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Extending the technology acceptance model (TAM) to predict university students’ intentions to use metaverse-based learning platforms
Open accessAbstract
Metaverse, which combines a number of information technologies, is the Internet of the future. A media for immersive learning, metaverse could set future educational trends and lead to significant reform in education. Although the metaverse has the potential to improve the effectiveness of online learning experiences, metaverse-based educational implementations are still in their infancy. Additionally, what factors impact higher education students' adoption of the educational metaverse remains unclear. Consequently, the aim of this study is to explore the main factors that affect higher education students' behavioral intentions to adopt metaverse technology for education. This study has proposed an extended Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) to achieve this aim. The novelty of this study resides in its conceptual model, which incorporates both technological, personal, and inhibiting/enabling factors. The empirical data were collected via online questionnaires from 574 students in both private and public universities in Jordan. Based on the PLS-SEM analysis, the study identifies perceived usefulness, personal innovativeness in IT, and perceived enjoyment as key enablers of students' behavioral intentions to adopt the metaverse. Additionally, perceived cyber risk is found as the main inhibitor of students' metaverse adoption intentions. Surprisingly, the effect of perceived ease of use on metaverse adoption intentions is found to be insignificant. Furthermore, it is found that self-efficacy, personal innovativeness, and perceived cyber risk are the main determinants of perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use. While the findings of this study contribute to the extension of the TAM model, the practical value of these findings is significant since they will help educational authorities understand each factor's role and enable them to plan their future strategies.
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“They also aligned with evidence from mobile learning research showing that positive attitudes can strengthen students’ intention to use new technologies [91].”
From Advancing Undergraduate Student Mental Healthcare of Social Anxiety Disorder: Evaluating the Acceptance of AR-Assisted Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Through TAM-Based Constructs. (2026) · cites this paper as [91]
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Transforming nursing education towards metaverse as an innovative teaching tool: A systematic review
Ibrahim, N. H., Norman, H., & Nasir, M. K. M. (2026) · Social Sciences & Humanities Open · doi:10.1016/j.ssaho.2026.102492 · Cited by 3
Waris, I., & Sukı, N. M. (2026) · Journal of Internet Commerce · doi:10.1080/15332861.2026.2622613 · Cited by 2
“I w i ll u s e f oo d d e l i v e r y a pp s m o r e o f t e n i n t h e f u t u r e I a m w i ll i n g t o u s i n g f oo d d e l i v e r y a pp s i n t h e f u t u r e . previous studies (Al-Adwan et al. 2023; Fan et al. 2020).”
Ntavlourou, A., Antonopoulou, H., & Halkiopoulos, C. (2026) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su18031555 · Cited by 9
Wang, X. (2026) · Total Quality Management & Business Excellence · doi:10.1080/14783363.2026.2615734 · Cited by 2
“Within the government setting, the level of acceptance towards blockchain varies depending on whether an employee perceives that it will lead to efficiency, accuracy, and transparency (Al-Adwan et al., 2023; Alfadda & Mahdi, 2021).”
Devi, L. D., & Arumugam, T. (2026) · Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.3389/frai.2026.1734151 · Cited by 1
User Perception and Awareness of AI-Generated Cyber Threats: A TAM-Based Study
Autavia, V., & Madyatmadja, E. D. (2025) · Beyond Technology Summit on Informatics International Conference (BTS-I2C) · doi:10.1109/bts-i2c67944.2025.11399306 · Cited by 1
“Fraud detection skills, experience, and how messages are interpreted also matter [13].”
