharaburanin, J., Boonlue, S., Sunat, K., & Patramanon, R. (2024) · Smart Health · doi:10.1016/j.smhl.2024.100522 · Cited by 7
Putri, L. T., Aini, A. P. N., Solekah, N. A., & Istiqomah, D. F. (2023) · International Journal of Business Economics (IJBE) · doi:10.30596/ijbe.v5i1.16262 · Cited by 16
Home-Based Intelligent Exercise System for Seniors’ Healthcare: The Example of Golf Croquet
Zhou, Y.-L., Chen, C.-M., Chang, S.-J., & Wu, A. B.-S. (2023) · Sports · doi:10.3390/sports11110207 · Cited by 6
“Many scholars have cited the TAM to enhance users’ willingness to use new technologies [16–19].”
BackgroundImmersive learning trends using digital twins
Pandey, P. K., Mahajan, S., Pandey, P. K., Paul, J., & Iyer, S. S. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-28884-5.00012-9 · Cited by 8
Wu, X., & Tınmaz, H. (2024) · Journal of Metaverse · doi:10.57019/jmv.1582429 · Cited by 6
Robbana, A., Akbar, M. A., & Mohd, M. A. B. (2024) · Journal of Islamic accounting and business research · doi:10.1108/jiabr-09-2024-0352 · Cited by 6
Şahin, F. (2025) · Education and Information Technologies · doi:10.1007/s10639-025-13430-x · Cited by 6
“…(Ajzen & Fishbein, 1980), TAM has been extensively validated across various disciplines, demonstrating its robustness in predicting user behavior (e.g., Al-Adwan et al., 2023; Chocarro et al., 2023; Rosli et al., 2022; Sukendro et al., 2020; Şahin & Dursun, 2022; Şahin et al., 2024a, 2024b, 2024c).”
Cheng, J., & Qian, J. (2025) · npj Heritage Science · doi:10.1038/s40494-025-01575-4 · Cited by 6
Chang, Y. (2025) · Journal of Computer Assisted Learning · doi:10.1111/jcal.70030 · Cited by 6
Metadata
- Authors
- Al-Adwan, A. S., Li, N., Al-Adwan, A., Abbasi, G. A., Albelbisi, N. A., & Habibi, A.
- Affiliations
- Xi’an Jiaotong-Liverpool University (CN)
- Al-Ahliyya Amman University (JO)
- King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (SA)
- University of Malaya (MY)
- Universitas Jambi (ID)
- Corresponding author
- Al-Adwan, Amer
- ORCID
- Venue
- Education and Information Technologies
- Published
- 2023-04-28
- Volume
- 28
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 15381-15413
- ISSN
- 1360-2357 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-7608
- PMC
- PMC10140721
- OpenAlex
- W4367316498
- Cited by
- 637
- References
- 116
- Citations by year
- 2026: 169 · 2025: 244 · 2024: 191 · 2023: 33
- FWCI
- 732.78
- Type
- book chapter
- Language
- en
- Update notices
- correction (2023-06-02)
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- Education and Information Technologies (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Hamad bin Khalifa University
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Information Systems and Management › Technology Adoption and User Behaviour
- Social Sciences › Education › Education and Learning Interventions
- Social Sciences › Education › Online and Blended Learning
- Keywords
- metaverse, technology acceptance model, technology adoption, behavioral intention, university students, perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, perceived enjoyment, personal innovativeness, self-efficacy, immersive learning, online learning
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