InfluentialBehavioral Intentions Toward Generative AI: A Symbiotic Human-AI Relationship
Nasr, R. S., & El‐Deeb, S. (2026) · International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1080/10447318.2026.2628139 · Cited by 1
“While earlier studies report mixed findings regarding the effect of PEU on behavioral intentions (Al-Adwan et al., 2023), this finding extends TAM by showing that PEU retains explanatory power even when hedonic motivation (enjoyment) is introduced, specifically in early-stage adoption contexts…”
Chen, Y., Chen, G., & Chen, J. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1788850 · Cited by 2
Chellappa, V. (2026) · Safety Science · doi:10.1016/j.ssci.2026.107194 · Cited by 2
Determinants of Academic Librarians’ Preparedness for Metaverse-Enabled Library Services in Nigeria
Oladokun, B. D., Yemi-Peters, O. E., Wiche, H. I., Aboyade, W. A., Ajani, Y. A., & Owolabi, K. A. (2026) · The International Information & Library Review · doi:10.1080/10572317.2026.2648337 · Cited by 1
“It has been extensively utilized in education and library science to examine acceptance of digital and immersive technologies (Tiwari et al., 2024; Al-Adwan, 2020; Al-Adwan et al., 2023; Al-Emran et al., 2018).”
Raza, F. A., Singh, A. D., Anwar, R., Kovilpillai, J. J. S., Hamdan, A., Konno, F., Rajaratnam, V., Raman, M., & Razami, H. H. (2026) · European Journal of STEM Education · doi:10.20897/ejsteme/18267 · Cited by 1
“3 / 41 However, TAM assumes a unidimensional notion of “use,” an assumption ill -suited to tools like ChatGPT that span technical, analytical, and creative domains (Al-Adwan et al., 2023).”
InfluentialXie, J., Al-Shaibani, G. K. S., & Ali, M. B. B. (2026) · Humanities and Social Sciences Communications · doi:10.1057/s41599-026-06962-1 · Cited by 1
“This fi nding supports the previous results (Al-Adwan et al., 2023; Al-Adwan and Al-Debei, 2024; Salloum et al., 2023).”
InfluentialFute, A. Z., Oubibi, M., Amihere, A., Kangwa, D., & Msafiri, M. M. (2026) · Humanities and Social Sciences Communications · doi:10.1057/s41599-026-07235-7 · Cited by 2
“…their performance (perceived usefulness) and free of effort (perceived ease of use) will in fl uence their attitude toward using it, which then affects their intention to use, ultimately leading to the actual use or adoption of the technology (Al-Adwan et al., 2023a; Taherdoost et al., 2024).”
Zhu, J., Guan, C., Zhang, H., Wang, L., Zhang, Y., & Bian, X. (2026) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2026.1817255 · Cited by 2
“According to TAM, perceived ease of use and perceived usefulness shape behavioral intention, which in turn influences actual use behavior (19).”
Rashid, S., & Malik, S. (2026) · Cogent Education · doi:10.1080/2331186x.2026.2661437 · Cited by 1
Mangundu, J., Mutasa, L. S., Senali, M. G., & Ujakpa, M. M. (2026) · Education and Information Technologies · doi:10.1007/s10639-026-14016-x · Cited by 1
“Scholarly arguments on TAM propose that a high level of innovativeness enables individuals to attempt to use new technology earlier compared to those who are less innovative (Agarwal & Prasad, 1998; Al-Adwan et al., 2023; Fatima et al., 2017 ).”
Hatta, P., Hadiyanto, & Budiyanto, C. W. (2026) · Discover Computing · doi:10.1007/s10791-026-10160-7 · Cited by 1
“…models such as the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), Technology Organization Environment (TOE), Diffusion of Innovation (DOI), and Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) primarily emphasize the early adoption phase and individual-level behavior [4, 5, 17, 22, 23, 32, 40, 43].”
Mishra, R., & Singh, R. K. (2026) · Industrial Marketing Management · doi:10.1016/j.indmarman.2026.04.003 · Cited by 4
Mersin, N. (2026) · Journal of Educational Computing Research · doi:10.1177/07356331261456930 · Cited by 2
“Prior studies have shown PEOU influences PU (Al Adwan et al., 2023; Al Darayseh, 2023), ATT (Al Darayseh, 2023; S¸ims ¸ ek et al., 2025), BI (Tram, 2025; Zhao et al., 2025).”
InfluentialGu, Y., Xiong, B., Li, R., Pan, Z., Huang, Y., & Pan, Y. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1833613 · Cited by 1
“Researchers have pointed out that even when technology is perceived as complex, users will still adopt it due to its PU; this is particularly true for digital natives (Al-Adwan et al., 2023).”
Bridging e-commerce and the metaverse: A flow theory approach to consumer behavior
Al‐Adwan, A. S., Yaseen, H., Jafar, R. M. S., Falahat, M., Abdulmuhsin, A. A., & Habibi, A. (2026) · Human Systems Management · doi:10.1177/01672533261467180 · Cited by 1
Rayhan, M. G. S., Karuppiah, K., & Sankaranarayanan, B. (2026) · Process Integration and Optimization for Sustainability · doi:10.1007/s41660-026-00827-5 · Cited by 1
Almenara, J. C., Cejudo, M. D. C. L., Regaña, C. B., & Scagliusi, M. V. F. (2026) · Contemporary Educational Technology · doi:10.30935/cedtech/19274 · Cited by 1
Perceived risk, purchase intention, and purchase behavior in internet financial products
Yang, Q. (2023) · International Journal of Research Studies in Management · doi:10.5861/ijrsm.2023.1124 · Cited by 1
Carilo, M. S. C. –., & Apritado, J. M. M. (2023) · International Journal of Research Studies in Management · doi:10.5861/ijrsm.2023.1146 · Cited by 1
Al-Nabhani, S., & Al-Abri, A. (2023) · International Education Studies · doi:10.5539/ies.v16n6p45 · Cited by 1
Fu, E. A. J. (2023) · International Journal on Recent and Innovation Trends in Computing and Communication · doi:10.17762/ijritcc.v11i10.9044 · Cited by 2
Perception and Usage of Telemedicine Among National Health Insurance Participants in Padang City
Roza, S. H., & Sari, A. F. (2023) · Jurnal Ilmu Kesehatan Masyarakat · doi:10.26553/jikm.2023.14.2.281-292 · Cited by 3
“12,13 This theory has been proven in subsequent research on health technology.”
BackgroundAI-Driven Content Developing and Designing for Teaching Materials of Digital Healthcare
Muthmainnah, M., Yakin, A. M. A., Nurjannah, N., Mursidin, M., & Aqad, M. H. A. (2024) · Advances in medical diagnosis, treatment, and care (AMDTC) book series · doi:10.4018/979-8-3693-3679-3.ch015 · Cited by 1
Mingyu, G., Yunus, M. M., & Rafiq, K. R. M. (2024) · International Journal of Academic Research in Progressive Education and Development · doi:10.6007/ijarped/v13-i1/20856 · Cited by 1
“Researchers should pay more attention to their perceived enjoyment and perceived usefulness (Al-Adwan et al., 2023) when they use metaverse technologies.”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Al-Adwan, A. S., Li, N., Al-Adwan, A., Abbasi, G. A., Albelbisi, N. A., & Habibi, A.
- Affiliations
- Xi’an Jiaotong-Liverpool University (CN)
- Al-Ahliyya Amman University (JO)
- King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (SA)
- University of Malaya (MY)
- Universitas Jambi (ID)
- Corresponding author
- Al-Adwan, Amer
- ORCID
- Venue
- Education and Information Technologies
- Published
- 2023-04-28
- Volume
- 28
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 15381-15413
- ISSN
- 1360-2357 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-7608
- PMC
- PMC10140721
- OpenAlex
- W4367316498
- Cited by
- 637
- References
- 116
- Citations by year
- 2026: 169 · 2025: 244 · 2024: 191 · 2023: 33
- FWCI
- 732.78
- Type
- book chapter
- Language
- en
- Update notices
- correction (2023-06-02)
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- Education and Information Technologies (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Hamad bin Khalifa University
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Information Systems and Management › Technology Adoption and User Behaviour
- Social Sciences › Education › Education and Learning Interventions
- Social Sciences › Education › Online and Blended Learning
- Keywords
- metaverse, technology acceptance model, technology adoption, behavioral intention, university students, perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, perceived enjoyment, personal innovativeness, self-efficacy, immersive learning, online learning
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